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78-683: Founded in 1804 by Father Claude Liautard, the Collège has both traditional buildings and modern constructions. Under contract with the French government, it offers curricula identical to those of public education, also offering religious education on specific days - originally Wednesdays, since the Jules Ferry Laws of 1882, but now Saturdays. In 1822, its formal name was declared, after the Polish King Stanisław Leszczyński ,

156-570: A separation of powers and proclaims France's "attachment to the Rights of Man and the principles of National Sovereignty as defined by the Declaration of 1789 ". The political system of France consists of an executive branch , a legislative branch , and a judicial branch . Executive power is exercised by the president of the republic and the Government . The Government consists of

234-580: A bill (effectively treating the bill as an issue of a confidence vote), under the provisions of article 49.3 of the Constitution. The bill is then considered passed unless the National Assembly votes a motion of no-confidence (French: motion de censure ), in which case the bill is defeated and the government has to resign. As of 2006 , the use of this article was the " First Employment Contract " proposed by Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin,

312-549: A broader anti-clerical campaign in France . French education during the 19th century was marked by two distinct and segregated systems, the first being a secondary school system and the second a primary school system. However, in each of these systems, the Catholic Church provided an alternative to secular schooling that was often the only option for families in economically depressed regions of France. Although

390-492: A choice between mixed or gender-segregated classes. The following are notable people associated with Collège Stanislas de Paris. If the person was a Collège Stanislas de Paris student, the number in parentheses indicates the year of graduation (if known); if the person was a faculty or staff member, that person's title and years of association are included. See also : fr:Liste d'anciens élèves du Collège Stanislas de Paris Jules Ferry Laws The Jules Ferry Laws are

468-543: A commission typically composed of senior lawyers or of members of the Parliament. Each of the two chambers of the Parliament often has its own commission, but sometimes they collaborate to create a single Commission nationale mixte paritaire . For example: In addition, the duties of public service limit the power that the executive has over the French Civil Service . For instance, appointments, except for

546-487: A law. If Parliament votes "no" to ratification, the ordinance is cancelled. Most of the time, ratification is made implicitly or explicitly through a Parliament act that deals with the subject concerned, rather than by the ratification act itself. The use of ordinances is normally reserved for urgent matters, or for technical, uncontroversial texts (such as the ordinances that converted all sums in French francs to euros in

624-461: A motion of censure, forcing the resignation of the government. This, in practice, forces the government to reflect the same political party or coalition which has the majority in the Assembly. Ministers have to answer questions from members of Parliament, both written and oral; this is known as the questions au gouvernement ("questions to the government"). In addition, ministers attend meetings of

702-407: A move that greatly backfired. Traditionally, the government comprises members of three ranks. Ministers are the most senior members of the government; deputy ministers ( ministres délégués ) assist ministers in particular areas of their portfolio; state secretaries ( secrétaires d'État ) assist ministers in less important areas, and attend government meetings only occasionally. Before the founding of

780-809: A national system of education that would provide every citizen with basic primary education . With the intention of strengthening France's politics and armed forces, a growing concentration on higher education was later seen after the Revolution, notably from Napoleon I in his establishment of the Imperial University in 1804-8. Meanwhile, the Catholic Church still remained highly involved within primary education. The Guizot Act passed in 1833 obliged all communes to open boys’ schools. The Falloux Act of 15 March 1850 abolished teacher training programs for men which had been put in place by

858-425: A parallel administration, especially (but not only) in all matters that are politically sensitive. Each cabinet is led by a chief-of-staff entitled directeur de cabinet . The state also has distributive services spread throughout French territory, often reflecting divisions into régions or départements . The prefect , the representative of the national government in each région or département , supervises

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936-524: A register of attendance that notes, for each class, the absences of the students. At the end of each month, they will address to the mayor and the primary inspector a copy of the register, indicating the number of absences and reasons. The reasons for absence will be submitted to the school board. The only known legitimate reasons are: child's illness, death of a family member, incapacity resulting from accidental difficulty of communications. The exceptional circumstances invoked will be taken into consideration by

1014-538: A religious education outside from school buildings. Religious education is optional in private schools. This article discusses further annulment of portions of the Falloux Act regarding religious authority. The measures of sections 18 and 44 of the Act of 15 March 1850 are repealed, in that they gave ministers of religion a right of inspection, supervision and management in public and private elementary schools and in

