Kârun Treasure is the name given to a collection of 363 valuable Lydian artifacts dating from the 7th century BC and originating from Uşak Province in western Turkey, which were the subject of a legal battle between Turkey and New York Metropolitan Museum of Art between 1987 and 1993, which were returned to Turkey in 1993 after the Museum admitted it had known the objects were stolen when they had purchased them. The collection is alternatively known as the Lydian Hoard . The items are exhibited in the Uşak Museum of Archaeology .
56-535: The collection made sensational news once again in May 2006 when a key piece, a golden hippocamp , on display in Uşak Museum along with the rest of the collection, was discovered to have been replaced by a fake , probably between March and August 2005. Yet another term used for the collection is "Croesus Treasure". Although the artifacts were closely contemporary to Croesus , whether they should be directly associated with
112-490: A sea-horse in English, is a mythological creature shared by Phoenician , Etruscan , Pictish , Roman and Greek mythology , though its name has a Greek origin. The hippocampus has typically been depicted as having the upper body of a horse with the lower body of a fish . Coins minted at Tyre around the 4th century BC show the patron god Melqart riding on a winged hippocampus and accompanied by dolphins. Coins of
168-447: A seahorse , and the terms seahorse and sea-horse refer to the mythological creature. The above-mentioned fish hybrids are seen less frequently. In appearance, the heraldic sea-horse is depicted as having the head and neck of a horse, the tail of a fish and webbed paws replacing its front hooves. Its mane may be that of a horse or it may be replaced with an additional fin. Sea-horses may be depicted with wings, and winged sea-horses with
224-471: A conviction. As in the British system, the exact phrasing of the warning is not explicitly mandated under federal law. There are also additional requirements about the warning that vary from state to state and may depend on the circumstances (such as when the arrestee is a non-citizen or juvenile). Since the exact wording used in an arrest is legally important, police officers often carry a printed copy of
280-414: A court order can be considered civil contempt of court , and a warrant for the person's arrest may be issued. Some court orders contain authority for a police officer to make an arrest without further order. If a legislature lacks a quorum , many jurisdictions allow the members present the power to order a call of the house , which orders the arrest of the members who are not present. A member arrested
336-452: A fantastic marine creature with the body and tail of a fish and the forepart of a goat. This sea-goat moves to the right and turns his head back to look at the goddess. This group also appears on Aphrodisian coins from the 3rd century A.D. Aside from aigikampoi , the fish-tailed goats representing Capricorn, other fish-tailed animals rarely appeared in Greek art, but are more characteristic of
392-619: A horn were part of the armorial bearings granted to Sir Sean Connery in 2018 by the Lord Lyon King of Arms , the head of Scotland's heraldic authority. The sea-horse is also a common image in Renaissance and Baroque art, for example, in the Trevi fountain , dating to 1732. A winged hippocampus has been used as a symbol for Air France since its establishment in 1933 (inherited from its predecessor Air Orient ); it appears today on
448-547: A person applies for a job, a loan or a professional license. In the United States a person who was not found guilty after an arrest can remove their arrest record through an expungement or (in California ) a finding of factual innocence. A cleared person has the choice to file a complaint or a lawsuit if they choose to. Legal action is sometimes filed against the government after a wrongful arrest. For convictions,
504-399: A person is arrested for a serious crime, the defendant will have their picture taken and be held in pre-trial detention . Under certain circumstances (that is where the public won't be endangered by one's release from custody), the defendant may be entitled to release on bail . If the accused cannot post a monetary bail, they will appear at their arraignment where the judge will determine if
560-477: A person is caught in an act of crime and not willing or able to produce valid ID . As a safeguard against the abuse of power , many countries require that an arrest must be made for a thoroughly justified reason, such as the requirement of probable cause in the United States. Furthermore, in most democracies, the time that a person can be detained in custody is relatively short (in most cases 24 hours in
