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73-526: For maximum versatility the M30 Luftwaffe Drilling featured two side-by-side 12 gauge shotgun barrels on top and a 9.3x74mmR rifle barrel below. The left-hand barrel was left unchoked for shooting slugs and the right barrel was choked for shooting birdshot . They were manufactured by the German firm J. P. Sauer und Sohn GmbH . The M30 Luftwaffe Drilling ("Drilling" meaning "triplet")

146-567: A firearms certificate to possess, which is very strictly regulated. Legal uses in the UK include, but are not restricted to, practical shotgun enthusiasts as members of clubs and at competitions, such as those run by or affiliated to the UKPSA. Rifled barrels for shotguns are an unusual legal issue in the United States . Firearms with rifled barrels are designed to fire single projectiles, and

219-428: A rifle bullet . For example, the lightest common .30-06 Springfield rifle bullet weighs 150 grains (0.34 oz (9.6 g)), while the lightest common 12 gauge shotgun slug weighs 7 ⁄ 8 oz (383 gr (24.8 g)). Slugs made of low-density material, such as rubber, are available as less than lethal specialty ammunition . Shotgun slugs are used to hunt medium to large game at short ranges by firing

292-547: A shotgun . Slugs are designed for hunting large game , and other uses, particularly in areas near human population where their short range and slow speed helps increase safety margin. The first effective modern shotgun slug was introduced by Wilhelm Brenneke in 1898, and his design remains in use today. Most shotgun slugs are designed to be fired through a cylinder bore, improved cylinder choke , rifled choke tubes, or fully rifled bores. Slugs differ from round ball lead projectiles in that they are stabilized in some manner. In

365-440: A 100 m (110 yd) and deer or wild boar with a minimum caliber 6.5 mm (0.26 in) and 2,200 J (1,600 ft⋅lbf) at 100 m (110 yd). Slugs fired from a single-barrel shotgun are allowed for hunting wild boar , fallow deer , and mouflon , although when hunting for wounded game there are no restrictions. The shot must be fired at a range of no more than 40 m (44 yd). The hunter must also have

438-421: A 4-bore express rifle often used a 1,500-grain (3.43 oz; 97.20 g) bullet wrapped in paper to keep lead buildup to a minimum in the barrel. In either case, assuming a 4-ounce (110 g) mass for a 4-bore rifle bullet from this table would be inaccurate, although indicative. Brenneke slugs A shotgun slug is a heavy projectile (a slug ) made of lead , copper, or other material and fired from

511-426: A bore diameter (in inches) of approximately d n = 2 3 4 π 1   l b / n 0.4097   l b / i n 3 3 {\displaystyle d_{n}=2{\sqrt[{3}]{{\frac {3}{4\pi }}{\frac {1\mathrm {~lb} /n}{0.4097\mathrm {~lb/in^{3}} }}}}} Explanation: This simplifies to

584-435: A cavity in the bottom of the slug, or it may fit over the slug and into external notches on the slug. With the first method discarding sabots may be added. And with the second, the stabilizer may act as a sabot, but remains attached to the projectile and is commonly known as an "Impact Discarding Sabot" (IDS). There are some types of all-steel subcaliber slugs supported by a protective plastic sabot (the projectile would damage

657-456: A firearm that is designed to fire a single projectile with a diameter greater than .50 inches ( 12.7 mm ) is considered a destructive device and as such is severely restricted. However, the ATF has ruled that as long as the gun was designed to fire shot, and modified (by the user or the manufacturer) to fire single projectiles with the addition of a rifled barrel, then the firearm is still considered

730-452: A higher twist rate is required to achieve proper stabilization. Most saboted slugs are designed for rifled shotgun barrels and are stabilized through gyroscopic forces from their spin. The Brenneke slug was developed by the German gun and ammunition designer Wilhelm Brenneke (1865–1951) in 1898. The original Brenneke slug is a solid lead slug with ribs cast onto the outside, much like

