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32-706: The boundaries of the Lüneburg Heath Nature Reserve are identical with those of the Lüneburg Heath Nature Park . It lies in the northern part of the region known as the Lüneburg Heath . It is bordered to the north by Hanstedt , to the east by Egestorf , to the south by Bispingen and to the west by Schneverdingen . At the centre of the reserve is the Wilseder Berg , at 169.2 metres (555 ft) above NN

64-583: A desire to move to the gold standard . For this system a new unit mark was proposed equal to a drittelthaler or 1 ⁄ 3 Vereinsthaler, also equal to 1 ⁄ 2 the Austrian gulden, but decimally divided into 100 pfennig instead of the existing 120 pfennig. Combined with a gold-silver ratio of 15.5, the new mark of 5 + 5 ⁄ 9 g fine silver was therefore equivalent to 100 ⁄ 279 g fine gold. With 5 billion gold francs (equivalent to 4.05 billion gold marks) secured from France at

96-504: A standard of 5 grams silver per mark. Production of 2 and 5 mark coins ceased in 1915 while 1-mark coins continued to be issued until 1916. A few 3 mark coins were minted until 1918, and 1 ⁄ 2 mark coins continued to be issued in silver until 1919. These silver coins are token or subsidiary currency for the gold mark and are therefore legal tender only up to 20 marks. However, all silver 3-mark Vereinsthaler s issued before 1871 enjoyed unlimited legal tender status even after

128-613: A troy ounce of gold was worth 86.78 ℳ︁). Gold coin production ceased in 1915. 5-mark gold coins were minted only in 1877 and 1878. Gold marks are a popular choice for Latin Currency Union coin collectors. The 20 mark is the most seen and offers a variety of different types that were mass-produced and therefore can be purchased at a low premium above each coin's melt value. However, some designs are extremely elusive given that they were struck in very low mintages. The rarest type features Adolph Friedrich V with just 1,160 pieces issued by

160-606: Is a municipality in the district of Harburg , in Lower Saxony , Germany . It is situated approximately 35 km south of Hamburg , and 25 km west of Lüneburg . Hanstedt is also the seat of the Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") Hanstedt . This Harburg district location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gold marks The German mark ( German : Goldmark [ˈɡɔltmaʁk] ; sign : ℳ︁ )

192-594: The Papiermark (paper mark) which suffered a serious loss of value through hyperinflation following World War I during hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic . For comparison, from 1900 to 1933, the United States adhered to a gold standard as well with the gold dollar containing 1.50463 grams (23.22 grains ) fine gold; it was therefore worth 4.198 gold marks. The monetary hegemon of the time when

224-729: The Nature Park Association ( Verein Naturschutzpark or VNP ) in Munich . This set itself the aim of protecting large areas of land and was based on the American National Park concept. It wanted to preserve the heathland at the centre of the present-day Lüneburg Heath Nature Park from development, afforestation or upheaval through agriculture. In 1910 it purchased the Wilseder Berg. Today

256-745: The November Revolution of 1918, the mark was succeeded by the Weimar Republic 's mark, derisively referred to as the Papiermark ( lit.   ' Paper mark ' ) due to hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic from 1918 to 1923. The introduction of the German mark in 1873 was the culmination of decades-long efforts to unify the various currencies used by the German Confederation . The Zollverein unified in 1838

288-754: The Red Areas of the Soltau-Lüneburg Training Area , so-called from their red shading on the training area maps. The Soltau-Lüneburg Agreement was signed in 1959 between the Federal Republic of Germany, the United Kingdom and Canada and fixed the boundaries of the armoured training area. West of the Behringen-Wintermoor road, the effects of heavy use by allied tracked vehicles could be seen. Proposals by

320-494: The Vereinsthaler being a silver standard currency, it remained unlimited legal tender for 3 gold marks until it was demonetized in 1908. The South German gulden of 4 ⁄ 7 Vereinsthaler was converted to 1 + 5 ⁄ 7 or 1.71 gold marks. The gold-based Bremen thaler was converted directly to the mark at a rate of 1 Thaler gold = 3 + 9 ⁄ 28 or 3.32 marks. The Hamburg mark courant or currency

