69-448: Lyte may refer to: Electrolyte Lyte (surname) , multiple people with the surname Lyte Records , British record label Thomas Lyte , English company making silverware, gifts and trophies See also [ edit ] Light (disambiguation) Lite (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
138-610: A Brønsted acid to a Brønsted base and in essence are protic ionic liquids in the molten state , have found to be promising solid-state proton conductors for fuel cells . Examples include 1,2,4-triazolium perfluorobutanesulfonate and imidazolium methanesulfonate . Oral rehydration therapy Oral rehydration therapy ( ORT ) is a type of fluid replacement used to prevent and treat dehydration , especially due to diarrhea . It involves drinking water with modest amounts of sugar and salts, specifically sodium and potassium . Oral rehydration therapy can also be given by
207-618: A medical emergency . Measurement of electrolytes is a commonly performed diagnostic procedure, performed via blood testing with ion-selective electrodes or urinalysis by medical technologists . The interpretation of these values is somewhat meaningless without analysis of the clinical history and is often impossible without parallel measurements of renal function . The electrolytes measured most often are sodium and potassium. Chloride levels are rarely measured except for arterial blood gas interpretations since they are inherently linked to sodium levels. One important test conducted on urine
276-689: A nasogastric tube . Therapy can include the use of zinc supplements to reduce the duration of diarrhea in infants and children under the age of 5. Use of oral rehydration therapy has been estimated to decrease the risk of death from diarrhea by up to 93%. Side effects may include vomiting , high blood sodium , or high blood potassium . If vomiting occurs, it is recommended that use be paused for 10 minutes and then gradually restarted. The recommended formulation includes sodium chloride , sodium citrate , potassium chloride , and glucose . Glucose may be replaced by sucrose and sodium citrate may be replaced by sodium bicarbonate , if not available, although
345-429: A voltage is applied, the electrolyte will conduct electricity. Lone electrons normally cannot pass through the electrolyte; instead, a chemical reaction occurs at the cathode , providing electrons to the electrolyte. Another reaction occurs at the anode , consuming electrons from the electrolyte. As a result, a negative charge cloud develops in the electrolyte around the cathode, and a positive charge develops around
414-500: A child regains his or her full appetite, the WHO recommends combining 25 grams skimmed milk powder, 20 grams vegetable oil, 60 grams sugar, and 60 grams rice powder or other cereal into 1,000 milliliters water and boiling gently for five minutes. Give 130 mL per kilogram of body weight during per 24 hours. A child who cannot or will not eat this minimum amount should be given the diet by nasogastric tube divided into six equal feedings. Later on,
483-411: A dropper or a syringe. Infants under two may be given a teaspoon of ORS fluid every one to two minutes. Older children and adults should take frequent sips from a cup, with a recommended intake of 200–400 mL of solution after every loose movement. The WHO recommends giving children under two a quarter- to a half-cup of fluid following each loose bowel movement and older children a half- to a full cup. If
552-419: A flexible lattice framework . Various additives are often applied to increase the conductivity of such systems. Solid ceramic electrolytes – ions migrate through the ceramic phase by means of vacancies or interstitials within the lattice . There are also glassy-ceramic electrolytes. Dry polymer electrolytes – differ from liquid and gel electrolytes in the sense that salt is dissolved directly into
621-776: A grant from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. He observed that children voluntarily drank as much of the solution as needed to restore hydration, and that rehydration and early re-feeding would protect their nutrition. This led to increased use of ORT for children with diarrhea, especially in developing countries. In 1980, the Bangladeshi nonprofit BRAC created a door-to-door and person-to-person sales force to teach ORT for use by mothers at home. A task force of fourteen women, one cook, and one male supervisor traveled from village to village. After visiting with women in several villages, they hit upon
690-447: A severely dehydrated child may be lethargic. If the child drinks poorly, a nasogastric tube should be used. The IV route should not be used for rehydration except in cases of shock and then only with care, infusing slowly to avoid flooding the circulation and overloading the heart. Feeding should usually resume within 2–3 hours after starting rehydration and should continue every 2–3 hours, day and night. For an initial cereal diet before