803-531: A low magnification telescopic sight are needed for accuracy, rather than the bead sight used with shot, and an open choke is best. Since most current production shotguns come equipped with sighting ribs and interchangeable choke tubes, converting a standard shotgun to a slug gun can be as simple as attaching clamp-on sights to the rib and switching to a skeet or cylinder choke tube . There are also rifled choke tubes of cylinder bore. Many repeating shotguns have barrels that can easily be removed and replaced in under

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876-418: A minute with no tools, so many hunters simply use an additional barrel for shooting slugs. Slug barrels will generally be somewhat shorter, have rifle type sights or a base for a telescopic sight, and may be either rifled or smooth bore. Smooth-bore shotgun barrels are quite a bit less expensive than rifled shotgun barrels, and Foster type slugs, as well as wad slugs, can work well up to 75 yd (69 m) in

949-414: A rifled Foster slug. There is a plastic, felt or cellulose fiber wad attached to the base that remains attached after firing. This wad serves as a gas seal, preventing the gasses from going around the projectile. The lead "ribs" that are used for inducing spin also swage through any choked bore from improved cylinder to full. The soft metal, typically lead, fins squish or swage down in size to fit through

1022-551: A rifled choke is often nearly as accurate as a rifled shotgun barrel dedicated for use with slugs. There are many options in selecting shotguns for use with slugs. Improvements in slug performance have also led to some very specialized slug guns. The H&R Ultra Slug Hunter, for example, uses a heavy rifled barrel (see Accurize ) to obtain high accuracy from slugs. Shotgun slugs are often hand loaded , primarily to save cost but also to improve performance over that possible with commercially manufactured slug shells. In contrast, it

1095-655: A shotgun allows selecting a desired shell to meet the need in a variety of situations. Examples include a less-lethal cartridge in the form of a bean bag round or other less lethal buckshot and slugs . A traditional rifle would offer greater range and accuracy than slugs, but without the variety of ammunition choices and versatility. The mass of a shotgun slug is kept within SAAMI pressure limits for shot loads in any given shotgun shell load design. Slugs are designed to pass safely through open chokes and should never be fired through tight or unknown barrels. The internal pressure of

1168-424: A single large projectile rather than a large number of smaller ones. In many populated areas, hunters are restricted to shotguns even for medium to large game, such as deer and elk , due to concerns about the range of modern rifle bullets. In such cases a slug will provide a longer range than a load of buckshot , which traditionally was used at ranges up to approximately 25 yd (23 m), without approaching

1241-399: A smooth-bore barrel. For achieving accuracy at 100 yd (91 m) and beyond, however, a dedicated rifled slug barrel usually provides significant advantages. Another option is to use a rifled choke in a smooth-bore barrel, at least for shotguns having a removable choke tube. Rifled chokes are considerably less expensive than a rifled shotgun barrel, and a smooth-bore barrel paired with

1314-969: A specialist in rare and custom bores. The 14 gauge has not been loaded in the United States since the early 20th century, although the 2 + 9 ⁄ 16 -inch (65 mm) hull is still made in France. The very small 24 and 32 gauges are still produced and used in some European and South American countries. Punt guns , which use very large shells, are rarely encountered. Also seen in limited numbers are smoothbore firearms in calibers smaller than .360 such as .22 Long Rifle (UK No. 1 bore) and 9mm Flobert rimfire (UK No. 3 bore), designed for short-range pest control and garden guns . The No. 2 bore (7 mm) has long been obsolete. All three of these rimfires are available in shot and BB-cap. The 10 gauge narrowly escaped obsolescence when steel and other nontoxic shot became required for waterfowl hunting , since

1387-467: A spoon to pour the liquified wax containing part of the birdshot back into the shotshell, all while not overfilling the shotgun shell. Once the shell cooled, the birdshot was now held in a mass by the cooled paraffin, and formed a slug. No roll or fold crimp was required to hold the wax slug in the hull. These were often used to hunt deer during the Depression. Yet another expedient shotgun slug design

