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108-629: The M3's relatively light weight and the location of its air and exhaust outlets on the hull roof made it possible to design it as an amphibious vehicle. The M3 is propelled at a modest speed of 4 km/h through water by all four wheels. Although never adopted by the French Army, the M3 series was procured in vast quantities by foreign armies and security forces, especially in Africa and the Middle East. By

216-488: A secondary school diploma in the scientific track. Applicants must fulfill specific admission criteria, pass a personal interview, and undergo a medical examination. The first graduating class received their Bachelor's degree s in 1382 AH. To keep pace with advancements in various fields across the kingdom, a new campus for the college was constructed utilizing modern architectural and engineering methods, equipped with contemporary educational and training facilities. The site

324-713: A 2-tonne recovery crane to the base vehicle, while the VPC rebuild incorporates new mapboards and increased interior lighting. Another M3 modernisation programme is being marketed by a subsidiary of the Saudi Military Industries Corporation . As part of the Saudi rebuild, the Model 4HD petrol engine is replaced by a new four-cylinder, liquid-cooled diesel turbocharged engine developing 102 hp (75 kW). Other upgrades include power steering, vacuum brakes, and

432-534: A CBRN School to train Marine CBRN Defense Officers and Marine CBRN Defense Specialists at Fort Leonard Wood , Missouri . See also: Chemical Biological Incident Response Force (USMC CBIRF) The USN requires all personnel to take a web-based CBRNE training annually to get a basic understanding of facts and procedures related to responding to a CBRNE incident. The Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Protection Troops (NBC Protection Troops) of

540-631: A CBRN unit. Both PGK and FRU teams handle CBRN calls before an army PNBK unit responds. All members of the NZDF are trained in CBRN drills for deployment. RNZN personnel conduct training with the NZ Army and RNZAF for any deployment or training. The RNZAF conducted regular yearly training for all its personnel given the higher probability of airfields being the target of an enemy CBRN attack. RNZAF Security Forces personnel conduct all CBRN training for

648-598: A career in CBRN at the United States Army CBRN School (USACBRNS) at Fort Leonard Wood . The USAF uses Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC 3E9X1) U.S. Air Force Emergency Management , who are also CBRN Specialists. The USAF trains all US Airmen pursuing a career in counter-CBRN operations at the USAF CBRN School at Fort Leonard Wood. The USMC uses CBRN as an abbreviation for two military occupational specialties . The Marine Corps runs

756-468: A contingent of roughly 30,000 to 40,000 soldiers. However, the Saudi state lacked formal military training institutions; instead, fighters relied on personal skills, including swordsmanship, thrusting, and horsemanship, forming the core of their capabilities. Saudi forces were divided into infantry, cavalry, and camel-mounted troops. Combat operations relied on valor and numerical strength rather than structured training or systematic combat techniques. Despite

864-689: A distinguished status within the Royal Saudi Land Forces, as their members are meticulously selected from an elite group trained to undertake the most challenging and precise missions. Through the battles fought by King Abdulaziz Al Saud to establish the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and unify its territories, he successfully seized several bronze cannons from the Ottoman Empire, which were utilized as artillery pieces rather than organized units or formations. In 1348 AH, His Majesty ordered

972-543: A military trials court and prison located in Riyadh . In 1391 AH, the Army Management Authority underwent a reorganization, which resulted in a more streamlined structure consisting of a command office, a personnel planning department, a civilian personnel affairs department, a religious affairs department, a general medical services department, and a war police department. By 1396 AH, as the structure of

1080-624: A million reindeer against anthrax in 2015. Around 1.5 million reindeer carcasses in Russian permafrost are at risk of melting due to global warming in the Arctic . There is a risk that global warming in the Arctic can thaw the permafrost, leading to new infections in reindeer. An anthrax outbreak in 2016 in reindeer caused the Russian Armed Forces to evacuate a nomadic reindeer herding tribe. In May 2012, BioPrepWatch reported that

1188-414: A minor redesign of the hull. The new hull had sloped rather than perfectly vertical sides angled for ballistic ricochet; the upper part of each hull side was also provided with three roof hatches. The hatch covers could be lifted for observation and to fire personal weapons at external targets. The two large doors at the rear of the troop compartment were also provided with firing ports. It was this version of

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1296-497: A part of the country's Rapid Deployment Force . The Policía Federal Argentina have the Brigada de Riesgos Especiales, this unit is the only national response for CBRN/HAZMAT incidents. Also, has three units called Riesgo Quimico y Biológico, Riesgo Radiológico y Nuclear, and the tactical response unit called Protección QBNR. Brazilian firefighters are trained for NBC situations. During the 2016 Summer Olympics , police forces like

1404-680: A project office was established to oversee the modernization and development of armored units, introducing the latest equipment of the time, including various French weapons. Prince Abdulrahman bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz was appointed to manage this office. On May 1, 1392 AH (1972 CE), the project office was merged with the Cavalry Command, and the name was changed to Armored Forces. In 1411 AH (1991 CE), then Major Khalid bin Bandar bin Abdulaziz