759-647: A type organic salts exhibiting mesophases (i.e. a state of matter intermediate between liquid and solid), in which mobile ions are orientationally or rotationally disordered while their centers are located at the ordered sites in the crystal structure. They have various forms of disorder due to one or more solid–solid phase transitions below the melting point and have therefore plastic properties and good mechanical flexibility as well as an improved electrode-electrolyte interfacial contact. In particular, protic organic ionic plastic crystals (POIPCs), which are solid protic organic salts formed by proton transfer from
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#1732798030748828-414: A type of highly conductive non-aqueous electrolytes and thus have found more and more applications in fuel cells and batteries. An electrolyte in a solution may be described as "concentrated" if it has a high concentration of ions, or "dilute" if it has a low concentration. If a high proportion of the solute dissociates to form free ions, the electrolyte is strong; if most of the solute does not dissociate,
897-422: Is a substance that conducts electricity through the movement of ions , but not through the movement of electrons . This includes most soluble salts , acids , and bases , dissolved in a polar solvent like water. Upon dissolving, the substance separates into cations and anions , which disperse uniformly throughout the solvent. Solid-state electrolytes also exist. In medicine and sometimes in chemistry,
966-496: Is also reduced. The reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution has lower concentrations of glucose and sodium chloride than the original solution, but the concentrations of potassium and citrate are unchanged. The reduced osmolarity solution has been criticized by some for not providing enough sodium for adults with cholera. Clinical trials have, however, shown reduced osmolarity solution to be effective for adults and children with cholera. They seem to be safe but some caution
1035-489: Is best treated with ORT. Persons taking ORT should eat within six hours and return to their full diet within 24–48 hours. Oral rehydration therapy may also be used as a treatment for the symptoms of dehydration and rehydration in burns in resource-limited settings. ORT may lower the mortality rate of diarrhea by as much as 93%. Case studies in four developing countries also have demonstrated an association between increased use of ORS and reduction in mortality. ORT using
1104-418: Is important in the treatment of anorexia and bulimia . In science, electrolytes are one of the main components of electrochemical cells . In clinical medicine , mentions of electrolytes usually refer metonymically to the ions, and (especially) to their concentrations (in blood, serum, urine, or other fluids). Thus, mentions of electrolyte levels usually refer to the various ion concentrations, not to
1173-514: Is maintained by oral, or in emergencies, intravenous (IV) intake of electrolyte-containing substances, and is regulated by hormones , in general with the kidneys flushing out excess levels. In humans, electrolyte homeostasis is regulated by hormones such as antidiuretic hormones , aldosterone and parathyroid hormones . Serious electrolyte disturbances , such as dehydration and overhydration , may lead to cardiac and neurological complications and, unless they are rapidly resolved, will result in
1242-751: Is not a contraindication to receiving oral rehydration therapy. In persons who are vomiting, drinking oral rehydration solution at a slow and continuous pace will help resolve vomiting. WHO and UNICEF have jointly developed official guidelines for the manufacture of oral rehydration solution and the oral rehydration salts used to make it (both often abbreviated ORS ). They also describe other acceptable solutions, depending on material availability. Commercial preparations are available as prepared fluids and as packets of powder ready to mix with water. A basic oral rehydration therapy solution can also be prepared when packets of oral rehydration salts are not available. The molar ratio of sugar to salt should be 1:1 and
1311-399: Is not absorbed. This is why oral rehydration salts include both sodium and glucose. For each cycle of the transport, hundreds of water molecules move into the epithelial cell to maintain osmotic equilibrium. The resultant absorption of sodium and water can achieve rehydration even while diarrhea continues. In the early 1980s, "oral rehydration therapy" meant only the preparation prescribed by