1460-507: A velocity of approximately 1,560 ft/s (480 m/s) with a muzzle energy of 2,363 ft⋅lbf (3,204 J). 3 in (76 mm) slugs travel at around 1,760 ft/s (540 m/s) with a muzzle energy of 3,105 ft⋅lbf (4,210 J). In contrast, a .30-06 Springfield bullet weighing 150 gr (9.7 g) at a velocity of 2,600 ft/s (790 m/s) achieves an energy of 2,250 ft⋅lbf (3,050 J). A 180 gr (12 g) bullet at 2,775 ft/s (846 m/s), which

1533-519: A way of improving on the accuracy of round balls. Early slugs were heavier in front than in the rear, similar to a Minié ball , to provide aerodynamic stabilization . Rifled barrels, rifled slugs and rifled choke tubes were developed later to provide gyroscopic spin stabilization in place of or in addition to aerodynamic stabilization. Some of these slugs are saboted sub-caliber projectiles, resulting in greatly improved external ballistics performance. A shotgun slug typically has more physical mass than

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1606-548: Is (1,000 ft⋅lbf (1,400 J) for deer, 1,500 ft⋅lbf (2,000 J) for elk, and 2,000 ft⋅lbf (2,700 J) for moose). A slug also becomes increasingly inaccurate with distance; out to 300–1,000 yd (270–910 m) or more, with a maximum practical range of approximately 200 yd (180 m). In contrast, centerfire cartridges fired from rifles can easily travel at longer ranges of 1,000 yd (910 m) or more. Shotgun slugs are best suited for use over shorter ranges. The Taylor knock-out factor (TKOF)

1679-440: Is a very common 30-06 Springfield load and not its true maximum potential, achieves 3,079 ft⋅lbf (4,175 J) of energy. Due to the slug's larger caliber and shape, it has greater air resistance and slows down much more quickly than a bullet. It slows to less than half its muzzle energy at 100 yd (91 m), which is below the minimum recommended energy threshold for taking large game. The minimum recommended muzzle energy

1752-551: Is choked for birdshot . This setup is common for Drillings , this allows the weapon to fire three shots without either opening the breech or lowering the weapon from the shoulder. Gauge (firearms) The gauge (in American English or more commonly referred to as bore in British English) of a firearm is a unit of measurement used to express the inner diameter (bore diameter) of the barrel . Gauge

1825-428: Is commonly abbreviated as "ga.", "ga", or "G". An n -gauge diameter means that a ball of lead (density 11.34 g/cm or 0.4097 lb/in ) with that diameter has a mass equal to ⁠ 1 / n ⁠ part of the mass of the international avoirdupois pound (approx. 454 grams), that is, that n such lead balls could be cast from a pound weight of lead. Therefore, an n -gauge shotgun or n -bore rifle has

1898-410: Is determined from the weight of a solid sphere of lead that will fit the bore of the firearm and is expressed as the multiplicative inverse of the sphere's weight as a fraction of a pound, e.g., a one-twelfth pound lead ball fits a 12-gauge bore. Therefore with a 12-gauge, it would take 12 balls of lead of the same size as the 12 gauge shotgun's inner bore diameter to weigh 1 pound (454 grams). The term

1971-437: Is due to the larger swept volume of the overbored barrel. Once only found in expensive custom shotguns, overbored barrels are now becoming common in mass-marketed guns. Aftermarket backboring is also commonly done to reduce the weight of the barrel and move the center of mass backward for a better balance. Factory overbored barrels generally are made with a larger outside diameter, and will not have this reduction in weight—though

2044-403: Is fired. Many hunters hunt with shotgun slugs where rifle usage is not allowed, or as a way of saving the cost of a rifle by getting additional use out of their shotgun. A barrel for shooting slugs can require some special considerations. The biggest drawback of a rifled shotgun barrel is the inability to fire buckshot or birdshot accurately. While buckshot or birdshot will not rapidly damage

