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26-593: The main building was constructed between 1665 and 1675 as a convent for noble girls, as requested by the Catherine-Charlotte de Gramont , wife of Louis I . Today, the monastery still shows vaulting from this period. During the French Revolution , the convent was transformed into barracks for Sardinian troops. They occupied the buildings until 18 July 1860 when the King of Sardina's rule over

52-434: A communal or non-communal group of persons—juridical entities under church law). They receive the vows of the nuns of the abbey; they may admit candidates to their order's novitiate; they may send them to study; and they may send them to do pastoral or missionary, or to work or assist—to the extent allowed by canon and civil law—in the administration and ministry of a parish or diocese (these activities could be inside or outside

78-675: A convent is not placed under the responsibility of an abbot or an abbess, but of a superior or prior. In modern English usage, since about the 19th century, the term convent almost invariably refers to a community of women, while monastery and friary are used for communities of men. In historical usage they are often interchangeable, with convent especially likely to be used for a friary. When applied to religious houses in Eastern Orthodoxy and Buddhism , English refers to all houses of male religious as monasteries and of female religious as convents. The mendicant orders appeared at

104-691: A copy of the Encyclopedia of Diderot and d'Alembert . Originally named the Prince Albert Library, the name was changed to the Prince Albert II Library during the centenary celebrations in 2010 to honor Albert II . Translated from Lycée Albert-Premier in Wikipédia en français 43°43′53″N 7°25′31″E  /  43.7313°N 7.4252°E  / 43.7313; 7.4252 Convent A convent

130-440: A plaque placed at the schools entrance, detailing the school buildings’ various transformations. The High School Albert 1st continues to deliver courses to this day, having celebrated its centenary in 2010. Currently, one hundred faculty offer courses to 751 students. In 2022, success rate at baccalauréat was 98%. The library was inaugurated by Grace Kelly . The library preserves many ancient works from private donations including

156-522: Is a widow, or is blind or deaf, is typically disqualified for the position, saving by permission of the Holy See. The office is elective, the choice being by the secret votes of the nuns belonging to the community. Like an abbot, after being confirmed in her office by the Holy See , an abbess is solemnly admitted to her office by a formal blessing, conferred by the bishop in whose territory the monastery

182-541: Is an enclosed community of monks , nuns , friars or religious sisters . Alternatively, convent means the building used by the community. The term is particularly used in the Catholic Church , Lutheran churches , and the Anglican Communion . The term convent derives via Old French from Latin conventus , perfect participle of the verb convenio , meaning "to convene, to come together". It

208-546: Is headed by an abbot , and a priory is a lesser dependent house headed by a prior . In the Middle Ages , convents often provided to women a way to excel, as they were considered inferior to men. In convents, women were educated and were able to write books and publish works on gardening or musicology. or on religion and philosophy. The abbess of a convent was often also involved in decisions of secular life and interacted with politicians and businessmen. Unlike an abbey ,

234-428: Is located, or by an abbot or another bishop with appropriate permission. Unlike the abbot, the abbess receives only the ring, the crosier , and a copy of the rule of the order. She does not receive a mitre as part of the ceremony. The abbess also traditionally adds a pectoral cross to the outside of her habit as a symbol of office, though she continues to wear a modified form of her religious habit or dress, as she

260-461: Is the female superior of a community of nuns in an abbey . In the Catholic Church (both the Latin Church and Eastern Catholic ), Eastern Orthodox , Coptic and Anglican abbeys, the mode of election, position, rights, and authority of an abbess correspond generally with those of an abbot . She must be at least 40 years old and have been a nun for 10 years. The age requirement in

286-484: Is unordained—females cannot be ordained—and so does not vest or use choir dress in the liturgy. An abbess serves for life, except in Italy and some adjacent islands. Abbesses are, like abbots, major superiors according to canon law , the equivalents of abbots or bishops (the ordained male members of the church hierarchy who have, by right of their own office, executive jurisdiction over a building, diocesan territory, or

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312-628: The Catholic Encyclopedia (1913), makes clear, abbesses' past spiritual authority was increasingly seen as the "usurpation" of corresponding priestly power, and a solely male privilege. He gives an example of the attitude toward such practice, from the 9th century, which persists in church administrative control into the modern era: Thus, in the Capitularies of Charlemagne, mention is made of certain Abbesses, who contrary to

338-723: The Cistercian Abbesses of Burgos and Palencia in Spain, who preached and heard confessions of their own religious , characterizing these acts as "unheard of, most indecorous, and highly preposterous." Historically, in some Celtic monasteries, abbesses presided over joint-houses of monks and nuns, the most famous example being Saint Brigid of Kildare's leadership in the founding of the monastery at Kildare in Ireland . This custom accompanied Celtic monastic missions to France, Spain, and even to Rome itself. In 1115, Robert,