1380-532: Is often impossible to reliably distinguish between moderate and severe dehydration. A severely malnourished child who has signs of severe dehydration but who does not have a history of watery diarrhea should be treated for septic shock . The original ORS (90 mmol sodium/L) and the current standard reduced-osmolarity ORS (75 mmol sodium/L) both contain too much sodium and too little potassium for severely malnourished children with dehydration due to diarrhea. ReSoMal ( Re hydration So lution for Mal nutrition)
1449-544: Is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines . Globally, as of 2015 , oral rehydration therapy is used by 41% of children with diarrhea. This use has played an important role in reducing the number of deaths in children under the age of five . ORT is less invasive than the other strategies for fluid replacement, specifically intravenous (IV) fluid replacement. Mild to moderate dehydration in children seen in an emergency department
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#17327980307481518-732: Is potentially unsafe; rehydration takes precedence. When oral rehydration salts packets and suitable teaspoons for measuring sugar and salt are not available, the WHO has recommended that homemade gruels, soups, etc., may be considered to help maintain hydration. A Lancet review in 2013 emphasized the need for more research on appropriate home made fluids to prevent dehydration. Sports drinks are not optimal oral rehydration solutions, but they can be used if optimal choices are not available. They should not be withheld for lack of better options; again, rehydration takes precedence. But they are not replacements for oral rehydration solutions in nonemergency situations. In 2003, WHO and UNICEF recommended that
1587-417: Is recommended for such children. It contains less sodium (45 mmol/L) and more potassium (40 mmol/L) than reduced osmolarity ORS. It can be obtained in packets produced by UNICEF or other manufacturers. An exception is if the severely malnourished child also has severe diarrhea (in which case ReSoMal may not provide enough sodium), in which case standard reduced-osmolarity ORS (75 mmol sodium/L)
1656-432: Is recommended. Malnourished children should be rehydrated slowly. The WHO recommends 10 milliliters of ReSoMal per kilogram body weight for each of the first two hours (for example, a 9-kilogram child should be given 90 mL of ReSoMal over the course of the first hour, and another 90 mL for the second hour) and then continuing at this same rate or slower based on the child's thirst and ongoing stool losses, keeping in mind that
1725-443: Is required. In 2021, researchers have found that electrolyte can "substantially facilitate electrochemical corrosion studies in less conductive media". In physiology , the primary ions of electrolytes are sodium (Na ), potassium (K ), calcium (Ca ), magnesium (Mg ), chloride (Cl ), hydrogen phosphate (HPO 4 ), and hydrogen carbonate (HCO 3 ). The electric charge symbols of plus (+) and minus (−) indicate that
1794-430: Is suspected give an antibiotic to which V. cholera e are susceptible. This reduces the volume loss due to diarrhea by 50% and shortens the duration of diarrhea to about 48 hours. Fluid from the body enters the intestinal lumen during digestion . This fluid is isosmotic with the blood and contains a high quantity, about 142 mEq/L, of sodium . A healthy individual secretes 2000–3000 milligrams of sodium per day into
1863-524: Is the specific gravity test to determine the occurrence of an electrolyte imbalance . According to a study paid for by the Gatorade Sports Science Institute , electrolyte drinks containing sodium and potassium salts replenish the body's water and electrolyte concentrations after dehydration caused by exercise , excessive alcohol consumption , diaphoresis (heavy sweating), diarrhea, vomiting, intoxication or starvation;
1932-476: Is via intestinal epithelial cells ( enterocytes ). Sodium passes into these cells by co-transport with glucose, via the SGLT1 protein. From the intestinal epithelial cells, sodium is pumped by active transport via the sodium-potassium pump through the basolateral cell membrane into the extracellular space . The sodium–potassium ATPase pump at the basolateral cell membrane moves three sodium ions into
2001-490: Is warranted according to the Cochrane review . ORT is based on evidence that water continues to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract even while fluid is lost through diarrhea or vomiting. The World Health Organization specify indications, preparations and procedures for ORT. WHO/UNICEF guidelines suggest ORT should begin at the first sign of diarrhea in order to prevent dehydration. Babies may be given ORS with
2070-450: The World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF . In 1988, the definition was changed to include recommended home-made solutions, because the official preparation was not always available. The definition was also amended in 1988, to include continued feeding as associated therapy. In 1991, the definition became "an increase in administered hydrational fluids "; in 1993, "an increase in administered fluids and continued feeding". Dehydration