2117-464: Is generally plastic and serves to seal the bore and keep the slug centered in the barrel while it rotates with the rifling. The sabot separates from the slug after it departs the muzzle. Saboted slugs fired from rifled bores are superior in accuracy over any smooth-bored slug options with accuracy approaching that of low-velocity rifle calibers. A modern variant between the Foster slug and the sabot slug

2190-432: Is limited, as this table assumes the use of round ball, rather than conical bullets; for example, a typical 4-bore rifle from circa 1880 used a 2,000-grain (4.57 oz; 129.60 g) bullet, or sometimes slightly heavier, rather than using a 4-ounce (110 g) round lead ball. (Round balls lose velocity faster than conical bullets and have much steeper ballistic trajectories beyond about 75 yards or 69 metres) In contrast,

2263-530: Is loaded using a standard shotshell wad, which acts like a sabot. The diameter of the wad slug is slightly less than the nominal bore diameter, being around 0.690 in (17.5 mm) for a 12-gauge wad slug, and a wad slug is generally cast solely from pure lead, necessary for increasing safety if the slug is ever fired through a choked shotgun. Common 12 gauge slug masses are 7 ⁄ 8 oz ((383 gr (24.8 g)), 1 oz ((437.5 gr (28.35 g)), and 1 + 1 ⁄ 8 oz ((492 gr (31.9 g)),

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2336-564: Is only 11,500 psi (79 MPa) for 12 gauge 2.75 in (70 mm) and 3 in (76 mm) shells, including shotgun slugs, so the typical operating pressures for many shotgun shells are only slightly below the maximum permitted pressures allowed for the use of safe ammunition. This small safety margin, and the possibility of pressure varying by over 4,000 psi (28 MPa) with small changes in components, require great care and consistency in hand-loading. Shotgun slugs are sometimes subject to specific regulation in many countries in

2409-824: Is possible to reload slug shells with hand-cast lead slugs for less than $ 0.50 (c. 2013) each. The recurring cost depends heavily on which published recipe is used. Some published recipes for handloading 1 oz (437.5 gr (28.35 g) 12 gauge slugs require as much as 49 gr (3.2 g) of powder each, whereas other 12 gauge recipes for 7 ⁄ 8 oz (383 gr (24.8 g) slugs require only 25 gr (1.6 g) of powder. Shotguns operate at much lower pressures than pistols and rifles, typically operating at pressures of 14,000 psi (97 MPa) or less, for 12 gauge shells, whereas rifles and pistols routinely are operated at pressures in excess of 40,000 psi (280 MPa), and sometimes upwards of 60,000 psi (410 MPa). The SAAMI maximum permitted pressure limit

2482-620: Is related to the measurement of cannons , which were also measured by the weight of their iron round shot ; an eight-pounder would fire an 8 lb (3.6 kg) ball. Gauge is commonly used today in reference to shotguns , though historically it was also used in large double rifles , which were made in sizes up to 2 bore during their heyday in the 1880s, being originally loaded with black powder cartridges. These very large rifles, called " elephant guns ", were intended for use primarily in Africa and Asia for hunting large dangerous game. Gauge

2555-497: Is the 12 gauge, particularly in the United States. The 20-gauge shotgun is the next most popular size, being favored by shooters uncomfortable with the weight and recoil of a 12-gauge gun, and is popular for upland game hunting . The next most popular sizes are the .410 bore and the 28 gauge. The least popular sizes are the 10 gauge and the 16 gauge, while far less common than the other four gauges, they are still commercially available. Shotguns and shells exceeding 10 gauge, such as