1512-861: A significant number of these vehicles fell into the hands of the competing militias, notably the Lebanese Arab Army (LAA), the Army of Free Lebanon (AFL), the People's Liberation Army (PLA), Al-Mourabitoun , Kataeb Regulatory Forces (KRF), and the Tigers Militia . A few M3 VTTs were again captured by the Lebanese Forces (LF) militia from the Lebanese Army during the Elimination War in 1990, and remained in service with

1620-545: A single prototype began anyway, with the objective of export sales. While the amphibious APC programme was underway, the concept was simply known as the Véhicule Transport de Troupes , or VTT. The first VTT prototype was completed in August 1969 and incorporated a very simple boxlike hull with vertical sides, a flat roofline, and a single 7.5mm AA-52 machine gun in a Creusot-Loire CAFL-38S turret. External access to

1728-673: A skilled officer corps, setting the stage for the Saudi Army's future expansion and modernization. The Royal Saudi Land Forces Command, one of the oldest institutions within the Saudi Arabian Army, was initially known as the "Army Administration." In its formative years, prior to 1391 AH (1971), it comprised a command office along with various departments that handled essential functions such as personnel planning and budgeting, military records, military affairs, war police, army music, medical services, civilian personnel matters, and

1836-619: A supply detachment established to support brigades in specific military areas. As the Ground Forces expanded, a Supply and Logistics Department was created in 1369 AH (1949 CE) in Riyadh. By 1377 AH (1957 CE), the first technical and administrative formation of the corps was established in Riyadh, known as the Supply and Logistics Command, to align with the comprehensive development of the Saudi Arabian Army. On December 14, 1392 AH (1972 CE),

1944-464: A tonne of cargo. The M3 is powered by a four-cylinder, air-cooled Panhard 4HD petrol engine inherited from the AML. This engine has a diminutive 2-litre displacement and a compression ratio of 7:1, enabling it to run on low octane fuel. It had a reliable reputation and was rated for a mileage of 26,000 kilometres before needing major overhaul. However, the engine was also regarded as somewhat underpowered for

2052-458: A victorious campaign. The state claimed one-fifth of the spoils for the treasury, while the remaining four-fifths were sold and divided among soldiers, with cavalry members receiving double the shares of foot soldiers. Troops remained mobilized until directed to return to their homelands by the supreme commander. Additionally, permanent garrisons served as local security forces, rotating annually to maintain order. A dedicated personal guard protected

2160-458: Is a class of protective measures taken in situations where chemical , biological , radiological , or nuclear (including terrorism ) hazards may be present. CBRN defense consists of CBRN passive protection, contamination avoidance, and weapons of mass destruction mitigation. A CBRN incident differs from a hazardous material incident in both scope (i.e., CBRN can be a mass casualty situation) and intent. CBRN incidents are responded to under

2268-841: Is a regiment of the Sri Lanka Army that focuses on countering chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) hazards in the country.[1][2] The Sri Lanka Navy and Sri Lanka Air Force also maintain CBRN units in addition to the Army's CBRN regiment The Malaysian Army formed a CBRN unit, Peperangan Nuklear, Biologi dan Kimia 3 Divisyen (English: Chemical, Biological and Nuclear Warfare Division 3 ; PNBK 3D) in April 2002. The Royal Malaysia Police has CBRN providers. The Pasukan Gerakan Khas (PGK) has two special operations detachments with HAZMAT expertise - 69 Commandos and Special Actions Unit . The Federal Reserve Unit (FRU) also has

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2376-509: Is a vital branch of modern warfare, facilitating the movement of ground forces while impeding enemy operations. Utilizing advanced equipment and technology, the Corps is responsible for constructing bridges, developing roads in rugged mountainous terrain, detecting and clearing contaminated areas, laying minefields, and creating pathways to enable ground forces to achieve their objectives. Its effectiveness has been demonstrated in conflicts, including

2484-697: Is also used by the UK Home Office as a civil designation. Police, fire and ambulance services in the UK must all have some level of CBRN providers. Within the ambulance service, this is performed by the Hazardous Area Response Team (HART) and Special Operations Response Team (SORT). Since the introduction of new equipment to UK fire services under the New Dimension program , CBRN decontamination of personnel (including members of

2592-548: Is an essential branch of the Royal Saudi Land Forces, tasked with the critical responsibility of securing the transportation of personnel, equipment, weapons, and administrative logistics, along with various types of supplies. The corps plays a role in military operations by ensuring the efficient movement of resources and personnel across diverse operational environments. CBRN defense Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear defense ( CBRN defense ) or Nuclear, biological, and chemical protection ( NBC protection )

2700-425: Is drawn through intakes in the hull roof, with the exhaust pipes running on either side of the roofline. All the interior space to the rear of the engine and transmission is the troop compartment. Aside from the driver, the M3 can carry eleven passengers. Two are seated in the centre of the hull, three on either side of the hull facing outwards, and another three facing the rear. There are three hatches on either side of

2808-496: Is encapsulated in the well-known military adage, "Armies march on their stomachs," which underscores the essential role of logistics in both ancient and modern warfare. The Supply Corps is tasked with providing a wide range of supplies to all units of the Ground Forces and delivering administrative support to combat formations during military operations. The origins of the Supply Corps in the Saudi military can be traced back to