2139-436: The osmolarity of oral rehydration solution be reduced from 311 to 245 mOsm/L. These guidelines were also updated in 2006. This recommendation was based on multiple clinical trials showing that the reduced osmolarity solution reduces stool volume in children with diarrhea by about twenty-five percent and the need for IV therapy by about thirty percent when compared to standard oral rehydration solution. The incidence of vomiting
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2208-773: The "gold standard" for the treatment of moderate and severe dehydration. In 1953, Hemendra Nath Chatterjee published in The Lancet the results of using ORT to treat people with mild cholera. He gave the solution orally and rectally, along with Coleus extract, antihistamines, and antiemetics, without controls. The formula of the fluid replacement solution was 4 g of sodium chloride , 25 g of glucose , and 1000 mL of water . He did not publish any balance data, and his exclusion of patients with severe dehydration did not lead to any confirming study; his report remained anecdotal. Robert Allan Phillips tried to make an effective ORT solution based on his discovery that, in
2277-725: The 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Arrhenius's explanation was that in forming a solution, the salt dissociates into charged particles, to which Michael Faraday (1791-1867) had given the name " ions " many years earlier. Faraday's belief had been that ions were produced in the process of electrolysis . Arrhenius proposed that, even in the absence of an electric current, solutions of salts contained ions. He thus proposed that chemical reactions in solution were reactions between ions. Shortly after Arrhenius's hypothesis of ions, Franz Hofmeister and Siegmund Lewith found that different ion types displayed different effects on such things as
2346-407: The WHO recommends supplemental zinc (10 to 20 mg daily) for ten to fourteen days, to reduce the severity and duration of the illness and make recurrent illness in the following two to three months less likely. Preparations are available as a zinc sulfate solution for adults, a modified solution for children and in tablet form. After severe dehydration is corrected and appetite returns, feeding
2415-524: The anode. The ions in the electrolyte neutralize these charges, enabling the electrons to keep flowing and the reactions to continue. For example, in a solution of ordinary table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) in water, the cathode reaction will be and hydrogen gas will bubble up; the anode reaction is and chlorine gas will be liberated into solution where it reacts with the sodium and hydroxyl ions to produce sodium hypochlorite - household bleach . The positively charged sodium ions Na will react toward
2484-479: The basolateral membrane. Both SGLT1 and SGLT2 are known as symporters , since both sodium and glucose are transported in the same direction across the membrane. The co-transport of glucose into epithelial cells via the SGLT1 protein requires sodium. Two sodium ions and one molecule of glucose (or galactose ) are transported together across the cell membrane via the SGLT1 protein. Without glucose, intestinal sodium
2553-460: The body. ORT should be discontinued and fluids replaced intravenously when vomiting is protracted despite proper administration of ORT; or signs of dehydration worsen despite giving ORT; or the person is unable to drink due to a decreased level of consciousness; or there is evidence of intestinal blockage or ileus . ORT might also be contraindicated in people who are in hemodynamic shock due to impaired airway protective reflexes. Short-term vomiting
2622-552: The body. Muscles and neurons are activated by electrolyte activity between the extracellular fluid or interstitial fluid , and intracellular fluid . Electrolytes may enter or leave the cell membrane through specialized protein structures embedded in the plasma membrane called " ion channels ". For example, muscle contraction is dependent upon the presence of calcium (Ca ), sodium (Na ), and potassium (K ). Without sufficient levels of these key electrolytes, muscle weakness or severe muscle contractions may occur. Electrolyte balance
2691-495: The cathode, neutralizing the negative charge of OH there, and the negatively charged hydroxide ions OH will react toward the anode, neutralizing the positive charge of Na there. Without the ions from the electrolyte, the charges around the electrode would slow down continued electron flow; diffusion of H and OH through water to the other electrode takes longer than movement of the much more prevalent salt ions. Electrolytes dissociate in water because water molecules are dipoles and