1092-569: A result, the Collège almost disappeared but ultimately was kept open by the efforts of former alumni. Even today, it remains isolated from Paris ' foremost public Lycées , although Stanislas' " Classes Préparatoires " ultimately leads its students to the same Grandes Écoles as its rivals. Originally a school for boys only, it became coeducational in 1992 through the absorption of the Institut Notre-Dame-des-Champs (also known as Nazareth). In some grades, it offers parents

1170-516: A set of French laws which established free education in 1881, then mandatory and laic (secular) education in 1882. Jules Ferry , a lawyer holding the office of Minister of Public Instruction in the 1880s, is widely credited for creating the modern Republican school ( l'école républicaine ). The dual system of state and church schools that were largely staffed by religious officials was replaced by state schools and lay school teachers. The educational reforms enacted by Jules Ferry are often attributed to

1248-423: A variety of topics. If necessary, they can establish parliamentary enquiry commissions with broad investigative power. The National Assembly is the principal legislative body. Its 577 deputies are directly elected for five-year terms in local majority votes, and all seats are voted on in each election. The National Assembly may force the resignation of the government by voting a motion of censure. For this reason,

1326-401: Is Michel Barnier since 5 September 2024. The French executive has a limited power to establish regulation or legislation. (See below for how such regulations or legislative items interact with statute law.) Only the president and prime minister sign decrees ( décrets ), which are akin to US executive orders . Decrees can only be taken following certain procedures and with due respect to

1404-667: Is a unitary state , its administrative subdivisions— regions , departments and communes —have various legal functions, and the national government is prohibited from intruding into their normal operations. France was a founding member of the European Coal and Steel Community , later the European Union . As such, France has transferred part of its sovereignty to European institutions, as provided by its constitution. The French government therefore has to abide by European treaties , directives and regulations . According to

1482-537: Is chaired, in Paris, by the mayor, in Lyon, by assistants; it is composed of one delegate appointed by the cantonal inspector of schools, with members appointed by the council, numbering three to seven by each district. The term of office of members of the school board, appointed by the council under the second paragraph, lasts until the election of a new municipal council. Their terms will always renewable. The primary inspector

1560-443: Is compulsory for children of both sexes between the ages of six to thirteen years and may be given either in institutions of primary or secondary schools, in public or free schools, or in the home, by the father himself or anyone he chooses. A regulation will determine the means of ensuring primary education for deaf, mute, and blind. This article explains the formation of school boards, national representation in Paris and Lyon, and

1638-546: Is divided into the judicial branch (dealing with civil law and criminal law ) and the administrative branch (dealing with appeals against executive decisions), each with their own independent supreme court of appeal: the Court of Cassation for the judicial courts and the Conseil d'Etat for the administrative courts. The French government includes various bodies that check abuses of power and independent agencies. While France

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1716-444: Is established in each commune to monitor and encourage school attendance. It consists of the mayor, president; a cantonal delegate and, in common with several townships, as many delegates as there are townships, designated by the school inspector; with members appointed by the department council in equal numbers, at most, to one third of the members of this council. In Paris and Lyon, there is a school board for each municipal district. It

1794-452: Is ex officio member of all school boards established within his jurisdiction. This article discusses the graduation of students after they have completed the appropriate amount of primary education, determined by a public examination. There shall be established a certificate of primary studies; it is awarded after a public examination which may be presented to children beginning from the age of eleven. Those who, from that age, have obtained

1872-616: Is headed by a director, named by the President in Council . The central administration largely stays the same, regardless of the political tendency of the executive in power. In addition, each minister has a private office, which is composed of members whose nomination is politically determined, called the cabinet . Cabinets are quite important and employ numbers of highly qualified staff to follow all administrative and political affairs. They are powerful, and have been sometimes considered as

1950-436: Is required to obtain a nationwide majority of non-blank votes at either the first or second round of balloting, which implies that the president is somewhat supported by at least half of the voting population. As a consequence, the president of France is the pre-eminent figure in French politics. He appoints the prime minister and chairs the Council of Ministers (Cabinet meeting). Though the president may not de jure dismiss