2916-447: Is not normally fitted with an NBC overpressure system, although this was offered as an option by Panhard. The hull of the M3 is of all-welded steel construction varying in thickness from 8mm to 12mm. The hull has a horizontal roofline and a pointed, tapering front with a well-sloped glacis plate, similar to that of the AML. Both hull sides are vertical to a point before sloping inwards to accommodate additional crew hatches. The bottom of

3024-662: Is tasked with the training, planning, and operational oversight of the land forces. Its initial formation, established in 1381 AH (1961), was known as the "War Operations Authority." This organization included three key departments: the Organization and Armament Department, the Military Training Department, and the Plans and Operations Department. In 1397 AH (1977), the name was changed to the "Land Forces Operations Authority." Subsequently, in 1411 AH (1991),

3132-455: Is to be the host of the first Brazilian Navy nuclear-powered submarine; and the Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Company, at Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro . The Air Force is making special teams for transporting victims from CBRN attacks/accidents. The term CBRN is in common use in disaster and emergency services organizations across the country. Since July 2005,

3240-810: The Canadian Armed Forces also started using the term CBRN Defence , instead of NBC Defence , due to the increased threat of dirty bomb use (which is radiological in nature). CBRNE is a new term that is being used in both civilian and military organizations. The Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit is a Canadian Forces unit, under the direction of the Canadian Special Operations Forces Command , charged with supporting "the Government of Canada in order to prevent, control and mitigate CBRN threats to Canada, Canadians and Canadian interests." All members of

3348-507: The Canadian Armed Forces are trained in CBRNE defense and maintain minimum standards, tested at least every three years. At the provincial level, cities are provided opportunities for emergency services with CBRN training. In Ontario, emergency services in Windsor, Peterborough, Toronto, and Ottawa have obtained CBRN standing at NFPA Standard 472 Level 3 Technician level. In mid-July 2016,

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3456-553: The European Parliament negotiated a new draft counterterrorism directive aimed at protecting Europe's people from biological, chemical and other attacks. The timeline of the directive is illustrated in the following table: The directive would criminalize: The directive also includes text to help victims of terror attacks. Hong Kong has had CBRN response capabilities since the early 1990s and advanced training from 1998. The Standing CBRN Planning Group (known as

3564-749: The GATE from São Paulo, the Federal Police , and the National Public Security Force were prepared. In the military, there is CBRN equipment and personnel in all branches of the Armed Forces. The Brazilian Army has two specific teams: the 1st Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Battalion , which is based in Rio de Janeiro and is responsible for decontaminating military equipment, weapons, and personnel, and

3672-653: The Mobile Brigade Corps (Brimob) has a CBR unit under the Gegana detachment. It was formed in December 2009. This unit acts as first responders to bomb and terrorist threats in the public. The Irish Defence Forces have CBRNE training and equipment capabilities – in particular the Ordnance Corps ( Explosive Ordnance Disposal/EOD teams ), Engineer Corps and Army Ranger Wing (ARW) – and will aid

3780-585: The Russian Federation are special forces designed to conduct the most complex set of measures aimed at reducing the loss of associations and formations of the Ground Forces and ensuring their combat tasks assigned during operations in conditions of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination, as well as at enhancing their survivability and protection against high-precision and other weapons. The Russian government vaccinated around half

3888-662: The "Army Supplies Authority," underwent restructuring with the reorganization of the Land Forces Command, leading to its current designation. The authority encompasses several departments, including the Department of Supply and Logistics Plans for the Land Forces and the Department of Military Supplies Inventory. These departments are responsible for coordinating supply chain operations, managing logistics, and maintaining an inventory of military supplies to support

3996-471: The 1980s. In 1983 the firm began work on a modernised derivative of the M3 known as the Panhard Buffalo. The Buffalo had an increased wheelbase and could be fitted with either a diesel or petrol engine. Its hull was fitted with external stowage boxes that gave it somewhat bulkier appearance than its predecessor; these boxes were also designed to detach during a land mine explosion, and thereby preserve

4104-611: The ARAMAR Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Battalion, at Iperó , São Paulo , conceived to provide physical security and to perform CBRN emergencies control actions at the Centro Experimental Aramar, responsible for developing Brazilian Navy nuclear researches; the Itaguaí Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Battalion, at Itaguaí, Rio de Janeiro , which

4212-742: The Arab-Israeli War in 1973 and the liberation of Kuwait in 1990. The origins of the Engineers Corps date back to approximately 1362 AH (1943 CE) when the Construction Division was established to maintain army buildings, initially based in Taif. In 1366 AH, the division was renamed the Royal Saudi Engineers Corps. By 1374 AH (1954 CE), the Corps was relocated to Riyadh, aligning with the transfer of

4320-616: The Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Company, based at Goiânia and part of the Brazilian Special Operations Command , that makes the decontamination and defense in CBRN situations. The Brazilian Presidential Guard and Army Police also have CBRN units. The Brazilian Marine Corps has the CDefNBQR (Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Center) that controls

4428-428: The Corps began incorporating medium gap bridges, tank transportable bridges, portable road and airport mats, mine-laying equipment, mine detection devices, breach-opening tools, and engineer tanks designed for clearing obstacles and fortifications. Development of the Corps continued, and in early 1418 AH (1997 CE), a new administration was established to address threats posed by weapons of mass destruction, culminating in