2760-716: The child should be given cereal made with a greater amount of skimmed milk product and vegetable oil and slightly less sugar. As appetite fully returns, the child should be eating 200 mL per kilogram of body weight per day. Zinc, potassium, vitamin A, and other vitamins and minerals should be added to both recommended cereal products, or to the oral rehydration solution itself. Children who are breastfed should continue breastfeeding. The WHO recommends that all severely malnourished children admitted to hospital should receive broad-spectrum antibiotics (for example, gentamicin and ampicillin ). In addition, hospitalized children should be checked daily for other specific infections. If cholera
2829-808: The diarrhea losses reduced the need for IV fluid therapy by eighty percent. [46] In 1971, fighting during the Bangladesh Liberation War displaced millions and an epidemic of cholera ensued among the refugees. When IV fluid ran out in the refugee camps , Dilip Mahalanabis , a physician working with the Johns Hopkins International Center for Medical Research and Training in Calcutta, issued instructions to prepare an oral rehydration solution and to distribute it to family members and caregivers. Over 3,000 people with cholera received ORT in this way. The mortality rate
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2898-512: The dipoles orient in an energetically favorable manner to solvate the ions. In other systems, the electrode reactions can involve the metals of the electrodes as well as the ions of the electrolyte. Electrolytic conductors are used in electronic devices where the chemical reaction at a metal-electrolyte interface yields useful effects. Solid electrolytes can be mostly divided into four groups described below. Gel electrolytes – closely resemble liquid electrolytes. In essence, they are liquids in
2967-470: The dissociation reaction: It is also possible for substances to react with water, producing ions. For example, carbon dioxide gas dissolves in water to produce a solution that contains hydronium , carbonate , and hydrogen carbonate ions. Molten salts can also be electrolytes as, for example, when sodium chloride is molten, the liquid conducts electricity. In particular, ionic liquids, which are molten salts with melting points below 100 °C, are
3036-399: The electrolyte is weak. The properties of electrolytes may be exploited using electrolysis to extract constituent elements and compounds contained within the solution. Alkaline earth metals form hydroxides that are strong electrolytes with limited solubility in water, due to the strong attraction between their constituent ions. This limits their application to situations where high solubility
3105-415: The extracellular space, while pulling into the enterocyte two potassium ions. This creates a "downhill" sodium gradient within the cell. SGLT proteins use energy from this downhill sodium gradient to transport glucose across the apical membrane of the cell against the glucose gradient. The co-transporters are examples of secondary active transport . The GLUT uniporters then transport glucose across
3174-417: The fluid volumes. The word electrolyte derives from Ancient Greek ήλεκτρο- ( ēlectro -), prefix originally meaning amber but in modern contexts related to electricity, and λυτός ( lytos ), meaning "able to be untied or loosened". In his 1884 dissertation, Svante Arrhenius put forth his explanation of solid crystalline salts disassociating into paired charged particles when dissolved, for which he won
3243-591: The idea of encouraging the women in the village to make their own oral rehydration fluid. They used available household equipment, starting with a "half a seer" (half a quart) of water and adding a fistful of sugar and a three-finger pinch of salt. Later on, the approach was broadcast over television and radio, and a market for oral rehydration salts packets developed. Three decades later, national surveys have found that almost 90% of children with severe diarrhea in Bangladesh are given oral rehydration fluids at home or in
3312-680: The illness resolves. Such children should be encouraged to resume normal feeding as soon as possible. Once diarrhea is corrected, the WHO recommends giving the child an extra meal each day for two weeks, and longer if the child is malnourished. Dehydration may be overestimated in wasted children and underestimated in edematous children. Care of these children must also include careful management of their malnutrition and treatment of other infections. Useful signs of dehydration include an eagerness to drink, lethargy, cool and moist extremities, weak or absent radial pulse (wrist), and reduced or absent urine flow. In children with severe malnutrition, it