2028-526: The Council of Ministers , is chaired by the president and usually takes place at the Élysée Palace . The Council of Ministers is the executive's formal decision-making body since government bills need to be approved by the Council to be introduced in Parliament, some decrees are signed during the meeting ( decrees in Council of Ministers ) and some constitutional powers have to be approved by the Council beforehand to be invoked. The current French prime minister

2106-606: The Fifth Republic in 1958, some ministers of particular political importance were called "Ministers of State" ( ministres d'État ); the practice has continued under the Fifth Republic in a mostly honorific fashion: ministers styled "Minister of State" are of higher importance in the gouvernement and have the ability to deputize for the PM and the authority to hold inter-ministerial meetings. The number of ministries and

2184-564: The French Revolution ; presumption of innocence ; freedom of speech ; freedom of opinion including freedom of religion ; the guarantee of property against arbitrary seizure; the accountability of government agents to the citizenry. France has a semi-presidential system of government, with both a president and a prime minister . The prime minister is responsible to the French Parliament . A presidential candidate

2262-600: The Republican party is often credited for inventing the concept of free primary school, it was, in fact, a series of progressive improvements since mid-century. For example, in 1698, it was decreed that children ages 7–14 were to attend local Catholic schools with certified instructors, which were also added to areas that previously had none. However, funds for these schools were to be provided by local residents, and it proved very difficult for these schools to afford to remain in practice. Overall, between 1837 (44 years before

2340-551: The V-Dem Democracy indices France was in 2023 the 10th most electoral democratic country in the world. A popular referendum approved the constitution of the French Fifth Republic in 1958, greatly strengthening the authority of the presidency and the executive with respect to Parliament. The constitution does not contain a bill of rights in itself, but its preamble mentions that France should follow

2418-489: The prime minister and ministers. The prime minister is appointed by the president, and is responsible to Parliament. The government , including the prime minister, can be revoked by the National Assembly , the lower house of Parliament, through a motion of no-confidence; this ensures that the prime minister is practically always supported by a majority in the lower house (which, on most topics, has prominence over

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2496-427: The 5th Republic: in 1962 when the parliamentary majority of the time voted a motion of censure against the government of George Pompidou. The government has a strong influence in shaping the agenda of Parliament (the cabinet has control over the parliamentary order of business 50% of the time, 2 out of 4 weeks per month). The government can also 'commit its responsibility' on a bill it has proposed (effectively treating

2574-420: The Assembly is usually politically allied to the ministers, such legislation is, in general, very likely to pass (unless there is a hung parliament). However, this is not guaranteed, and, on occasion, the opinion of the majority parliamentarians may differ significantly from those of the executive, which often results in a large number of amendments. The prime minister can commit the government's responsibility on

2652-485: The Constitution have added a reference in the preamble to an Environment charter that has full constitutional value, and a right for citizens to contest the constitutionality of a statute before the Constitutional Council. The foundational principles of the constitution include: the equality of all citizens before law, and the rejection of special class privileges such as those that existed prior to

2730-419: The Constitution puts under the responsibility of legislation, issued by Parliament. Still, Parliament may, through a habilitation law, authorize the executive to issue ordinances ( ordonnances ), with legislative value, in precisely-defined areas. Habilitation laws specify the scope of the ordinance. After the ordinance is issued, the government has to propose a ratifying bill in order that the ordinance becomes

2808-511: The Guizot Law. These laws created a mixed system in which some primary education establishments were public and controlled by the state and others were under the supervision of Catholic congregations. Although the concept of universal public schooling was important to these revolutionaries, it became clear that financial issues and political debate thwarted the implementation. Despite the differences on economic, social, and other issues among

2886-501: The Jules Ferry Laws were passed) and 1906, the number of schools had increased by more than 100%. In some areas, like Bretagne Ouest, it reached nearly 200% (197.2%). The idea of national government support for popular education and teacher training first became apparent as an important social and political issue during the French Revolution of 1789 . Prominent politicians, such as Talleyrand and Condorcet , each proposed

2964-584: The National Assembly and the Senate; the National Assembly is the pre-eminent body. Parliament meets for one nine-month session each year: under special circumstances the president can call an additional session. Although parliamentary powers have diminished from those existing under the Fourth Republic , the National Assembly can still cause a government to fall if an absolute majority of the total Assembly membership votes to censure. It happened once under