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4536-527: The Directorate of Military Affairs. At that time, the army comprised three branches: infantry, artillery, and cavalry, marking the first official formation of armored forces. The nucleus of the armored branch was established with small armored units based in Taif. The first command of the modern armored forces was officially created on September 1, 1377 AH (1957 CE) under the name of Cavalry Command. This command remained in place until 1387 AH (1967 CE), when

4644-546: The Engineer Regiment in Taif. Recognizing the importance of the Engineers Corps in battlefield support, its structure was reviewed in 1386 AH (1966 CE), resulting in the addition of heavy engineering equipment to its field units and companies. By 1391 AH (1971 CE), several engineer units had been established throughout the Kingdom, including bomb disposal units and firefighting teams. The transition to mechanized units occurred in 1397 AH (1977 CE). In 1402 AH (1982 CE),

4752-606: The Imam, his successor, and other princes. The Saudi Arabian Army, formally founded on 5 Shawwal 1319 AH (January 15, 1902), began with King Abdulaziz bin Abdulrahman Al Saud' s campaign to reclaim Riyadh . This moment marked the establishment of a formal military structure as the founder prioritized the organization, leadership, and armament of the Saudi Land Forces . Before the official declaration of

4860-644: The Interior's associate d Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency AFAD Works in coordination with law enforcement units to intervene in the events of any CBRN accident. Apart from these, Turkey mostly makes its own CBRN protective clothing and equipment. Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation 's Maksam factory mainly covers the needs of respirators for NATO and neighboring countries. Main products such as SR6 and SR6M NBC Respirator licensed United Kingdom production. MAKSAM Panoramic Mask MKE NEFES (breath) CBRN Gas Mask SR10 and SR10 ST Masks CBRN

4968-587: The Irish UN forces in Lebanon but were regarded as underpowered and lacking manoeuvrability and were eventually replaced with Finnish SISU XA-180 APCs . Saudi Arabian Army The Saudi Arabian Army , officially the Royal Saudi Land Forces ( Arabic : القُوَّاتُ البَرِّيَّةُ المَلَكِيَّة السُّعُودِيَّة , romanized :  Al-Quwwat al-Bariyah al-Malakiyah as-Su'udiyah ), is

5076-622: The Kingdom, Saudi Arabia began developing administrative and military frameworks that would shape the foundation of its national defense . By late December 1925 (1344 AH), the administrative core of the Saudi Army was established with the creation of the Army General Staff in Taif. The primary units formed at this time included the Infantry Regiment, Artillery Regiment, and Machine Gun Regiment. The Defense Agency and

5184-838: The LF Military Police corps until the end of the Civil War in October that year. Ireland purchased a number of vehicles in the early 1970s in the context of the internal security problems arising from the paramilitary activity in Northern Ireland. The vehicles were not well suited to the role, having a very distinct sound signature whilst the twin FN MAGs in the Creusot-Loire TL.21.80 turret were not capable of accurate fire. A small number were deployed with

5292-570: The Land Forces became more formalized, the name of the authority was modified to reflect its evolving responsibilities. It was expanded to include a command office and specialized departments for personnel matters, military affairs, and personnel planning and classification, as well as a center for receiving and recruiting new recruits in Riyadh and a technical institute for the Land Forces. This authority remains responsible for overseeing personnel, staff affairs, military records, and related military matters. The Royal Saudi Land Forces Operations Authority

5400-411: The M3 design and unsuitable for propelling the APC at higher speeds off-road. A number of defence contractors offer extensive overhauls of the M3 chassis and hull to extend the vehicle's service life and improve its utility on modern battlefields. One particularly ambitious rebuild was proposed by Saymar, an Israeli firm, for the M3 VTT as well as the VLA and VPC variants. This entailed the replacement of

5508-433: The Military Department were responsible for organizing the army’s structures, standardizing military institutions, and assigning them roles in line with modern organizational standards. Taif was selected as the agency’s headquarters due to its established military presence, conducive climate for training, and available military barracks. Emphasizing education and training, the military school in Taif became central to developing

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5616-405: The Ministry of Defense and Aviation, and became a supporting branch under the Logistics and Supply Department. In 1375 AH (1955 CE), the first Engineer Regiment was formed in Taif, and in 1380 AH (1960 CE), the Engineers Corps was restructured into a combat support unit, which included the Corps Command, an Engineering Division in Riyadh, the Engineers School in Taif, regional engineer branches, and

5724-453: The Panhard AML, albeit with a few detail modifications such as a longer wheelbase and wider track. Nearly all of its mechanical components are interchangeable with those found on the AML. The vehicle is fully amphibious and can enter water with minimal preparation. It is propelled and steered in water by its wheels, but was designed for crossing lakes and small rivers rather than deploying at sea. The M3 lacks specialised night vision equipment and

5832-607: The RNZAF and complete CBRN courses at the Defence CBRN Centre in the United Kingdom. The NZ Army teaches all pre-deployment CBRN training for members of the NZDF. The New Zealand Special Air Service is also trained for operations including disposal, and containment of chemical agents in a CBRN environment. Pakistan-based defense industry GIDS manufactures NBC suites which include Individual Protective Equipment (IPE) like gloves , boots , and air filters as well as decontamination kits and Chemical Weapon Agent (CWA) detectors. The Spanish Army 1st CBRN Regiment 'Valencia'