3381-526: The illness. This supported the notion that oral rehydration might be possible even during severe diarrhea due to cholera. In 1967–1968, Norbert Hirschhorn and Nathaniel F. Pierce showed that people with severe cholera can absorb glucose, salt, and water and that this can occur in sufficient amounts to maintain hydration. In 1968, David R. Nalin and Richard A. Cash , helped by Rafiqul Islam and Majid Molla, reported that giving adults with cholera an oral glucose-electrolyte solution in volumes equal to those of
3450-479: The intestinal lumen. Nearly all of this is reabsorbed so that sodium levels in the body remain constant . In a diarrheal illness, sodium-rich intestinal secretions are lost before they can be reabsorbed. This can lead to life-threatening dehydration or electrolyte imbalances within hours when fluid loss is severe. The objective of therapy is the replenishment of sodium and water losses by ORT or intravenous infusion. Sodium absorption occurs in two stages. The first
3519-406: The maintenance of precise osmotic gradients of electrolytes is important. Such gradients affect and regulate the hydration of the body as well as blood pH , and are critical for nerve and muscle function. Various mechanisms exist in living species that keep the concentrations of different electrolytes under tight control. Both muscle tissue and neurons are considered electric tissues of
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#17327980307483588-550: The melt acquires the capacity to conduct electricity. Sodium , potassium , chloride , calcium , magnesium , and phosphate in a liquid phase are examples of electrolytes. In medicine, electrolyte replacement is needed when a person has prolonged vomiting or diarrhea , and as a response to sweating due to strenuous athletic activity. Commercial electrolyte solutions are available, particularly for sick children (such as oral rehydration solution, Suero Oral , or Pedialyte ) and athletes ( sports drinks ). Electrolyte monitoring
3657-557: The original ORS formula has no effect on the duration of the diarrheic episode or the volume of fluid loss, although reduced osmolarity solutions have been shown to reduce stool volume. The degree of dehydration should be assessed before initiating ORT. ORT is suitable for people who are not dehydrated and those who show signs and symptoms of mild to moderate dehydration. People who have severe dehydration should seek professional medical help immediately and receive intravenous rehydration as soon as possible to rapidly replenish fluid volume in
3726-423: The person speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function, minimizes weight loss and supports continued growth in children. Small frequent meals are best tolerated (offering the child food every three to four hours). Mothers should continue to breastfeed . A child with watery diarrhea typically regains their appetite as soon as dehydration is corrected, whereas a child with bloody diarrhea often eats poorly until
3795-432: The person vomits, the caregiver should wait 5–10 minutes and then resume giving ORS. ORS may be given by aid workers or health care workers in refugee camps, health clinics and hospital settings. Mothers should remain with their children and be taught how to give ORS. This will help to prepare them to give ORT at home in the future. Breastfeeding should be continued throughout ORT. As part of oral rehydration therapy,
3864-530: The presence of glucose, sodium, and chloride could be absorbed in patients with cholera; but he failed because his solution was too hypertonic and he used it to try to stop the diarrhea rather than to rehydrate patients. In the early 1960s, Robert K. Crane described the sodium-glucose co-transport mechanism and its role in intestinal glucose absorption. This, along with evidence that the intestinal mucosa appears undamaged in cholera, suggested that intestinal absorption of glucose and sodium might continue during
3933-421: The resulting mixture is not shelf stable in high-humidity environments. It works as glucose increases the uptake of sodium and thus water by the intestines , and the potassium chloride and sodium citrate help prevent hypokalemia and acidosis , respectively, which are both common side effects of diarrhea. A number of other formulations are also available including versions that can be made at home. However,
4002-476: The solid medium. Usually it is a relatively high- dielectric constant polymer ( PEO , PMMA , PAN , polyphosphazenes , siloxanes , etc.) and a salt with low lattice energy . In order to increase the mechanical strength and conductivity of such electrolytes, very often composites are made, and inert ceramic phase is introduced. There are two major classes of such electrolytes: polymer-in-ceramic, and ceramic-in-polymer. Organic ionic plastic crystals – are