616-680: A person must be told that they are under arrest in simple, non-technical language, the essential legal and factual grounds for his arrest. A person must be 'cautioned' when being arrested or subject to a criminal prosecution procedure, unless this is impractical due to the behaviour of the arrested person. The caution required in England and Wales states, You are under arrest on suspicion of [ offence ]. You do not have to say anything, but it may harm your defence if you do not mention when questioned something which you later rely on in court. Anything you do say may be given in evidence. Minor deviations from
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#1732801675675672-458: A person who is being arrested. When there is a question regarding handcuffing a person, case law has stated that the choice to handcuff a person is dependent on the surrounding circumstances, and that officers should always take the proper precautions to ensure the safety of themselves, and the public. In the United States, there exists a distinction between an investigatory stop or detention, and an arrest. The distinction tends to be whether or not
728-674: A theme in Etruscan tomb wall-paintings and reliefs, where they are sometimes provided with wings, as they are in the Trevi fountain. Katharine Shepard found in the theme an Etruscan belief in a sea-voyage to the other world. The sea-horse also appears in Pictish stone carvings in Scotland. The symbolism of the carving (also known as " Pictish Beast " or " Kelpie ") is unknown. Although similar but not identical to Roman sea-horse images, it
784-453: A total of 375 pieces was already accumulated. But the small museum in Uşak where the collection was placed, more focused on storage of Ushak carpets and operating under conditions of budgetary and staff restraints, did not fully meet the requirements for the preservation of Karu Treasure. Doubts about the site's suitability were reinforced by the filing of legal action against museum staff regarding
840-413: Is brought to the body's chamber to achieve a quorum. The member arrested does not face prosecution, but may be required to pay a fine to the legislative body. While an arrest will not necessarily lead to a criminal conviction , it may nonetheless in some jurisdictions have serious ramifications such as absence from work, social stigma, and in some cases, the legal obligation to disclose a conviction when
896-414: Is needed during the procedure of arrest. The arrest can be made by a citizen, a police officer or a Magistrate. The police officer needs to inform the person being arrested the full particulars of the person's offence and that they are entitled to be released on bail if the offence fits the criteria for being bailable. There is no general rule of eligibility or requirement that a police officer must handcuff
952-478: Is such a reasonable suspicion in a particular case is to be determined objectively by reference to facts and information which the arresting officer has at the time of the arrest. It is not necessary that the officer knows the exact statutory provision that the suspect has violated, so long as the officer reasonably suspects that the suspect has done something amounting to an offence. In the United Kingdom,
1008-472: Is unclear whether this depiction originates from images brought over by the Romans, or had a place in earlier Pictish mythology. The mythic hippocampus has been used as a heraldic charge , particularly since the Renaissance, most often in the armorial bearings of people and places with maritime associations. However, in a blazon , the terms hippocamp and hippocampus now refer to the real animal called
1064-477: The collateral consequences are more severe in the United States than in the UK, where arrests without conviction do not appear in standard criminal record checks and need not be disclosed, whereas in the United States, people have to expunge or (if the case goes to court) seal arrest without convictions, or if the charges are dropped. However, in the UK, Enhanced Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) disclosures permit
1120-636: The 2007 theft. Ten people were initially accused in relation to the hippocamp's replacement with a fake; the museum's former director was the only one kept in custody . Some in Uşak and beyond associate the treasure with a curse . Legend has it that the seven men who took part in the illegal digs "died violent deaths or suffered great misfortune". Hippocamp The hippocampus or hippocamp, also hippokampos (plural: hippocampi or hippocamps; Ancient Greek : ἱππόκαμπος , from ἵππος , 'horse', and κάμπος , 'sea monster' ), often called
1176-597: The 2nd century onward, though the name was not coined until the Middle Ages. A small moon of Neptune , discovered in July 2013, was named for the mythological creature in February 2019. Arrest An arrest is the act of apprehending and taking a person into custody (legal protection or control), usually because the person has been suspected of or observed committing a crime . After being taken into custody,
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#17328016756751232-484: The Etruscans. These include leokampoi (fish-tailed lions ), taurokampoi (fish-tailed bulls ) or pardalokampoi (fish-tailed leopards ). The combination of a horse and a fish was also evoked in the concept of an Ichthyocentaur , which replaced the head and neck of the horse portion with the upper body of a man, akin instead to the more widespread hippocentaur . Icthyocentaurs appeared in ancient visual art from