5940-419: The RSLF is the Chairman of the General Staff , while overall command is held by the General Commander of the Saudi Land Forces, a Lieutenant General who oversees regional commands and specialized divisions. This commander also serves on the military council at the ministerial level, guiding the strategic direction of the RSLF. Officer training primarily takes place at the War College in Riyadh, which commissions

6048-531: The RSLF's network extends throughout Saudi Arabia , encompassing various regional and independent commands, military institutes, colleges, specialized schools, and diverse administrative units. This extensive infrastructure enables the RSLF to maintain operational readiness and adapt to wartime conditions effectively. The RSLF's capabilities have progressively developed, with improvements in organizational structure, leadership, and expansion of its primary weapon systems and personnel. The highest-ranking official within

6156-435: The Russian security service ordered over 100 "capsule cradles", which are devices that people can use to protect infants or even small pets in the event of a nuclear, chemical, biological, or radiological threat. According to the article, Soviet military engineers invented capsules in the 1960s. A company is currently producing the capsules in a factory in Russia. Numbers vary, but news reports and market forecast reports place

6264-493: The SRPG is the CBRN Incident Advisory Group (RIAG) form in the initial stages of a CBRN incident using telephone conferencing. RIAG consists of five experts who assist with the technical response to the incident by providing real-time advice and support to the departments involved. The Hong Kong capability is well rehearsed, with regular departmental exercises conducted and a full-scale CBRN exercise conducted every year. The Indian Army ordered 16 CBRN monitoring vehicles, of which

6372-433: The SRPG) plans for all CBRN incidents in Hong Kong. The SRPG was set up with the support of the Secretary for Security by the Senior Bomb Disposal Officer in Hong Kong, Dominic Brittain. It consists of representatives from 9 government departments who plan the response to CBRN threats. These departments include Police EOD, Fire Services, the Hospital Authority and the Department of Health, amongst others. The operational arm of

6480-435: The Saudi Arabian Army with modern equipment, vehicles, and spare parts. In 1382 AH (1963 CE), a program was initiated to manage military vehicles, leveraging the expertise of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. An agreement was established to regulate the maintenance of weapons, vehicles, and the supply of spare parts. In 1386 AH (1966 CE), the Maintenance Corps became the first in Saudi Arabia to introduce computer technology for

6588-517: The VTT which was approved for serial production as the Panhard M3 in April 1971. At the time, the two largest foreign clients for Panhard military vehicles were Saudi Arabia and Iraq, both of which had invested heavily in the AML series and were persuaded to purchase large numbers of M3s to complement their preexisting fleet. The first production M3s were manufactured for the Royal Saudi Army , which ordered 150. Another 60 were ordered by Iraq shortly afterwards. By 1972, more export orders had been placed by

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6696-400: The assumption that they are intentional and malicious; evidence preservation and perpetrator apprehension are of greater concern than with Hazmat team incidents. A 2011 forecast concluded that worldwide government spending on CBRN defense products and services would reach US$ 8.38 billion that year. In English , the 1990s term CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear)

6804-512: The authority expanded to include an Operations Center and a Sports Affairs Department, the latter of which had previously operated as a section within the Land Forces Training Department. Moreover, a Language School was established, which was later renamed the Military Language Institute. Initially, the War Operations Authority was affiliated with the Army Schools Command, but this command was eventually abolished. The Culture and Education Administration, responsible for educational institutions serving

6912-481: The authority to take action against military personnel who violate regulations, execute judicial rulings, and manage military prisons. In addition to their internal enforcement responsibilities, the Military Police work to prevent violations by both military and civilian individuals within areas under military jurisdiction. They are tasked with restricting access to sensitive zones, preventing acts of destruction and sabotage, securing military installations, and managing

7020-472: The benefit of the Ground Forces, automating technical supply operations, including the procurement of primary materials, spare parts, and technical documentation. In July 1968 (Jumada I 1388 AH), an IBM 360 computer was installed in the supply department, marking the transition to a centrally managed automated system overseen by the Maintenance Corps Command. Initially, computer usage was limited to technical supply operations and select administrative tasks, serving

7128-451: The children of military personnel, transitioned into an independent entity within the armed forces. Additionally, the authority incorporated a Physical Education School located in Taif , established in 1375 AH (1955), which was eventually dissolved, with its functions integrated into the Center and School for Paratroopers and Special Forces in 1398 AH (1978). The Royal Saudi Land Forces Supply and Logistics Authority, previously referred to as

7236-615: The civil authority if requested. The Irish Army runs CBRNE defense courses has detection equipment, and decontamination equipment and is reported to have purchased 10,000 protective CBRN/NBC suits , enough for all of its personnel. All Army Reserve personnel undergo CBRN warfare defense training. The Irish national police force, the Garda Síochána , has a number of nationwide CBRN response teams. The teams are based regionally (in six regions; Dublin, Eastern, Northern, Southern, South-Eastern & Western) and began operating in 2004 with 100 trained officers (170 responders trained throughout