3042-620: The Republican radicals with whom Jules Ferry identified, they were united by the desire to obtain a secular republic due to the growing popularity of anti-clericalism since the Revolution and notably during the Third Republic . In the wake of the Industrial Revolution and its new practices of employment and work days, the radicals also "hoped that schooling would make workers as reasonable and self-satisfied as it

3120-464: The activities of the distributive services in his or her jurisdiction. Generally, the services of a certain administration in a région or département are managed by a high-level civil servant, often called director, but not always; for instance, the services of the Trésor public (Treasury) in each département are headed by a treasurer-paymaster general, appointed by the president of the republic. In

3198-400: The bill as an issue of a vote of confidence), and unless a motion of no confidence is introduced (within 24 hours after the proposal) and passed (within 48 hours of introduction – thus full procedures last at most 72 hours), the bill is considered adopted without a vote. Members of Parliament enjoy parliamentary immunity . Both assemblies have committees that write reports on

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3276-407: The certificate of primary studies, will be exempt from remaining compulsory school time. This article discusses the compulsory requirements of the parents or guardians of each child in procuring an education, whether private or public. The father, guardian, person having custody of the child, the boss with whom the child is placed, shall, at least fifteen days before the time classes begin, advise

3354-457: The communes and departments had the responsibility to subsidize it. Additionally, the laws protected the wages of teachers by mandating that "salaries... may never under any circumstances become inferior to the salaries they have enjoyed during the three years preceding the application of the present law..." (Art. 6). This article outlines what is to be included in a free, mandatory, and laic education system. The Act of 15 March 1850 referred to at

3432-567: The constitution and statute law. The individual ministers issue ministerial orders ( arrêtés ) in their fields of competence, subordinate to statutes and decrees. Contrary to a sometimes used polemical cliché , that dates from the French Third Republic of 1870–1940, with its decrees-law ( décrets-lois ), neither the president nor the prime minister may rule by decree (outside of the narrow case of presidential emergency powers). The executive cannot issue decrees in areas that

3510-436: The directors of public and private schools the list of children who will attend their schools. A duplicate of these lists is sent by him to the primary inspector. This article discusses the procedures for changing schools and/or the manner in which education is received. When a child leaves school, parents or persons responsible must immediately give notice to the mayor and indicate how the child will receive instruction in

3588-399: The disposal of the government. However, various agencies are independent agencies ( autorités administratives indépendantes ) that have been statutorily excluded from the executive's authority, although they belong in the executive branch. These independent agencies have some specialized regulatory power, some executive power, and some quasi-judicial power. They are also often consulted by

3666-626: The division of responsibilities and administrations between them varies from government to government. While the name and exact responsibility of each ministry may change, one generally finds at least: (For more on French ministries, see French government ministers .) The government has a leading role in shaping the agenda of the houses of Parliament. It may propose laws to Parliament, as well as amendments during parliamentary meetings. It may make use of some procedures to speed up parliamentary deliberations. The government holds weekly meetings (usually on Wednesday mornings): this weekly meeting, known as

3744-490: The duty to supply the public with unbiased information. For instance, the Agence France-Presse (AFP) is an independent public corporation. Its resources must come solely from its commercial sales. The majority of the seats in its board are held by representatives of the French press . The government also provides for watchdogs over its own activities; these independent administrative authorities are headed by

3822-466: The end of the article, is the Falloux Act . Primary education includes: The moral and civic education; Reading and writing; The language and elements of French literature; Geography, particularly that of France; History, particularly that of France to the present; Basic lessons on law and political economy; The elements of the natural sciences and mathematics, and their applications to agriculture, hygiene, industrial arts, handicrafts and use

3900-417: The former, permanent personnel are civil servants, while normally in the latter, they are contract employees. In addition, the government owns and controls all, or the majority, of shares of some companies, like Electricité de France , SNCF or Areva . Social security organizations, though established by statute and controlled and supervised by the state, are not operated nor directly controlled by

3978-408: The future. The school inspector invites those responsible for the child to comply with the law and makes them aware of the provisions of Article 12 below. This article outlines policy regarding school absences. When a child misses school temporarily, parents or persons responsible should inform the director or the directress the reasons for this absence. The directors and directresses must keep