1288-604: The Magistrates Ordinance. For example, an arrest warrant may be issued if an accused person does not appear in Court when he is due to answer a charge. However, an arrest warrant is not always necessary. Under section 50(1) of the Police Force Ordinance, a police officer can "apprehend" (i.e. arrest) a person if he reasonably suspects the person being arrested is guilty of an offence. Whether there
1344-533: The Miranda rights if the officer will not be questioning the detainee any further after the arrest. An officer is also not necessarily required to provide a Miranda warning if the person being questioned has not been arrested or if an arrested person speaks spontaneously without being questioned. There is also an exception that permits questioning without providing the warning under circumstances involving urgent matters of public safety. One common formulation of
1400-462: The United Kingdom and 24 or 48 hours in the United States and France) before the detained person must be either charged or released. The word "arrest" is Anglo-Norman in origin, derived from the French word arrêt meaning 'to stop or stay' and signifies a restraint of a person. Lexicologically, the meaning of the word arrest is given in various dictionaries depending upon the circumstances in which
1456-591: The affair. He acted as a voluntary envoy of the Ministry within the frame of the judicial case launched in New York City in 1987 and brought to conclusion in 1993, at the same time as he was named consultant in the larger framework of the Turkey's participation in the work carried out by UNIDROIT regarding the protection of historic, cultural and religious heritage. Acar's name is also synonymous in Turkey for
1512-425: The arraignment, the accused will be asked to plead guilty or not guilty, and the judge will set a bail amount (or refuse to set bail) for the accused. Arrests under English law fall into two general categories—with and without a warrant—and then into more specific subcategories. Regardless of what power a person is arrested under, they must be informed that they are under arrest and of the grounds for their arrest at
1568-472: The bail set by the schedule should be lowered. Also, in certain states, the prosecution has 48 hours to decide whether or not to file formal charges against the accused. For example, in California, if no formal charges are filed within the 48-hour period, the accused must be released from the arresting host's custody. If formal charges are filed, the accused will be asked to appear at their arraignment. At
1624-412: The collection were incited since the very beginning and followed until conclusion by the journalist Özgen Acar . Acar had chanced upon some pieces of the collection for the first time in 1984 in a Met Museum catalogue and had informed Turkey's Ministry of Culture of their clear provenance, while he also wrote several articles and pursued the bureaucratic channels within Turkey with insistence throughout
1680-403: The date provided on the citation. Prior to the court date, the prosecution will decide whether to file formal criminal charges against the individual. When the accused appears in court, they will be advised if formal criminal charges have been filed. If charges are filed, they will be asked to plead guilty or not guilty at the initial court hearing, which is referred to as the arraignment . When
1736-463: The detainee of the Fifth Amendment and Sixth Amendment rights for statements made during questioning to be admissible as evidence against the detainee in court. A Miranda warning is required only when a person is in custody (i.e., is not free to leave) and is being interrogated, and the results of this interrogation are to be used in court An officer is not required to inform a person of
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1792-532: The engine nacelles of Air France sea craft Bronze hippocampi appear in Dublin , Leinster , Ireland on lampposts next to a statue of Henry Grattan and on Grattan Bridge . The English football club Newcastle United has two hippocampi depicted on its crest. They appear to the left and right of the shield in the middle. The Civic Centre in Newcastle-upon-Tyne is also adorned with hippocampi at
1848-453: The goddess riding on a sea-goat. Brody describes her thus: ... a semi-nude female figure appears riding on a sea-goat, accompanied by a dolphin and a Triton. This is the goddess Aphrodite herself, shown here not in her distinctive local guise but in a more traditionally Hellenistic style. She is the marine aspect of Aphrodite, known to the Greeks as Aphrodite Pelagia .... She rides on
1904-593: The hippocampus was considered an appropriate decoration for mosaics in Roman thermae or public baths, as at Aquae Sulis modern day Bath in Britannia. Poseidon's horses, which were included in the elaborate sculptural program of gilt-bronze and ivory , added by a Roman client to the temple of Poseidon at Corinth , are likely to have been hippocampi; the Romanised Greek Pausanias described