7344-410: The corps underwent reorganization, leading to the creation of several branches in various military regions. This reorganization took effect on May 1, 1405 AH (1985 CE). The last amendment to the Supply Corps organization occurred on May 1, 1410 AH (1990 CE), after which the name was officially changed to the "Supply Corps" on May 1, 1413 AH (1993 CE). Today, the Supply Corps is responsible for fulfilling

7452-546: The country as of 2009). There is a requirement for members to be re-certified within 18 months of training. CBRN response teams are trained by the Garda Tactical Training Unit, and supported nationally by the Emergency Response Unit (ERU). Other emergency services also have limited CBRN expertise, such as the Health Service Executive (HSE) and Dublin Fire Brigade (DFB), which have a Hazardous Materials (Haz-Mat) and Chemical Incident Unit. 14 CBRN Regiment (Chemical Biological Radiology and Nuclear Regiment), Sri Lanka Engineers

7560-450: The diverse supply needs of Ground Forces formations and units, including rations, clothing and gear, office and household equipment, fuel, personal requirements, ammunition, construction materials, finished products, medical supplies, spare parts, and non-military support materials. This broad scope ensures that military operations are adequately supported and that personnel are well-equipped to fulfill their missions. The Transportation Corps

7668-400: The elderly Model 4HD petrol engine with a more fuel-efficient Toyota 2LT diesel engine. Other upgrades included a modified electrical system with a new voltage regulator and starter, the installation of an air conditioning unit, the replacement of the M3's drum brakes with new disc brakes, powered steering, and a new intercom and telecommunications system. The VLA rebuild includes the addition of

7776-446: The establishment of the Directorate of Military Affairs, marking the inception of the first nucleus of the regular Saudi Arabian Army. By 1353 AH, the regular forces had grown sufficiently to necessitate the formation of a Defense Agency alongside the Directorate of Military Affairs, which comprised three branches: Infantry, Artillery, and Cavalry. The Signal Corps plays a crucial role in maintaining and securing communication lines within

7884-411: The field, ensuring their effectiveness in fulfilling operational missions. The armored branch continues to witness rapid development, benefiting from superior training capabilities and equipment. Since its inception, it has focused on nurturing young leaders by creating training opportunities with the latest equipment both within the Kingdom and abroad. The Parachute Units and Special Security Forces hold

7992-539: The first 8 were inducted in December 2010. It was developed by the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) and manufactured by Ordnance Factories Board . The Indonesian Army has a CBRN defense unit which is the Kompi Zeni Nuklir, Biologi dan Kimia (abbreviated "Kompi Zeni Nubika Pusat Zeni TNI AD") translated as Army Engineers Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Company . The unit

8100-602: The formation of a laboratory dedicated to this purpose at the Logistics and Supply Base in Al-Kharj on 1 Jumada I 1428 AH (18 June 2007 CE). The evolution of the Engineers Corps remains ongoing, with several future projects aimed at enhancing its capabilities to keep pace with advancements in ground forces. The Maintenance Corps is a vital branch of the Royal Saudi Ground Forces, responsible for ensuring

8208-477: The formation of an army consisting of sixty men—akin to what is commonly referred to today as a squad—led by King Abdulaziz Al Saud during the campaign to capture Riyadh on the 5th of Shawwal, 1319 AH. Armored forces are regarded as one of the most crucial pillars of modern armies due to their firepower, shock resistance, and armor thickness. Over the past eighty years, these forces have undergone developments. The armored branch, or cavalry, has historically paralleled

8316-736: The growing demand for graduates with diverse specializations, the college raised its admission requirements to the general secondary level in 1380 AH. The study duration was extended to three years, after which graduates were awarded a Bachelor of Military Science and commissioned as officers in one of the branches of the Royal Saudi Land Forces. The college curriculum is structured into military sciences (20.45%), academic sciences (25.34%), and general activities (55.20% for infantry and physical education). Academic subjects are taught by civilian faculty members with advanced degrees, who operate under university regulations. Eligible candidates for admission include Saudi nationals aged between 17 and 24, holding

8424-411: The hull structure is welded to a shallow vee to partly deflect the explosive force of a land mine. The driver is seated at the front of the vehicle and provided with a single hatch cover in the glacis plate opening to the right. The hatch cover is fitted with three integral periscopes for driving when it is closed. The engine and transmission are housed in a compartment directly to the driver's rear. Air

8532-458: The hull was through two large entry doors on each side and twin doors at the rear of the troop compartment. The AML chassis and drive train underwent some detail modifications but the overall design remained basically unchanged despite the addition of the new hull. The same Panhard four-cylinder engine type developing 97hp was retained from the AML; however, due to the much heavier hull this left it somewhat underpowered for its weight class. The engine

8640-450: The hull which lift upwards for observation or engaging targets in the surrounding terrain with personal weapons. There are also two auxiliary hatches in the roofline, one directly to the driver's rear and another at the very rear of the troop compartment. The infantry section debarks from two entry doors on either side of the hull or from two entry doors at the rear of the hull. If needed, the troop compartment can be reconfigured to carry up to

8748-400: The infantry as an ancient military unit. In the Saudi Arabian Army, the inception of armored forces began in 1348 AH (1929 CE) when King Abdulaziz Al Saud ordered the establishment of the Directorate of Military Affairs, laying the groundwork for the regular Saudi military. By 1353 AH (1934 CE), as the regular forces expanded significantly, the necessity arose to form a Defense Agency alongside