4071-513: The solubility of proteins. A consistent ordering of these different ions on the magnitude of their effect arises consistently in many other systems as well. This has since become known as the Hofmeister series . While the origins of these effects are not abundantly clear and have been debated throughout the past century, it has been suggested that the charge density of these ions is important and might actually have explanations originating from
4140-464: The solution amounts to a current. Some gases, such as hydrogen chloride (HCl), under conditions of high temperature or low pressure can also function as electrolytes. Electrolyte solutions can also result from the dissolution of some biological (e.g., DNA , polypeptides ) or synthetic polymers (e.g., polystyrene sulfonate ), termed " polyelectrolytes ", which contain charged functional groups . A substance that dissociates into ions in solution or in
4209-412: The solution should not be hyperosmolar . The Rehydration Project states, "Making the mixture a little diluted (with more than 1 litre of clean water) is not harmful." The optimal fluid for preparing oral rehydration solution is clean water. However, if this is not available, the usually available water should be used. Oral rehydration solution should not be withheld simply because the available water
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#17327980307484278-714: The study says that athletes exercising in extreme conditions (for three or more hours continuously, e.g. a marathon or triathlon ) who do not consume electrolytes risk dehydration (or hyponatremia ). A home-made electrolyte drink can be made by using water, sugar and salt in precise proportions . It is important to include glucose (sugar) to utilise the co-transport mechanism of sodium and glucose. Commercial preparations are also available for both human and veterinary use. Electrolytes are commonly found in fruit juices , sports drinks, milk, nuts, and many fruits and vegetables (whole or in juice form) (e.g., potatoes, avocados ). When electrodes are placed in an electrolyte and
4347-463: The substance is ionic in nature and has an imbalanced distribution of electrons, the result of chemical dissociation . Sodium is the main electrolyte found in extracellular fluid and potassium is the main intracellular electrolyte; both are involved in fluid balance and blood pressure control. All known multicellular lifeforms require a subtle and complex electrolyte balance between the intracellular and extracellular environments. In particular,
4416-404: The term electrolyte refers to the substance that is dissolved. Electrically, such a solution is neutral. If an electric potential is applied to such a solution, the cations of the solution are drawn to the electrode that has an abundance of electrons , while the anions are drawn to the electrode that has a deficit of electrons. The movement of anions and cations in opposite directions within
4485-457: The title Lyte . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyte&oldid=1123655025 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Electrolyte An electrolyte
4554-410: The use of homemade solutions has not been well studied. Oral rehydration therapy was developed in the 1940s using electrolyte solutions with or without glucose on an empirical basis chiefly for mild or convalescent patients, but did not come into common use for rehydration and maintenance therapy until after the discovery that glucose promoted sodium and water absorption during cholera in the 1960s. It
4623-453: The work of Charles-Augustin de Coulomb over 200 years ago. Electrolyte solutions are normally formed when salt is placed into a solvent such as water and the individual components dissociate due to the thermodynamic interactions between solvent and solute molecules, in a process called " solvation ". For example, when table salt ( sodium chloride ), NaCl, is placed in water, the salt (a solid) dissolves into its component ions, according to
4692-601: Was 3.6% among those given ORT, compared with 30% in those given IV fluid therapy. After Bangladesh won independence, there was a wide campaign to promote the use of saline in the treatment of diarrhea. In 1980, the World Health Organization recognized ORT and began a global program for its dissemination. In the 1970s, Norbert Hirschhorn used oral rehydration therapy on the White River Apache Indian Reservation with
4761-525: Was a major cause of death during the 1829 cholera pandemic in Russia and Western Europe. In 1831, William Brooke O'Shaughnessy noted the changes in blood composition and loss of water and salt in the stool of people with cholera and prescribed intravenous fluid therapy (IV fluids). The prescribing of hypertonic IV therapy decreased the mortality rate of cholera to 40%, from 70%. In the West, IV therapy became
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