364-642: The "School of Monaco" in September, 1910. He also founded the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco that faces the high school in the same year. The school was originally only for boys, and followed the French model. The first candidates for BA (French) graduated in 1913. However, in 1918, the school expanded to include girls. On the 50th anniversary of its founding, Rainier III renamed the school "Lycée Albert I st" to commemorate its founder. He also had

390-549: The Catholic Church has evolved over time, ranging from 30 to 60. The requirement of 10 years as a nun is only eight in Catholicism. In the rare case of there not being a nun with the qualifications, the requirements may be lowered to 30 years of age and five of those in an "upright manner", as determined by the superior. A woman who is of illegitimate birth, is not a virgin , has undergone non-salutory public penance,

416-470: The Catholic Church, greater restrictions on abbesses' spiritual independence gained pace. Instruments of church authority, from papal bulls down to local sanctions, were increasingly used to restrict their freedom to dispense blessings, administer sacraments, including the veiling of nuns, and publicly read the gospels or preach. Such spiritual—and even temporal—authority had in earlier church history, largely been unremarkable. As Thomas Oestereich, contributor to

442-700: The Holy Roman Empire. The oldest women's abbey in Germany is St. Marienthal Abbey of Cistercian nuns , near Ostritz , established during the early 13th century. In the Hradčany of Prague is a Catholic institute whose mistress is titled an Abbess. It was founded in 1755 by the Empress Maria Theresa , and traditionally was responsible for the coronation of the Queen of Bohemia . The Abbess

468-677: The Principality ended. For the next 10 years, the buildings were vacant, until, on 31 May 1870, a group of Italian Jesuits began to use them to provide open college courses. This lasted until 1910. In Monaco, many religious schools were created after 1860, including the Ladies of Saint-Maur, a primary school that is still in use today, and the Christian Brothers College. Seeking a secular alternative to these religious schools, Albert I , an eminent scientist, founded

494-844: The beginning of the 13th century with the growth of cities; they include in particular the Dominicans , the Franciscans , the Carmelites , and the Augustinians . While the Benedictine monks and their various variants devoted themselves to their agricultural properties, the mendicant friars settled from the start in the cities, or in the suburbs thereof, preferably in the poorer and more densely populated districts. They therefore had to adapt their buildings to these new constraints. Abbess An abbess ( Latin : abbatissa )

520-606: The community's territory). They have full authority in its administration. However, there are significant limitations. There are exigent circumstances, where due to Apostolical privilege, certain Abbesses have been granted rights and responsibilities above the normal, such as the Abbess of the Cistercian Monastery of the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas near Burgos , Spain . Also granted exceptional rights

546-489: The established discipline of the Church of God, presume to bless the people, impose their hands on them, make the sign of the cross on the foreheads of men, and confer the veil on virgins, employing during that ceremony the blessing reserved exclusively to the priest, all of which practice the bishops are urged to forbid absolutely in their respective dioceses. Similarly, in 1210, Innocent III (died 1216) expressed his view of

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572-702: The founder of Fontevraud Abbey near Chinon and Saumur , France, committed the government of the whole order, men as well as women, to a female superior. In Lutheran churches, the title of abbess ( German : Äbtissin ) has in some cases survived (for example, in the Itzehoe Convent  [ de ] ) to designate the heads of abbeys which since the Protestant Reformation have continued as monasteries or convents ( German : Stifte ). These positions continued, merely changing from Catholic to Lutheran. The first to make this change

598-463: The reigning houses. Until the dissolution of Holy Roman Empire and mediatisation of smaller imperial fiefs by Napoleon, the evangelical Abbess of Quedlinburg was also per officio the head of that reichsunmittelbar state. The last such ruling abbess was Sofia Albertina, Princess of Sweden . The abess Hildegard of Fraunmünster Abbey sat in the Imperial Diet among other princes of

624-511: Was first used in this sense when the eremitical life began to be combined with the cenobitical. The original reference was to the gathering of mendicants who spent much of their time travelling. Technically, a monastery is a secluded community of monastics, whereas a friary or convent is a community of mendicants (which, by contrast, might be located in a city), and a canonry is a community of canons regular . The terms abbey and priory can be applied to both monasteries and canonries; an abbey

650-408: Was the Abbey of Quedlinburg , whose last Catholic Abbess died in 1514. These are collegiate foundations, which provide a home and an income for unmarried ladies, generally of noble birth, called canonesses ( German : Kanonissinen ), or more usually, Stiftsdamen or Kapitularinnen . The office of abbess is of considerable social dignity, and in the past, was sometimes filled by princesses of

676-558: Was the Abbess of the Cistercian order in Conversano Italy. She was granted the ability to appoint her own vicar-general, select and approve the confessors, along with the practice of receiving the public homage of her clergy. This practice continued until some of the duties were modified due to an appeal by the clergy to Rome. Finally in 1750, the public homage was abolished. During the Middle Ages (7th–10th centuries) in

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