2628-637: Is the bore size, right side is the case length The table below lists various gauge sizes with weights. The bores marked are found in punt guns, obsolete, or rare weapons only. However, 4 gauge was sometimes found used in blunderbuss guns made for coach defense and protection against piracy. The .410 and 23 mm are exceptions; they are actual bore sizes, not gauges. If the .410 bore and 23 mm diameters were measured using more traditional means, they would be equivalent to 67.62 gauge (.410 bore) and 6.278 gauge (23 mm), respectively. Note: Use of this table for estimating bullet masses for historical large-bore rifles

2701-399: Is the cut shell. These are made by hand from a standard birdshot shell by cutting a ring around and through the hull of the shell that nearly encircles the shell, with the cut traditionally located in the middle of the wad separating the powder and shot. A small amount of the shell wall is retained, amounting to roughly a quarter of the circumference of the shotshell hull. When fired, the end of

2774-409: Is the wad slug. This is a type of shotgun slug designed to be fired through a smoothbore shotgun barrel. Like the traditional Foster slug, a deep hollow is located in the rear of this slug, which serves to retain the center of mass near the front tip of the slug much like the Foster slug. However, unlike the Foster slug, a wad slug additionally has a key or web wall molded across the deep hollow, spanning

2847-520: The 8 gauge, 6 gauge, 4 gauge, and 2 gauge are historically important in the United Kingdom and elsewhere in mainland Europe . Today, they are rarely manufactured. These shells are usually black powder paper or brass cartridges, as opposed to modern smokeless powder plastic or wax cartridges. The 18, 15, 11, 6, 3, and 2 gauge shells are the rarest of all; owners of these types of rare shotguns will usually have their ammunition custom loaded by

2920-493: The Brenneke and Foster designs use a spin-stabilization method of stabilization through the use of angled fins on the slug’s outer walls. The slight 750 RPM spin is enough to stabilize the slug because the slug’s center of pressure is so much further back than its center of mass . Saboted slugs are similar in shape to handgun bullets and airguns pellets. Their center of pressure is in front of their center of mass, meaning

2993-475: The Foster slug where lead fouling is often a problem, a wad slug typically causes no significant leading, being nested inside a traditional shotshell wad functioning as a sabot as it travels down the shotgun barrel. Accuracy of wad slugs falls off quickly at ranges beyond 75 yd (69 m), thereby largely equaling the ranges possible with Foster slugs, while still not reaching the ranges possible with traditional sabot slugs using thicker-walled sabots. Unlike

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3066-406: The Foster slug which is traditionally roll-crimped, the wad slug is fold-crimped. Because of this important difference, and because it uses standard shotshell wads, a wad slug can easily be reloaded using any standard modern shotshell reloading press without requiring specialized roll-crimp tools. A plumbata slug has a plastic stabilizer attached to the projectile. The stabilizer may be fitted into

3139-774: The M30 Luftwaffe Drilling during hunting trips with Göring at the Carinhall. The M30 Luftwaffe Drilling saw use by the German Luftwaffe in World War II, primarily during the North African campaign , where it was used as a survival weapon by some Luftwaffe aircrews. It was also used for trap shooting , which was an exercise used by aircrew to sharpen the eyesight and reflexes of Luftwaffe pilots during obligatory training. Its powerful 9.3x74mmR cartridge , ballistically similar to .375 Flanged Nitro Express ,

3212-697: The M30 Luftwaffe Drilling was not routinely issued to Luftwaffe pilots. The head of the Luftwaffe, Hermann Göring , was an avid hunter who often hosted guests at his elaborate hunting lodge, the Carinhall . The M30 Luftwaffe Drilling was possibly ordered through the Luftwaffe by Göring, to be used as gifts for visiting dignitaries, Knight's Cross holders, Luftwaffe aces, Wehrmacht generals, Nazi officials, and other guests who were invited to his hunting lodge. Luftwaffe general and flying ace Adolf Galland recalled that he and several of his squadron mates were gifted