1960-577: The horse of Poseidon emerging from the sea and galloping across the Libyan sands. This compares to the specifically "two-hoofed" hippocampi of Gaius Valerius Flaccus in his Argonautica : " Orion when grasping his father’s reins heaves the sea with the snorting of his two-hooved horses." In Hellenistic and Roman imagery, however, Poseidon (or Roman Neptune ) often drives a sea- chariot drawn by hippocampi. Thus, hippocampi sport with this god in both ancient depictions and much more modern ones, such as in
2016-429: The horses, with the parts below the waist of ivory. On the car stand Amphitrite and Poseidon, and there is the boy Palaemon upright upon a dolphin . These too are made of ivory and gold. On the middle of the base on which the car has been wrought a Sea holding up the young Aphrodite , and on either side are the nymphs called Nereids . Hippocampi appear with the first Oriental-phase of Etruscan civilization : they remain
2072-434: The legendary Lydian king or not remains debatable. Croesus' wealth had repercussions on a number of Asian cultures in a vein similar to his fame in the western cultures, and is referred to either as قارون Qārūn ( Arabic , Persian ) or Kârun ( Turkish ), or Korah , with the mythical proportions of his fortune also echoed in various ways, parallel to the English language expression "as rich as Croesus". This explains why
2128-743: The person can be questioned further and/or charged . An arrest is a procedure in a criminal justice system , sometimes it is also done after a court warrant for the arrest. Police and various other officers have powers of arrest . In some places, a citizen's arrest is permitted; for example in England and Wales , any person can arrest "anyone whom he has reasonable grounds for suspecting to be committing, have committed or be guilty of committing an indictable offence ", although certain conditions must be met before taking such action. Similar powers exist in France, Italy, Germany, Austria and Switzerland if
2184-401: The proximity of which the tomb was located, at the locality called Toptepe. After having dug for days and unable to break through the marble masonry of the chamber door, they had dynamited the roof of the tomb in the night of 6 June 1966, to be the first to see the breathtaking sight of the buried Lydian noblewoman and her treasures after 2600 years. The treasure looted from this particular tomb
2240-527: The retrieval of another set of smuggled archaeological goods, termed "Elmalı Treasure" in reference to their site of origin, the town of Elmalı in southwestern Turkey, and involving this time Lydian coins and extremely rare decadrachms dating from the period of the Delian League , with the Boston Museum of Fine Arts as his opposite party. The clear need for a museum worthy of the treasure
2296-417: The rich ensemble in the later 2nd century AD ( Geography of Greece ii.1.7-.8): On the temple, which is not very large, stand bronze Tritons . In the fore-temple are images, two of Poseidon, a third of Amphitrite , and a Sea, which also is of bronze. The offerings inside were dedicated in our time by Herodes Atticus , four horses, gilded except for the hoofs, which are of ivory, and two gold Tritons beside
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2352-422: The right to contact a person to inform them of an arrest, and legal representation. A justice of the peace can issue warrants to arrest suspects and witnesses. There are four subcategories of arrest without warrant: United States law recognizes the common law arrest under various jurisdictions. The police may arrest a person according to a warrant issued by a Magistrate under sections 31, 72, 73 or 74 of
2408-457: The right to stop answering at any time. The warning must inform the detainee that they have the right to be silent, the right to legal counsel (and the availability of pro bono legal assistance), and that what the detainee says can be used against them. The failure to provide a detainee with an adequate warning could make information obtained from an interrogation inadmissible in court, but does not prevent other evidence from being used to obtain
2464-530: The rights, and read from it when providing the warning to ensure accuracy. Immediately after the arrest, the police must inform the arrested of their right to remain silent. They may choose whether or not to answer any questions posed by the police (except that they may need to provide their name and address to the police). The police officer will caution them by saying, You are not obliged to say anything unless you wish to do so but whatever you say will be put into writing and may be given in evidence." Breach of