8856-484: The infantry soldier has been regarded as a crucial pillar of warfare, particularly during the Islamic period, where infantry played a vital role in the numerous victories achieved during Islamic conquests. As a result, the infantry soldier became a fundamental component of the army and served as the foundational nucleus from which land forces were developed. The actual inception of the infantry branch can be traced back to

8964-428: The integrity of the hull. The internal layout of the new vehicle was identical to the M3 and parts compatibility was retained with the M3 and AML. The Panhard Buffalo did not enjoy the same export success as the M3 and serial production was only carried out on an as-needed basis. A very small number was purchased by Colombia and several Francophone African states. The Panhard M3 was built on the drive train and chassis of

9072-620: The land forces, ensuring effective communication for both the General Staff and associated administrations during peacetime and wartime. It is also responsible for developing various communication methods that align with modern military communication technologies on a global scale. The foundation of the Signal Corps can be traced back to the unification of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia under the reign of its founding king, Abdulaziz bin Abdulrahman Al Saud . The Royal Saudi Engineers Corps

9180-462: The limited formal training, Saudi fighters excelled in desert warfare, demonstrating resilience in enduring its challenges. Weaponry was traditional and basic, comprising matchlock rifles, swords, daggers, arrows, and spears. Tactics involved surprise attacks, ambushes, sieges, and hit-and-run maneuvers, focusing on adaptability in battle. Saudi soldiers did not receive fixed salaries; instead, their compensation came from war spoils distributed following

9288-434: The majority of RSLF officers. In the mid-18th century, shortly after its establishment, the Saudi state lacked a formalized, modern army as seen in contemporary military structures. Instead, defense and military actions were conducted through a “Jihad Army,” mobilized upon the directive of the ruling Imam through a process of general mobilization. Historian Ibn Bishr notes that during the rule of Imam Saud bin Abdulaziz ,

9396-745: The mobilization of the Jihad Army was achieved by dispatching envoys across towns, villages, and tribal areas under Saudi control , calling upon local forces to assemble. This collective approach allowed the Saudi state to respond to threats and expand its influence, relying on a call-to-arms system rather than a standing army. During the era of the Imams, the Saudi military organization could mobilize an estimated force of approximately 100,000 fighters, drawn from various regions and equipped with essential arms and supplies. This number included contributions from nomadic Bedouin tribes, who were required to provide

9504-549: The movement and protection of military convoys . Collaboration with civil authorities on matters pertaining to the armed forces is also part of their mandate. In operational theaters, the Military Police function as a combat support unit, contributing to the security of rear areas, overseeing prisoner custody and evacuation, maintaining law and order, and controlling transportation routes and military movements. Their multifaceted role underscores their importance in ensuring

9612-581: The national armies of Portugal, Spain, Ireland, Lebanon, and Zaire. The United Arab Emirates Army went on to become the single largest operator of the M3, ordering 198 in 1978. The Iraqi Army was a close second, with 156 in service. The last production vehicles were completed for Iraq and Algeria and delivered by 1985. At this time, 1,180 M3s had been produced. The vehicle type was in service in 26 nations worldwide. The M3 design had remained identical in over two decades of serial production, and Panhard recognized that its basic technology had become quite dated by

9720-568: The needs of the time. In 1369 AH (1949 CE), a new formation was established under the Logistics and Supply Department, known as the Assistant Logistics and Supply Department for Maintenance and Transport. The Transport Corps was subsequently separated from the Maintenance Corps in 1375 AH (1955 CE). Despite this separation, the Maintenance Corps continued to fulfill its technical responsibilities, particularly in supplying

9828-555: The operational effectiveness and discipline of the Royal Saudi Land Forces. The establishment of the first military school in Al-Rass in 1354 AH marked the beginning of an evolution in military education in Saudi Arabia, ultimately leading to the creation of a military college. Initially, this school admitted candidates with educational qualifications below the primary level , with a duration of study set at six months. In 1358 AH,

9936-409: The operational readiness of the Royal Saudi Land Forces. The Land Forces Command has several associated departments, including: The Military Police of the Royal Saudi Land Forces serve as a crucial component of the armed forces, responsible for maintaining military discipline and enforcing regulations. Their duties encompass overseeing compliance with military orders and protocols, and they possess

10044-402: The operational readiness of weapons, equipment, devices, and vehicles under various conditions. Its mandate encompasses preventive maintenance, direct maintenance, general maintenance, and servicing at primary bases, all performed with a focus on high efficiency. The origins of the Maintenance Corps can be traced back to the reign of King Abdulaziz, which began with small workshops that addressed

10152-608: The principal land warfare branch of the Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia . It is part of the Saudi Ministry of Defense , which is one of the two military departments of the government of Saudi Arabia , together with the Ministry of National Guard . Its primary mandate is the defense of Saudi Arabia’s territory and the safeguarding of national interests against external threats. Organized across eight regional commands,

10260-455: The public) has become a task carried out by fire services in the UK and they regularly train for such scenarios. Army All personnel are trained in CBRN through basic training and are to complete an online assessment annually. The British Army has a single dedicated regiment for all C-CBRN (Counter) matters in the armed forces. 28 Engineer Regiment is the only regiment within the armed forces that has full C-CBRN capability. Formed in 2019