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4056-505: The government or the French Parliament seeking advice before regulating by law. They can impose sanctions that are named "administrative sanctions" sanctions administratives . However, their decisions can still be contested in a judicial court or in an administrative court. Some examples of independent agencies: Public media corporations should not be influenced in their news reporting by the executive in power, since they have

4134-570: The great-grandfather of the King of France Louis XVIII , whose second forename was "Stanislas". Since 1903 Collège has been the property of a S.A. corporation founded by former alumni. Private education in France was indirectly affected by the strong anti-clerical movement that inspired French politicians throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, beginning with the Concordat of 1801 . As

4212-475: The highest positions (the national directors of agencies and administrations), must be made solely on merit (typically determined in competitive exams) or on time in office. Certain civil servants have statuses that prohibit executive interference; for instance, judges and prosecutors may be named or moved only according to specific procedures. Public researchers and university professors enjoy academic freedom ; by law, they enjoy complete freedom of speech within

4290-447: The houses of Parliament when laws pertaining to their areas of responsibility are being discussed. Government ministers cannot pass legislation without parliamentary approval, though the prime minister may issue autonomous regulations or subordinated regulations ( décrets d'application ) provided they do not infringe on the Parliament domain, as detailed in the constitution. Ministers, however, can propose legislation to Parliament; since

4368-403: The kindergartens ( salle d’asile ), as well as paragraph 2 of Article 31 of the Act, which gives consistories the right to present teacher candidates belonging to non-Catholic faiths. This article makes compulsory primary education and lays down the requirements of age and manner of instruction (whether they will be schooled in the home or at a public or private institution). Primary education

4446-409: The larger population. In Ferry's view, schools would educate on political doctrine and the virtues of nationalism, emphasizing independent thought. Members of Catholic orders were not allowed to teach in public schools after a five-year transitional period. On 16 June 1881 the first set of Jules Ferry Laws were passed, making primary education free for both boys and girls. To finance of the project,

4524-694: The last several decades, the departmental conseil général (see "Local Government" below) has taken on new responsibilities and plays an important role in administering government services at the local level. The government also maintains public establishments. These have a relative administrative and financial autonomy, to accomplish a defined mission. They are attached to one or more supervising authorities. These are classified into several categories: Note that in administrations and public establishments of an administrative character operate under public law, while establishments of an industrial and commercial character operate mostly under private law. In consequence, in

4602-427: The list of all children aged between six and thirteen years and is to notify those persons who are responsible for these children at the time classes begin. Failure to register, fifteen days before the beginning of school, on the part of parents and other responsible persons, allows him to automatically register the child in a public school and notify the person responsible. Eight days before classes begin, he gives to

4680-421: The mayor of the town if the child is to be given education in the family or in a public or private school; in the latter two cases, he will indicate the chosen school. The families living near to two or more public schools have the option to enroll their children in either of these schools, whether within or outside the territory of their commune, unless they already have the maximum number of students permitted by

4758-476: The national government. Instead, they are managed by the "social partners" ( partenaires sociaux ) – unions of employers such as the MEDEF and unions of employees. Their budget is separate from the national budget. A Shadow Cabinet is sometimes formed by the opposition parties in the National Assembly , though this is uncommon. The Parliament of France, making up the legislative branch , consists of two houses:

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4836-518: The ordinary constraints of academia. The government also provides specialized agencies for regulating critical markets or limited resources, and markets set up by regulations. Although, as part of the administration , they are subordinate to the ministers, they often act with a high degree of independence. Each ministry has a central administration ( administration centrale ), generally divided into directorates. These directorates are usually subdivided into divisions or sub-directorates. Each directorate

4914-423: The president's dominance can be severely limited, as they must choose a prime minister and government who reflect the majority in parliament, and who may implement the agenda of the parliamentary majority. When parties from opposite ends of the political spectrum control parliament and the presidency, the power-sharing arrangement is known as cohabitation . Before 2002, cohabitation occurred more commonly, because

4992-439: The prime minister and their government are necessarily from the dominant party or coalition in the assembly. In the case of a president and assembly from opposing parties, this leads to the situation known as cohabitation . While motions of censure are periodically proposed by the opposition following government actions that it deems highly inappropriate, they are usually purely rhetorical; party discipline ensures that, throughout