2520-499: The same period from Byblos show a hippocampus diving under a galley. A gold sea-horse was discovered in a hoard from the kingdom of Lydia in Asia minor , dating to the 6th century BC. In the Iliad , Homer describes Poseidon , god of horses, earthquakes, and the sea, driving a chariot drawn by brazen -hoofed horses over the sea's surface, and Apollonius of Rhodes , describes
2576-426: The stop is "brief and cursory" in nature, and whether or not a reasonable individual would feel free to leave. When there exists probable cause to believe that a person has committed a minor crime, such as petty theft, driving on a suspended license, or disturbing the peace, law enforcement agents typically issue the individual a citation but do not otherwise detain them. The person must then appear in court on
2632-464: The term "Karun Treasure" took hold, and in any case, the king Croesus' Treasure consisted of more than 363 pieces and the tomb chamber tumulus where most artifacts were discovered (they originate from close but different sites) was that of a woman. The main and the most precious part of the treasure comes from a tomb chamber of a Lydian princess reached through illegal excavations carried out by three fortune-seekers from Uşak's depending Güre village, at
2688-540: The time or as soon after the arrest as is practicable, otherwise the arrest is unlawful. Arrest powers in Northern Ireland are informed by the Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989. This order legislates operational standards during arrest, questioning and charging a person suspected of committing a crime. Breach of this order may affect the investigation. Arrestees in Northern Ireland have
2744-506: The top of its central tower. Closely related to the hippocampus is the "sea goat", represented by Capricorn , a mythical creature with the front half of a goat and the rear half of a fish. Canonical figures, most of which were not themselves cult images , and coins of the Carian goddess associated with Aphrodite as the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias through interpretatio graeca , show
2800-425: The warning is You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can be used against you in court. You have the right to talk to a lawyer for advice before we ask you any questions. You have the right to have a lawyer with you during questioning. If you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be appointed for you before any questioning if you wish. If you decide to answer questions now without a lawyer present, you have
2856-462: The waters of the 18th-century Trevi Fountain in Rome surveyed by Neptune from his niche above. The appearance of hippocampi in both freshwater and saltwater is counter-intuitive to a modern audience, though not to an ancient one. The Greek picture of the natural hydrological cycle did not take into account the condensation of atmospheric water as rain to replenish the water table , but imagined
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#17328016756752912-526: The waters of the sea oozing back landwards through vast caverns and aquifers , rising replenished and freshened in springs. Thus, it was natural for a temple at Helike in the coastal plain of Achaea to be dedicated to Poseidon Helikonios , (the Poseidon of Helicon), the sacred spring of Boeotian Helikon . When an earthquake suddenly submerged the city, the temple's bronze Poseidon accompanied by hippocampi continued to snag fishermens' nets. Likewise,
2968-448: The word is used. There are numerous slang terms for being arrested throughout the world. In British slang terminology, the term "nicked" is often synonymous with being arrested, and "nick" can also refer to a police station , and the term "pinched" is also common. In the United States and France the term "collared" is sometimes used. The terms "lifted" or "picked up" are also heard on occasion. According to Indian law, no formality
3024-503: The words of any caution given do not constitute a breach of the Code of Practise, provided the sense of the caution is preserved. The caution required in Scotland states: You are not obliged to say anything, but anything you do say will be noted and may be used in evidence. Based on the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Miranda v. Arizona , after making an arrest, the police must inform
3080-406: Was being voiced ever since the artifacts had returned to Turkey. With the seizure by the authorities of ten other illegally excavated artifacts in 1998, further archaeological discoveries and the known presence of eight gold pieces that had appeared in 2000 during an exhibition in a Paris private gallery for which attempts for retrieval were yet to be made, a handsome collection of base consisting of
3136-480: Was enriched by further finds by the same men in other tumuli of the locality during 1966-1967. The collection was smuggled outside Turkey in separate dispatches through İzmir and Amsterdam , to be bought by the Metropolitan Museum of Art between 1967–1968, at an invoiced cost of $ 1.2 million for 200 of the pieces within the collection. The efforts made by successive Turkish governments to retrieve
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