10368-448: The regiment will officially be at full operational capability from early 2023, with the need for CBRN specialists becoming of more importance. Personnel within the regiment are trained in live environments where CBRN materials are used. The United States Army uses CBRN as an abbreviation for their Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Operations Specialists ( MOS ). The United States Army trains all US Army soldiers pursuing

10476-798: The replacement of the Panhard electromagnetic clutch with a more conventional hydraulic pressure plate clutch. At least 60 M3 VTTs were delivered to the Lebanese Army in 1970-73 and saw considerable action during the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), with some being loaned to the Internal Security Forces (ISF) in 1976. Following the collapse of the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) in January that year,

10584-556: The school relocated to Taif , and after a thorough assessment of its operations, a royal decree was issued on 27 Safar 1374 AH to establish a military college in Riyadh , which was named "King Abdulaziz College." The college officially opened its doors in Jumada al-Awwal 1375 AH (22 December 1955), becoming the first military academic institution in the kingdom. In response to the increasing educational standards in Saudi Arabia and

10692-620: The standing force, however, SkyddC is also responsible for training conscripts, training 60 in 2022-2023. CBRN defense units in Turkey are the mainly CBRN Defense Battalion ( Kimyasal Biyolojik Radyolojik Nükleer (KBRN) Savunma Tabur ) of Turkish Armed Forces including CBRN Defense Special Response Unit ( KBRN Savunma Özel Müdahale Birliği ) and CBRN School and Training Center Command ( KBRN Okul ve Eğitim Merkezi ) Gendarmerie General Command has also unit within self Gendarmerie Search and Rescue Battalion Command has CBRN units. Ministry of

10800-516: The time production ceased in 1986, it was the most common wheeled APC produced by any Western nation in the world. The Panhard M3 was the result of a 1959 design study requested by the Direction des Etudes et Fabrications d'Armement (DEFA) for an amphibious APC based on the same chassis as the Panhard AML. However, the design proposal was not adopted by the French Army. In 1967, design work on

10908-535: The various branches of the Ground Forces in terms of maintenance and supply. Today, the Maintenance Corps is responsible for all supply management operations related to the maintenance of weapons, equipment, vehicles, and machinery within the Ground Forces, ensuring their continued functionality in all operational environments. The Corps also focuses on the development and training of technical personnel, including officers, enlisted soldiers, and civilian employees, to enhance its operational capabilities. The Catering unit

11016-406: Was also relocated from the rear of the chassis to the centre, directly behind the driver's position, to accommodate the rear troop compartment. The wheelbase of the prototype was also increased from 2.5 to 2.7m and the track from 1.6 to 2m. One major criticism of the early VTT was that there was no provision for the embarked troops to fire their personal weapons from inside the vehicle, necessitating

11124-425: Was created as a replacement for the 1960s–1980s term NBC (Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical), which had previously replaced the earlier 1950s term ABC (Atomic, Biological, and Chemical). The addition of the R (for Radiological ) is a consequence of the "new" threat of a radiological weapon (also known as " dirty bombs "). In the 2000s, the term CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive)

11232-799: Was formed in March 2005. Training in the defense against CBRN agents as part of combat support is the main aim of exercise 'Grifo' (Griffin) – the most important of this type that the Army undertakes. The National Police and the Spanish Civil Guard have their own CBRN units. The Military Emergencies Unit and emergency services have CBRN training. The Swedish Armed Forces has the National CBRN Defence Centre (designated SkyddC) localized in Umeå as its main CBRN protection forces. It consists of one company (1st CBRN-company) as

11340-780: Was founded on 22 April 1986 under the command of the Indonesian Army Corps of Engineers . The unit is also in cooperation with the Ministry of Health, the Indonesian Nuclear power regulator agency, the Veterinary Research Agency, and the National Nuclear Power Agency. This unit is the one and only unit that can handle CBRN Defense Capability within the Armed Forces. The Indonesian National Police special unit

11448-521: Was introduced as an extension of CBRN , the inclusion of the E (for Explosive ) is for the enhanced (improvised) explosives threat. In Spanish the term NRBQ ( Nuclear, Radiológico, Bacteriológico y Químico ) has replaced NBQ . The Argentine Armed Forces has the Batallón de Ingenieros QBN 601 of the Argentine Army , was the first CRBN response team created, in the 1990s, as

11556-531: Was strategically chosen for its proximity to Riyadh, overlooking the historically significant town of Al-Uyaynah, where Sheikh Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab initiated his Salafi call with the support of Prince Muhammad ibn Saud of Diriyah. The transition to the new college buildings was completed in Muharram 1404 AH, with the official inauguration taking place in Sha'ban 1404 AH during a grand ceremony. Throughout history,

11664-726: Was tasked with overseeing the development and modernization of armored units, introducing the American M1A2 tank and the Swiss Piranha armored vehicle into service. Later, he became the commander of the Armored Forces with the rank of Brigadier General, continuing efforts to develop and modernize all units and formations within the Royal Saudi Land Forces. This included equipping them with the latest armored vehicles globally and training officers and personnel in their combat and technical use to keep pace with advancements in

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