3285-550: The barrel without a sabot). Examples include Russian "Tandem" wadcutter-type slug (the name is historical, as early versions consisted of two spherical steel balls) and ogive "UDAR" ("Strike") slug and French spool-like "Balle Blondeau" (Blondeau slug) and "Balle fleche Sauvestre" (Sauvestre flechette) with steel sabot inside expanding copper body and plastic rear empennage. Made of non-deforming steel, these slugs are well-suited to shooting in brush, but may produce overpenetration . They also may be used for disabling vehicles by firing in

3358-420: The bore diameter of a shotgun is not a simple process, as it must be done away from either end. Shotgun bores are commonly "overbored" or "backbored", meaning that most of the bore (from the forcing cone to the choke) is slightly larger than the value given by the formula. This is claimed to reduce felt recoil and improve patterning. The recoil reduction is due to the larger bore producing a slower acceleration of

3431-430: The choke to allow for an easy passage. The "Foster slug", invented by Karl M. Foster in 1931, and patented in 1947 ( U.S. patent 2,414,863 ), is a type of shotgun slug designed to be fired through a smoothbore shotgun barrel, even though it commonly labeled as a "rifled" slug. A rifled slug is for smooth bores and a sabot slug is for rifled barrels. Most Foster slugs also have " rifling ", which consists of ribs on

3504-568: The early 20th century. Drillings had existed earlier, but prior to the introduction of affordable and reliable cast steel gun barrels in the late 19th century they were either prohibitively expensive or too heavy and unwieldy to see much use. The M30 Luftwaffe Drilling was stored in an aluminium chest on board the aircraft, containing the weapon disassembled into barrel assembly and stock, a sling and cleaning kit, 20 rounds of 9.3x74mmR ammunition, 20 12-gauge slug shells and 25 12-gauge birdshot shells. The whole chest weighed 15 kilograms (32 lb), and

3577-499: The early development of firearms for the year 1875, smooth-bored barrels were not differentiated to fire either single or multiple projectiles. Single projectiles were used for larger game and warfare, though shot could be loaded as needed for small game, birds, and activities such as trench clearing and hunting. As firearms became specialized and differentiated, shotguns were still able to fire round balls though rifled muskets were far more accurate and effective. Modern slugs emerged as

3650-414: The engine compartment or for defeating hard body armor. Another variant of a Great Depression–era shotgun slug design is the wax slug. These were made by hand by cutting the end off a standard birdshot loaded shotshell, shortening the shell very slightly, pouring the lead shot out, and melting paraffin, candle wax, or crayons in a pan on a stovetop, mixing the lead birdshot in the melted wax, and then using

3723-408: The factory barrels will be tougher, since they have a normal barrel wall thickness. Firing slugs from overbored barrels can result in very inconsistent accuracy, as the slug may be incapable of obturating to fill the oversized bore. The six most common shotgun gauges, in descending order of size, are the 10 gauge, 12 gauge, 16 gauge, 20 gauge , 28 gauge, and .410 bore . By far the most popular

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3796-422: The following formula for the internal diameter of the barrel of an n -gauge shotgun: d n = 1.67 / n 3 {\displaystyle d_{n}=1.67/{\sqrt[{3}]{n}}} in inches, or d n = 42.4 / n 3 {\displaystyle d_{n}=42.4/{\sqrt[{3}]{n}}} in millimeters. Likewise, given the diameter in inches,

3869-480: The gauge is n = 4.66 / d n 3 {\displaystyle n=4.66/d_{n}^{3}} The gauge of firearms is determined by: 1 pound/gauge = weight of lead sphere. Caliber of the bore is then measured. Since shotguns were not originally intended to fire solid projectiles, but rather a compressible mass of shot, the actual diameter of the bore can vary. The fact that most shotgun bores are not cylindrical also causes deviations from

