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20-400: The organization possessed stauropegion rights and oversaw not only activities of its secular members, but also clergy and sometimes bishops. Members of any estate had a chance to join the brotherhood. Money contributed to the society were used to fund Monastery and church of St. Onuphrius and Dormition Church . With the help of the brotherhood, Lviv Orthodox eparchy which was liquidated by

40-562: A lavra to the Egyptian sanctified monk Macarius of Egypt in AD 330. Unless proven otherwise by future scholarship, this opinion seems to be theirs alone. Their claim is that the lavrite style of living has its origins in the early fourth century, by equating the creation of the first lavras with the founding of a settlement of cells in the Nitrean desert at a site known as Nitria , named for

60-467: A local Bishop . The practice of exempting some monasteries from jurisdictions of local bishops, placing them under a direct jurisdiction of the patriarch, was present at least since the reign of Byzantine Emperor Maurice (582-602). Such exemptions became more common after the Council of Constantinople (861). In time, those practices included not only monasteries, but also various parochial churches, to

80-406: A local bishop, but are directly subjected to a higher hierarch, usually a patriarch. Such parishes are created for various reasons, symbolic or practical. Lavra A lavra or laura ( Greek : Λαύρα ; Cyrillic : Ла́вра) is a type of monastery consisting of a cluster of cells or caves for hermits , with a church and sometimes a refectory at the center. Lavra monasteries operate within

100-881: Is a monastery or a parish which depends directly on the primate or on the Holy Synod of a particular Church, and which is not under the jurisdiction of the local bishop . The name comes from the Byzantine tradition of summoning the Patriarch to place a cross at the foundation of stauropegic monasteries or parochial churches . Such exempt jurisdictions, both monastic and parochial, are common in Eastern Christianity , mainly in Eastern Orthodox Churches , but also in some Eastern Catholic Churches . Their institutional counterparts in

120-591: The Orthodox and other Eastern Christian traditions; the name is also used by some Catholic communities. The term in Greek initially meant a narrow lane or an alley in a city. From the fifth century the Greek term laura could refer specifically to the semi- eremitical monastic settlements of the Judaean Desert , where lauras were very numerous. The first lauras of Palestine were founded by Chariton

140-704: The Kidron Valley (known in Syriac as Mar Saba ), is one of the most ancient and almost continuously functioning monasteries in the Christian Church . Gerasimus of the Jordan established a similar system in the Jordan Valley in the middle of the fifth century, with 70 cells surrounding a cenobium and with monks progressing into the cells after time spent in the cenobium. Weekdays were spent in

160-557: The Kingdom of Poland after annexation of Galicia (part of Galicia–Volhynia Wars ) was revived in 1539. Lviv Dormition Brotherhood had its own publishing house, operated hospitals, orphanages, elderly homes and provided other community services. It also founded a school in 1585 and campaigned against clerics who neglect their religious duties. It was also a military force that fought the Polish and Latin influences although it capitulated to

180-579: The Latin Church ecclesiastical order of the Catholic Church are various exempt jurisdictions , such as monasteries that are directly subjected to the Holy See of Rome . A stauropegic monastery, also rendered "stavropegic", "stauropegial" or "stavropegial", is an Eastern Orthodox or Eastern Catholic Christian monastery , subordinated directly to a primate or Synod , rather than to

200-824: The Sofia Seminary are also directly subordinate to the Bulgarian Patriarch and Synod. Several major Serbian Orthodox monasteries had special status in Middle Ages. Today, the Serbian Orthodox Church has two stauropegic monasteries: The first stauropegic monastery in the Russian Orthodox Church was Simonov Monastery (1383). It was subordinated directly to the Ecumenical Patriarch , because it

220-741: The Confessor (born 3rd century, died c. 350): the Laura of Pharan (now Wadi Qelt ) northeast of Jerusalem , the Laura of Douka on the Mount of Temptation west of Jericho , and Souka Laura or Old Laura in the area of Tuqu' in Wadi Khureitun . Saint Euthymius the Great (377–473) founded one of the early lauras in fifth-century Palestine. The Lavra of Saint Sabbas the Sanctified (†532) in

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240-817: The Russian Orthodox Church: Monasteries of Moscow : Monasteries of Central Russia: Monasteries of North-Western Russia: Monasteries outside Russia: A stauropegial monastery ( monasterium stauropegiaceum ) under patriarchal jurisdiction ( monasterium iuris patriarchalis ) is a monastery that is subject directly to the patriarch (can. 434 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches). Monasteries in Ukraine: Stauropegic parishes in Eastern Orthodoxy are exempt parishes that are not under jurisdiction of

260-456: The cells, accompanied only by a rush mat, a small amount of food and palm blades with which to make ropes and baskets. On Saturdays the monks would bring their handiwork to the cenobium and receive the Eucharist together, returning to their cells on Sunday evening. Cells were left open, and those in need could take whatever they wished from a cell if it were found empty. The lavra had a priest,

280-662: The extent that authorities had to regulate the issue by imposing stricter criteria for the creation of such exemptions. Stauropegic monasteries are distinguished from the greatest monasteries, called lavras , and from the patriarchal metochions , where the patriarch serves as a parish priest. The metochions of the Patriarch of Moscow are the Vysokopetrovsky Monastery and Nikolo-Perervinsky Monastery . The Bulgarian Orthodox Church has three stauropegic monasteries: The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral and

300-711: The latter, subsequently joining Unia or the Eastern Catholic Churches in the eighteenth century. Its first recorded organizational statute was approved by Patriarch of Antioch Joachim VI in 1586. In 1708 it finally accepted the Union of Brest . Following the partitions of Poland , in 1788 the Austrian authorities liquidated the organizations which was reformed into the Stauropegion Institute . In 1989 Lviv Dormition Brotherhood

320-582: The lavra's contact with the outside world, and at least two ordained deacons. The Great Lavra founded by Athanasius the Athonite in 963 is the oldest monastery on Mount Athos in Greece. Some modern Coptic authors, and they alone, already apply the specific Greek term lavra to even earlier monastic settlements from the Wadi El Natrun and even attribute the writing down of the formal rules of

340-456: The nearby town of the same name (near Alexandria in Egypt). It was a community of 600 hermits who lived scattered over the area, reliant on the town of Nitria for bread, but with their own priest and church. The largest and the most important Russian Orthodox monasteries have been called lavras and became subordinated directly to the Patriarch of Moscow . In 1721 they became subordinated to

360-491: Was continued by other Patriarchs and by the Holy Governing Synod . Stauropegic houses were not always the most important monasteries, the holiest, the richest, or the largest. They might have been dear to the ruling Patriarch for personal reasons. In the 19th century, apart from four lavras , seven monasteries were considered stauropegial: As of 2000 , the following monasteries were recognized as stauropegial by

380-816: Was founded by Greeks and was home to the patriarch during his visits to Moscow . In 1561 Ivan the Terrible decreed that the following seven monasteries should precede all the rest: After the establishment of the Patriarchate in Moscow , there were no stauropegic monasteries subordinated directly to the Patriarch for some time. But Nikon founded the New Jerusalem Monastery , Valday Iversky Monastery , and Kiy Island Monastery , which he governed himself, instead of placing each under an hegumen (abbot). The Greek custom, first introduced by Nikon,

400-461: Was revived on the efforts of Volodymyr Yarema who at that time was a priest of the Moscow's Patriarchate Church of Peter and Paul. Since fall of the Soviet Union , it is associated with Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church . Stauropegion A stauropegion , also spelled stavropegion (from Greek : σταυροπήγιον from σταυρός stauros "cross" and πήγνυμι pegnumi "to affirm"),

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