352-565: The end of the Franco-Prussian War , the new currency was launched in 1873 in the form of gold 10-mark and 20-mark coins as well as limited legal-tender silver marks and copper pfennigs. The German Empire 's conversion to the gold standard led to the same being adopted in the rest of Europe and North America, as well as the change in standard in the Latin Monetary Union from bimetallism to solely gold. Despite

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384-601: The Berlin Mint.   Banknotes were issued by the Imperial Treasury (known as "Reichskassenschein") and the Reichsbank , as well as by the banks of some of the states. Imperial Treasury notes were issued in denominations of 5, 10, 20 and 50 Mark, whilst Reichsbank notes were produced in denominations of 20, 50, 100 and 1000 Mark. The notes issued after 1914 are referred to as Papiermark . In Unicode,

416-506: The Nature Reserve Association to move the armoured exercises to the neighbouring 10,000 hectare large Munster North Training Area were rejected. Canadian forces stopped using the training area fairly early on, but British Forces continued to exercise there until 1994. 53°10′06.94″N 9°56′22.97″E  /  53.1685944°N 9.9397139°E  / 53.1685944; 9.9397139 Hanstedt Hanstedt

448-618: The Prussian and South German currencies at a fixed rate of 1 Prussian thaler = 1 + 3 ⁄ 4 South German gulden = 16.704 g fine silver. A larger currency convention in 1857 replaced the Prussian thaler with the Vereinsthaler of 16 + 2 ⁄ 3 g fine silver, equivalent to 1 North German thaler , 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 Austro-Hungarian florins , or 1 + 3 ⁄ 4 South German gulden . Unification to this system proceeded further due to German Unification in 1871 as well as monetary conventions from 1865 to 1870 expressing

480-600: The association owns more than 8,200 hectares (20,000 acres) of the Lüneburg Heath, and another 1,100 hectares (2,700 acres) have been rented long-term. In January 1954 the Hamburg tradesman, Alfred Toepfer (1894–1993) became president of the association. He had been a member since 1927. Thanks to Toepfer's good connections in politics, the economy and foreign conservation organisations important steps could be taken. In order to honour its founding father, Alfred Toepfer,

512-618: The beginning of 2007 the area of the nature reserve had become identical with that of the Lüneburg Heath Nature Park . However, the latter was then further expanded on 14 February 2007 to more than 1077 square kilometres. The districts of Heidekreis and Harburg are responsible for the area in their role as subordinate nature conservation authorities. The nature reserve comprises 60% woods, 26% heath, 8,5% cultivated land, 3% pasture, 2% marsh and 1,5% settlements, lakes, etc. There are about 5,100 hectares of dry sandy heath,

544-496: The former North German Conservation Academy ( Norddeutsche Naturschutzakademie ) was renamed the Alfred Toepfer Academy of Conservation in 1995. One particular issue was the military training area in the southwestern half of the nature reserve which was under constant and heavy use. From November 1950, British and Canadian troops used Reinsehlen Camp near Schneverdingen as a base camp for armoured exercises in

576-421: The gold mark was in use, however, was the pound sterling , with the sovereign (£1) being valued at 20.43 gold marks. World War I reparations owed by Germany were stated in gold reserves in 1921, 1929 and 1931; this was the victorious Allies' response to their fear that vanquished Germany might try to pay off the obligation in paper currency. The actual amount of reparations that Germany was obliged to pay out

608-401: The heath in order to maintain it. This method is supplemented by mechanical measures such as mowing, or the cutting of turves, a method known as Plaggen , and the controlled use of burning during the winter months. These measures ensure the necessary rejuvenation of the heather . The incursion of pine trees has to be held at bay by regular cutting back ( Entkusselung ). With the exception of

640-458: The highest point on the north German plain, formed from a ridge of end moraine by the glaciers of the ice age . Around 1900, the vast tracts of heathland were planted with forest or ploughed up for agriculture. In 1921, 21,000 hectares of the remaining heath was declared a nature reserve (the rules came into force in January 1922). In 1993 this protected area was expanded to 23,440 hectares. By

672-542: The individual states, using a standard design for the reverses (the Reichsadler , the eagle insignia of the German Empire) with a design specific to the state on the obverse, generally a portrait of the monarch of the kingdom or duchy (and not that of the emperor); while the free cities of Bremen, Hamburg, and Lübeck each used the city's coat of arms. Occasionally commemorative coins were minted, in which cases