3942-422: The gun (it can wear the rifling of the barrel with long-term repeated use), the shot's spread increases nearly four-fold compared to a smooth bore, and pellets tend to form a ring-shaped pattern due to the pellets' tangential velocity moving them away from the bore line. In practical terms, the effective range of a rifled shotgun loaded with buckshot is limited to 10 yd (9.1 m) or less. Iron sights or

4015-415: The hollow, which serves to increase the structural integrity of the slug while also reducing the amount of expansion of the slug when fired, reducing the stress on the shot wad in which it rides down a barrel. Also, unlike Foster slugs that have thin fins on the outside of the slug, much like those on the Brenneke, the wad slug is shaped with an ogive or bullet shape, with a smooth outer surface. The wad slug

4088-408: The hull separates from the base and travels through the bore and down range. Cut shells have the advantage of expedience. They can be handmade on the spot as the need arises while on a hunt for small game if a larger game animal such as a deer or a bear appears. In terms of safety, part of the shell may remain behind in the barrel, causing potential problems if not noticed and cleared before another shot

4161-401: The ideal bore diameter. The chamber of the gun is larger, to accommodate the thickness of the shotshell walls, and a "forcing cone" in front of the chamber reduces the diameter down to the bore diameter. The forcing cone can be as short as a fraction of an inch, or as long as a few inches on some guns. At the muzzle end of the barrel, the choke can constrict the bore even further, so measuring

4234-629: The larger shell could hold the much larger sizes of low-density steel shot needed to reach the ranges necessary for waterfowl hunting. The move to steel shot reduced the use of 16 and 20 gauges for waterfowl hunting, and the shorter, 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 -inch (70 mm), 12-gauge shells as well. However, the 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 -inch (89 mm) 12-gauge shell, with its higher SAAMI pressure rating of 14,000 psi (97 MPa) compared to standard 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 -inch (70 mm) and 3-inch (76 mm) 12-gauge shells with their lower pressure rating of 11,500 psi (79 MPa), began to approach

4307-461: The legal right to use a rifle for such game in order to hunt with shotgun slugs. Ammunition which contains no fewer than five projectiles, none of which exceed 0.36 in (9.1 mm) in diameter, is legal with a Section 2 Shotgun Certificate. Slugs, which contain only one projectile and usually exceed 0.36 in (9.1 mm) in diameter, are controlled under the Firearms Act, and require

4380-429: The lever for opening the breech. With the selector in the forward position, the 100 m (110 yd) V-notch rear sight is raised and the forward trigger engaged. In this mode, the front trigger fires the rifle barrel while the rear trigger fires the left shotgun barrel, which is choked for Brenneke slugs . Sliding the selector back retracts the rear sight and makes the front trigger fire the right shotgun barrel, which

4453-455: The military iteration of the M30 was produced from 1941 to 1942. They were procured outside of normal military channels. The military versions were made to the same standards of fit and finish as the commercial version, making the M30 extremely expensive. The M30 was a combination gun of common drilling type with two shotgun barrels over a rifle barrel, which became popular with European hunters in

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4526-422: The outside of the slug. Like the Brenneke, these ribs impart a rotation on the slug to correct for manufacturing irregularities, thus improving precision (i.e. group size). Similar to traditional rifling, the rotation of the slug imparts gyroscopic stabilization. Saboted slugs are shotgun projectiles smaller than the bore of the shotgun and supported by a plastic sabot. The sabot is traditionally designed to engage

4599-469: The performance of the 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 -inch (89 mm) 10-gauge shells with a pressure rating of 11,000 psi (76 MPa). Newer nontoxic shots, such as bismuth or tungsten -nickel-iron alloys, and even tungsten- polymer blends, regain much or all of the performance loss, but are much more expensive than steel or lead shot. However, laboratory research indicates that tungsten alloys can actually be quite toxic internally. Legend: left side

