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29-600: Originally organized by the People's Republic of China as the Jinsui Border Region, the region was sparsely populated in the early 20th century. However, the discovery of coal, iron, and aluminum deposits incentivized economic investment and population growth in the region. In May 1971, Lüliang was established as a prefecture-level area , and the area was reformed into a prefecture-level city in July 2004. In 2010,

58-471: A formally recognized level of government in the same way as provinces and counties. By far the most common type of prefecture-level division, prefecture-level cities are cities with the right to administer surrounding counties. This arrangement is known as "cities governing counties." Although there have been at least a few prefecture-level cities since the beginning of the PRC, they were relatively uncommon until

87-681: A hundred. Some provinces were later subdivided into prefectures. Four northeast provinces ( Fengtian , Heilongjiang , Rehel , Jilin ) were lost to Manchukuo , a puppet state of the Empire of Japan , in the 1930s. Counties in multiple provinces were lost to the Chinese Soviet Republic in 1931, with most being recovered in 1934 before the Long March . Following the end of the Second World War in 1945, Manchuria

116-507: A locally elected People's Government and People's Congress. Leagues are similar to autonomous prefectures but are unique to Inner Mongolia . Their numbers have been declining in recent years as most are converted to prefecture-level cities. Only three leagues remain. Notes: Administrative divisions of the Republic of China (1912%E2%80%931949) The administrative divisions of China between 1912 and 1949 were established under

145-520: A province. As a result, the Republic of China in 1946 had 35 provinces. The Beiyang government streamlined the system used in Qing dynasty down to three levels: The Beiyang government set up four more provinces out of Inner Mongolia and the surrounding areas ( Chahar , Rehe , Ningxia , Suiyuan ) and two others out of parts of historical Tibet ( Chuanbian  [ fr ; zh ] (later Xikang ) out of Kham and Qinghai out of Amdo ; Ü-Tsang

174-461: Is officially divided into 339 prefecture-level divisions , which rank below provinces and above counties as the second-level administrative division in the country. Of these, 333 are located in territory controlled by the People's Republic of China , while 6 are located in land controlled by Taiwan . There are four types of prefecture-level divisions: Of these, leagues and prefectures are in

203-644: The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) administration have officially renounced claims to Mongolia in 2002. Although the administration of pro-independence President Chen Shui-bian (2000–2008) did not actively claim sovereignty over all of China, the relevant laws involving mainland China ruled by the CCP remain unchanged. Thus, the claimed area of the ROC continues to include mainland China, several off-shore islands, and Taiwan. Beginning in 2006,

232-522: The Penghu were also acquired by the Republic of China and organized into Taiwan Province after Retrocession Day . The Nationalist government of China officially recognized the independence of Outer Mongolia in January 1946 after the 1945 Mongolian independence referendum which voted for independence. Later, Hainan separated and became a first-level administrative region in January 1949. By this time

261-601: The 1945 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance , formally relinquishing claims on the area of Outer Mongolia . After its loss of the mainland to the Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War and its retreat to Taiwan in 1949, the Nationalist Party continued to regard the Republic of China as the internationally recognized sole legitimate government of China . The jurisdiction of

290-428: The 1980s, the most common prefecture-level division was the prefecture , which operated as the field agencies of the provincial government. Unlike other prefecture-level governments, they do not have their own People's Governments or People's Congresses. They are instead the field agencies of the province whose role is to supervise the local county governments. However, the number of prefectures has declined rapidly since

319-427: The 1980s. Since then, hundreds of prefectures have been converted into prefecture-level cities. They are each headed by a People's Government, whose officials are appointed by the province but subject to approval by the local People's Congress. As with other levels of Chinese government, the People's Congress can adopt local regulations and elects a standing committee to exercise its powers when not in session. Until

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348-474: The 1980s. There are now only six prefectures left, mainly in rural areas of outlying provinces. Unlike other prefecture-level divisions, autonomous prefectures are a formal part of the Chinese administrative structure. They were established in 1953 as part of a series of administrative reforms giving greater autonomy to ethnic minorities. Like leagues and prefecture-level cities, autonomous prefectures have

377-610: The PRC. On May 21, 2012, the Mainland Affairs Council released a press announcement that said that Outer Mongolia has never been part of its constitutionally claimed territory. In 2016, a pre-1949 map of the ROC was installed in the Legislative Yuan which drew the ire of the lawmakers who called for the removal or replacement of a map in the Legislative Yuan which shows Nanjing as the ROC capital, and portrays Mongolia as part of its territory despite it

406-591: The ROC Yearbook, under Chen's administration, ceased displaying official administrative divisions in mainland China . It recognized two provinces ( Taiwan and Fujian ) and two special municipalities ( Taipei and Kaohsiung ). President Ma Ying-jeou reasserted the ROC's claim to be the sole legitimate government of China and the claim that mainland China is part of ROC's territory. He does not, however, actively seek reunification, and prefers to maintain an ambiguous status quo in order to improve relations with

435-682: The ROC government suspends publication of relevant administrative codes in 2005, the nominal political divisions of the Republic were 35 provinces , 1 special administrative region , 2 regions, 18 special municipalities (adding Taipei and Kaohsiung to the original list with four added in 2010 and 2014), 14 leagues, and 4 special banners. For second-order divisions, under provinces and special administrative regions, there are counties (2,035), province-controlled cities (56), bureaus (34) and management bureaus (7). Under provincial-level municipalities there are districts, and under leagues there are banners (127). After Taiwan's first political party rotation,

464-515: The Republic was restricted to Taiwan , the Penghu , and a few islands off Fujian , but the Republic of China has never retracted its claim to mainland China. Moreover, the Kuomintang government in Taiwan unilaterally overturned its recognition of Mongolia in 1953. Accordingly, the official first-order divisions of Republic of China remain the historical divisions of China immediately prior to