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704-584: The largest areas of protected woodland in Germany. In addition there are streams and small valleys, marshes, meadows, pastures, fields and open sands. The region is extremely important for the protection of biotopes and plant and animal species. It is the only freely accessible part of Lower Saxony in which the Black Grouse may be found. The results of the grouse censuses have been able to show an encouraging improvement in recent years. Wilsede has one of

736-493: The largest remaining, contiguous, inland heath of its type (a Zwergstrauchheide ) in central Europe. The reserve also has extensive coniferous forests, predominantly of pine trees. These date back to the reforestation of the heathland in the 19th century. There are also small stands of older deciduous trees: oaks and beech . The high proportion of woods makes the Lüneburg Heath Nature Reserve one of

768-574: The nature information centres in Döhle , Niederhaverbeck and Undeloh and the Pietzmoor marsh near Schneverdingen . Also to be found within the nature reserve are Bronze Age tumuli , historic paths and boundary markers, walls of stones deposited by glaciers, old sheep pens and barns with outside steps known as Treppenspeicher . Local moorland sheep - the Heidschnucken - are grazed on

800-554: The obverse and (much more rarely) the reverse designs might depart from the usual pictorial standards. Many of the smaller states issued coins in very small numbers. Also, in general all states' coinage became very limited after the First World War began. Well-preserved examples of such low-mintage coins can be rare and valuable. The Principality of Lippe was the only state not to issue any gold coins in this period. Subsidiary silver coins were minted in .900 fineness to

832-823: The oldest open air museums in Germany: the Heath Museum ( Heidemuseum ) opened in 1907 in a historic building that had been transferred there and known as Dat ole Huus ("the ole house"). Inside the house you can see how the heath folk, the Heidjer , lived and worked around 1900. Other places of interest include the Emhof in Wilsede , the Totengrund part of the heath, the old heathland churches in Egestorf and Undeloh ,

864-412: The payment of debt that Germany had acquired in the inter-war period to finance its reparation payments, paying off the principal on those debts by 1980. The interest on those debts was paid off on 3 October 2010, the 20th anniversary of German reunification . Coins of denominations between 1 pfennig and 1 mark were issued in standard designs for the whole empire, whilst those above 1 mark were issued by

896-482: The switch-over to the gold standard . This ended with the demonetization of the Vereinsthaler in 1908 and the introduction of the new subsidiary 3-mark coins. The 5-mark coin, however, was significantly closer in value to older thalers (and other such crown-sized coins). Gold coins were minted in .900 fineness to a standard of 2,790 mark = 1 kilogram of gold (a mark was therefore about 0.3584 g of gold;

928-402: The two roads crossing the area, there is a general ban on motorised vehicles in order to protect the terrain as well as animal and plant life. In 1905, an Egestorf pastor, Wilhelm Bode (20 October 1860 - 10 June 1927), bought an area of heathland, the so-called Totengrund . This was aided by a donation of 6,000 gold marks from Andreas Thomsen, a professor from Münster . In 1909 Bode founded

960-551: Was converted at 1 mark = 1.2 Imperial marks, and the Hamburg mark banco of the Bank of Hamburg was converted at 1 mark banco = 1.5 Imperial marks. From 1 January 1876 onwards, the mark and vereinsthaler became the only legal tenders . Before 1914, the mark was on a gold standard with 2790 marks equal to 1 kilogram of pure gold (1 mark = 358 mg). The term Goldmark was created later to retrospectively distinguish it from

992-682: Was not the 132 billion marks cited in the London Schedule of 1921 but rather the 50 billion marks stipulated in the A and B Bonds. The actual total payout from 1920 to 1931 (when payments were suspended indefinitely) was 20 billion German gold marks, worth about US$ 5 billion or £1 billion . Most of that money came from loans from New York bankers. Following the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, payments of reparations were officially abandoned. West Germany after World War II did not resume payment of reparations as such, but did resume

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1024-639: Was the currency of the German Empire , which spanned from 1871 to 1918. The mark was paired with the minor unit of the pfennig (₰); 100 pfennigs were equivalent to 1 mark. The mark was on the gold standard from 1871 to 1914, but like most nations during World War I , the German Empire removed the gold backing in August 1914, and gold coins ceased to circulate. After the fall of the Empire due to

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