4672-501: The range of a rifle. In Alaska, seasoned professional guides and wild life officials use pump-action 12 gauge shotguns loaded with slugs for defense against both black and brown bears under 50 yd (46 m). Law enforcement officers are frequently equipped with shotguns. In contrast to traditional buckshot, slugs offer benefits of accuracy, range, and increased wounding potential at longer ranges while avoiding stray pellets that could injure bystanders or damage property. Further,

4745-504: The rifling in a rifled shotgun barrel and impart a ballistic spin onto the projectile. This differentiates them from traditional slugs, which are not designed to benefit from a rifled barrel (though neither does the other any damage). Due to the fact that they do not contact the bore, they can be made from a variety of materials including lead, copper, brass, or steel. Saboted slugs can vary in shape, but are typically bullet-shaped for increased ballistic coefficient and greater range. The sabot

4818-443: The same as common birdshot payloads. Depending on the specific stack-up, a card wad is also sometimes located between the slug and the shotshell wad, depending largely on which hull is specified, with the primary intended purpose of improving fold crimps on the loaded wad slug shell that serves to regulate fired shotshell pressures and improve accuracy. It is also possible to fire a wad slug through rifled slug barrels, and, unlike with

4891-419: The shot, and the patterning improvements are due to the larger muzzle diameter for the same choke constriction, which results in less shot deformation. A 12-gauge shotgun, nominally 18.5 mm (0.73 in), can range from a tight 18 mm (0.71 in) to an extreme overbore of 20 mm (0.79 in). Some also claim an increased velocity with the overbored barrels, up to 15 m/s (49 ft/s), which

4964-507: The shotshell load will actually be slightly higher than the equivalent mass slug projectile load, due to an increased resistance that occurs from a phenomenon known as shot setback. Common 12 gauge slug masses are 7 ⁄ 8 oz (383 gr (24.8 g), 1 oz (437.5 gr (28.35 g), and 1 + 1 ⁄ 8 oz (492 gr (31.9 g), the same weight as common birdshot payloads. A 1 oz (437.5 gr (28.35 g) 2.75 in (70 mm) Foster 12 gauge shotgun slug achieves

5037-427: The world. Legislation differs with each country. Large game (including deer and wild boar) hunting is only allowed with large caliber rifles; shotguns are only allowed for small and medium-sized game, up to foxes and geese. However, when a shotgun has a rifled barrel, it is considered a rifle, and it becomes legal for hunting roe deer with a minimum caliber 5.56 mm (0.219 in) and 980 J (720 ft⋅lbf) at

5110-471: Was a Drilling-type Combination gun produced by JP Sauer & Sohn, it was the most finely finished and luxurious survival rifle ever issued by a military force. The commercial quality of the M30 Drilling, the fact that its container and accessories were packed without military acceptance proofs, its limited production and high manufacturing costs, led many historians and arms collectors to conclude that

5183-535: Was best suited for Sub-Saharan African plains hunting, even though it was mostly used by pilots flying over North Africa , where dangerous fauna are less common. Various reasons have been provided for this gratuitous cartridge, one of which being a mistaken assumption that there were big cats in the region where these firearms would be used. Another reason given is Hermann Göring's personal fondness for hunting, especially for luxurious rifles. The original production model had been marketed to hunters starting in 1930, and

5256-473: Was developed as a measure of stopping power for hunting game, however it is a rather flawed calculation. It is defined as the product of bullet mass, velocity and diameter, using the imperial units grains (equal to 64.79891 mg), feet per second (equal to 0.3048 m/s) and inches (equal to 25.4 mm): Some TKOF example values for shotgun slugs are: To compare with rifles, some TKOF example values for rifle cartridges are: Full-bore slugs such as

5329-415: Was intended to be retrieved from the aircraft after it crashed rather than taken as the crew bailed out. The weapon has two hammerless shotgun barrels with a single rifle barrel underneath, firing two 12 gauge or 16 gauge shotgun shells (16 gauge seems to have only been used on the commercial version) alongside a single 9.3×74mmR rifle round. The M30 has two triggers and a sliding selector directly behind

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