5070-403: The prime minister's proposal. When the president's political party or supporters control parliament , the president is the dominant player in executive action, choosing whomever he wishes for the government, and having it follow his political agenda (parliamentary disagreements do occur, though, even within the same party). However, when the president's political opponents control parliament,

5148-420: The prime minister, nevertheless, if the prime minister is from the same political side, they can, in practice, have them resign on demand (De Gaulle is said to have initiated this practice "by requiring undated letters of resignation from his nominees to the premiership," though more recent presidents have not necessarily used this method ). The president appoints the ministers, ministers-delegate and secretaries on

5226-676: The principles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , as well as those of the preamble to the constitution of the Fourth Republic . This has been judged to imply that the principles laid forth in those texts have constitutional value, and that legislation infringing on those principles should be found unconstitutional if a recourse is filed before the Constitutional Council . Also, recent modifications of

5304-411: The regulations. In case of dispute, and by request of either the mayor or the parents, the department council rules as the last resort. This article discusses further requirements of the parents or guardians in maintaining their child’s attendance, regulated by the student records kept by the municipal school boards. Each year the mayor shall prepare, in consultation with the municipal school board,

5382-522: The republic, the president of the National Assembly , and the president of the Senate . Former presidents of the Republic can also be members of the Council if they wish (Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and Jacques Chirac are the only former presidents to have participated in the Council's work). The independent judiciary is based upon civil law system which evolved from the Napoleonic Codes . It

5460-528: The school board. This article discusses penalties against a school director in the failure to abide by the preceding article. Politics of France The politics of France take place within the framework of a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French Fifth Republic . The nation declares itself to be an "indivisible, secular , democratic , and social Republic ". The constitution provides for

5538-407: The term of the president was seven years and the term of the National Assembly was five years. With the term of the president shortened to five years, and with the presidential and parliamentary elections separated by only a few months, this is less likely to happen . Emmanuel Macron became president on 14 May 2017, succeeding François Hollande . In the 2022 presidential election President Macron

5616-487: The terms of office of the members. A stratification of responsibility begins to take shape: first, parents were to have the primary responsibility over the education of their children. Mayors, then, as presidents of the local school boards, were to oversee that parents followed through with this responsibility. To oversee the school board, therefore, was the central government (see Article 7 below). This now removes church officials from these positions. A municipal school board

5694-457: The tools of the principal occupations; The elements of drawing, modeling and music; Gymnastics; For boys, military exercises; For girls, needlework. Article 23 of the Act of 15 March 1850 is repealed. This article regulates the option of a religious education, which differs between public and private institutions. The public primary schools will hold one day free, apart from Sunday, allowing parents to give, if they wish, their children

5772-463: The upper house). Parliament consists of the National Assembly and the Senate . It passes statutes and votes on the budget; it controls the action of the executive through formal questioning on the floor of the houses of Parliament and by establishing commissions of inquiry. The constitutionality of the statutes is checked by the Constitutional Council , members of which are appointed by the president of

5850-402: The use of ordinances in such contexts as anti-democratic and demeaning to Parliament. Note however that since the National Assembly can dismiss the government through a motion of censure, the government necessarily relies on a majority in Parliament, and this majority would be likely to adopt the controversial law anyway. The general rule is that government agencies and the civil service are at

5928-688: The various laws in force in France). There is also a practice of using ordinances to transpose European Directives into French law, to avoid late transposition of Directives, which happens often and is criticized by the EU Commission . Ordinances are also used to codify law into codes – to rearrange them for the sake of clarity without substantially modifying them. They are also sometimes used to push controversial legislation through, such as when Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin created new forms of work contracts in 2005. The opposition then criticizes

6006-470: Was credited with making the bourgeoisie." The 1698 attempt would not have held sway with the Republican radicals of Ferry's generation, who would have seen it as Catholic propaganda and as a defense against the growing popularity of Protestantism . Likewise, Napoleon's Imperial University remained connected to the Church and paid little heed to primary education that would ensure basic literacy needs among

6084-415: Was re-elected after beating his far-right rival, Marine Le Pen , in the runoff. He was the first re-elected incumbent French president since 2002. The prime minister leads the government , which comprises junior and senior ministers. It has at its disposal the civil service , government agencies, and the armed forces . The government is responsible to Parliament, and the National Assembly may pass

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