493-1129: The annual mean is 9.5 °C (49.1 °F). Close to three-fourths of the annual precipitation occurs from June to September. Prefecture-level divisions of China Provinces Autonomous regions Sub-provincial autonomous prefectures Autonomous prefectures Leagues (Aimag) (abolishing) Prefectures Provincial-controlled cities Provincial-controlled counties Autonomous counties County-level cities Districts Ethnic districts Banners (Hoxu) Autonomous banners Shennongjia Forestry District Liuzhi Special District Wolong Special Administrative Region Workers and peasants districts Ethnic townships Towns Subdistricts Subdistrict bureaux Sum Ethnic sum County-controlled districts County-controlled district bureaux (obsolete) Management committees Town-level city Areas Villages · Gaqa · Ranches Village Committees Communities Capital cities New areas Autonomous administrative divisions National Central Cities History: before 1912 , 1912–49 , 1949–present China

522-547: The city had a GDP growth rate of 21%; at the time, prices for coal were high and the city had an active coal industry. There were plans to build a new business district in Lüliang, strongly supported by then-mayor Zhang Zhongsheng . However, in 2014, the GDP declined by 2%, and by 2015, due to a slowing economy, plans in Lüliang stalled and many apartment blocks were left unoccupied. Zhongsheng lost his job due to corruption in 2015, and

551-524: The loss of mainland China and maps of China and the world published in Taiwan sometimes show provincial and national boundaries as they were in 1949, ignoring changes made by the Communist government and including Outer Mongolia (includes Tannu Uriankhai ), Jiangxinpo (northern Burma / Kachin State ), as part of the Republic. Until 1998, the authorities in Taiwan still published relevant maps. As of

580-692: The process of being abolished and transformed into one of the other two types of prefecture-level divisions. Modern prefectures emerged out of successive attempts by Yuan Shikai and later the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China to abolish the second level of administrative divisions. When these attempts eventually failed, modern prefectures were created in 1936. Chinese provinces are relatively large by international standards, and provincial administrations have difficulty administering counties without an intermediary level of government. However, prefecture-level divisions are still not

609-545: The regime of the Republic of China government. The Republic of China was founded in 1912. It used most of the same administrative divisions as the Qing dynasty but divided Inner Mongolia into four provinces and set up several municipalities under the authority of the Executive Yuan . After the end of World War II in 1945, Manchuria was reincorporated into the Republic of China as nine provinces. Taiwan and

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638-491: The top-level divisions consisted of 35 provinces , 12 Yuan-controlled municipalities , one special administrative region and Tibet area . After the central government's withdrawal from mainland China during the Chinese Civil War and subsequent relocation to Taiwan in 1949, the jurisdiction of the ROC was restricted to only Taiwan , the Penghus , Hainan , and a few offshore islands of Fujian and Zhejiang . Hainan

667-519: Was captured by the People's Republic of China in May 1950, followed by the unrecognized Tibet in 1951 and Zhejiang in 1955. The remaining area is called the " Free area of the Republic of China " in the ROC Constitution. In most ordinary legislation, the term "Taiwan Area" is used in place of the "Free Area", while mainland China is referred to as the "Mainland Area." After the Republic of China

696-738: Was established in 1912, it set up four more provinces in Inner Mongolia and two in historic Tibet , bringing the total to 28. In 1931, Ma Zhongying established Hexi in the northern parts of Gansu but the ROC never acknowledged the province. However, China lost four provinces with the establishment of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo in Manchuria . After the defeat of Japan in World War II in 1945, China re-incorporated Manchuria as 10 provinces, and assumed control of Taiwan as

725-460: Was recognized again in 2002. Kuomintang legislator William Tseng said that the map is accurate, until the Constitution and laws are amended to change the nation's official territory while DPP lawmaker Chen Ting-fei stated, "With the way it portrays the ROC territory, that map is like one from a parallel universe—it is out of step with current thinking." Eventually, this outdated world map

754-558: Was reincorporated as nine provinces and three municipalities, and Taiwan Province was created by annexing the island of Taiwan and the Penghu islands . By this time there was a total of thirty-five provinces, twelve municipalities (院轄市, yuànxiáshì ), one special administrative region (特別行政區, tèbié xíngzhèngqǖ ), and two regions (地方, difāng ) as first-level divisions. China recognized the Mongolian People's Republic following

783-656: Was removed and replaced with maps of Taiwan from different periods. After the streamlining of Fujian and Taiwan provincial governments in 1956 and 1998, the Tsai Ing-wen administration de facto abolished the Taiwan Provincial Government on 1 July 2018 and the Fujian Provincial Government on 1 January 2019. With the first-level provinces retained under its constitutional structure, the Executive Yuan now administers

812-841: Was sentenced to death in 2021 on bribery charges, with a 2-year reprieve. The Chinese-American reproductive biologist Min Chueh Chang was born in Lüliang in 1908. Lüliang has direct jurisdiction over 1 district, 2 county-level cities, and 10 counties: Lüliang has a monsoon -influenced continental climate, that, under the Köppen climate classification , falls on the borderline between the semi-arid (Köppen BSk ) and humid continental ( Dwa ) regimes, and features large diurnal temperature variation . Winters are cold and very dry, while summers are hot and slightly humid. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from −7.0 °C (19.4 °F) in January to 23.7 °C (74.7 °F) in July, while

841-502: Was the Dalai Lama 's realm at this time and not part of any province), bringing the total number of provinces up to 28. The Nationalist government established municipalities (cities directly administered by the central government) and added sub-county levels (like townships ). Circuits were abolished in 1928 as being superfluous. The reforms were impracticable; the average province had more than 50 counties with some with more than

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