Misplaced Pages

#751248

22-461: MM5 may refer to: MM5 (weather model) , a regional mesoscale model for creating weather forecasts and climate projections Mega Man 5 , a 1992 NES game in the Mega Man video game series Mega Man V (Game Boy) , a 1994 Game Boy game in the Mega Man video game series Might and Magic V: Darkside of Xeen , a 1993 video role-playing game in

44-506: A better quality terrain image that can be used in MM5. REGRID's improvement makes it simpler for its users to input the data and it also is more portable. LIITLE_R was developed in 2001 to replace RAWINS. LITTLE_R's improvement again makes it easier for users to input data. NCAR The US National Center for Atmospheric Research ( NCAR / ˈ ɛ n k ɑːr / ) is a US federally funded research and development center (FFRDC) managed by

66-605: A key archaeological tool, as well as providing a broad array of tools and technologies to the scientific community for studying Earth's atmosphere , including, The center is staffed by scientists, engineers, technicians, and support personnel. Key research areas include: Notable scientists on the current staff at the center include Tom Wigley , Kevin Trenberth , Clara Deser , and Caspar Ammann, and in past have included Paul Crutzen (Nobel Prize in chemistry, 1995); Paul Julian , who with colleague Roland Madden discovered

88-403: A specific vertical coordinate before it can be analyzed. This vertical coordinate, sigma , is computed and then used throughout the program. Σ is defined as: Σ = (p-p t )/p*, p* = p s -p t , Where p is pressure , p s is surface pressure , and p t is the pressure at the top of the model. When Σ is close to the ground, the program follows the actual terrain, but when Σ is higher up,

110-454: Is an older version of LITTLE_R and thus LITTLE_R is more commonly used. Then INTERPF takes that data from RAWINS/LITTLE_R and REGRID to interpolate that data to the sigma coordinate explained above. MM5 itself computes the time combination. The NESTDOWN function has the ability to change the vertical sigma levels. INTERPB generates the first guess for RAWINS, as well as gathers the files used to make guesses for REGRID. Finally, GRAPH/RIP generates

132-542: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages MM5 (weather model) Active development on the model ended with version 3.7.2 in 2005, and it has been largely superseded by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model . MM5 is globally relocatable, which helps support different latitudes, terrain types, elevations, soil types, etc. . The model can be either hydrostatic or non-hydrostatic, depending on

154-465: Is managed by the nonprofit UCAR and is one of the NSF 's Federally Funded Research and Development Centers , with approximately 95% of its funding coming from the federal government. However, it is not a federal agency and its employees are not part of the federal personnel system. NCAR employs about 761 staff. Its annual expenditures in fiscal year 2015 were $ 167.8 million. The founding director of NCAR

176-489: Is run on must have a Fortran 90 and 77 compilers and a C compiler . Additionally, it can have NCAR graphics and MPI tools for running the MPI MM5 model. However, this is not necessary. The MM5 model takes up at least half a gigabyte of memory and a few gigabytes of disk space . The MM5 code itself has over 220 subroutines , with more than 55,000 lines of code. It uses Standard Fortran 77 with “Cray” pointers . A list of

198-510: Is used when there is a lot of data that was taken over a longer period of time. Then this data that needed to be taken over a longer period of time gets placed into FDDA. It is also utilized for dynamical initialization and four-dimensional data sets. Most importantly, MM5 is well documented and has many places for user support. There are many pieces of the MM5 modeling system, each with different functions. These pieces include: TERRAIN, REGRID, LITTLE_R, NESTDOWN, INTERPF, INTERPB, and GRAPH/RIP. In

220-535: The Madden–Julian oscillation ; Stephen Schneider . Greg Holland initiated the multiscale modeling project "Predicting the Earth System Across Scales". NCAR is currently organized into seven laboratories and two programs: Laboratories Programs NCAR's service to the universities and larger geosciences community is reinforced by the offerings of UCAR's community programs . NCAR

242-677: The Might and Magic series MM5 register , a CPU register used by the MMX extension [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MM5&oldid=1090324345 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

SECTION 10

#1732786735752

264-418: The basic sense, the model begins by taking the information and then makes a model of the land. This is done by using the piece TERRAIN. Then, the model guesses the different pressures that exist in the atmosphere throughout this plot of land, which is done through REGRID. Then, the model takes these guesses, and with the help of some surface observations, can create an objective analysis, using LITTLE_R. RAWINS

286-427: The desired outcome. The fact that the model is regional implies that it requires initial conditions and lateral boundary conditions. This means that each boundary (there are four) has initialized wind speeds, temperatures, pressure and moisture fields. Thus, gridded data is needed for this program. This model takes and then analyzes its data based on pressure surfaces. However, these surfaces must first be interpolated by

308-507: The input from one nest's coarse mesh, which is a high density of cells in one area, comes from one of the four boundaries, but the feedback to the coarser mesh happens through the nest interior. Each domain gathers information from its parent domain each timestep, then it runs three timesteps , and then delivers the information back to its parent domain. There are three different ways to do two-way nesting: Nest interpolation, nest analysis input, and nest terrain input. Interpolation occurs when

330-451: The memory to assign specific values to the desired variables. MM5 can also perform multiple tasks at once. Specifically, two different tasks can be executed on different processors simultaneously and MM5 uses this as much as possible. This multi-tasking also uses nesting, and MM5 allows up to nine domains (processes) running at the same time and they interact throughout the whole process. The model utilizes two-way nesting, which occurs when

352-589: The nonprofit University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) and funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). NCAR has multiple facilities, including the I. M. Pei -designed Mesa Laboratory headquarters in Boulder, Colorado . Studies include meteorology , climate science , atmospheric chemistry , solar-terrestrial interactions, environmental and societal impacts. NCAR was instrumental in developing lidar , light radar, now

374-502: The plots that users can view from all of the data given from the other programs. RIP stands for Read/Interpolate/Plot, and it uses NCAR Graphics to help envisage the output from the MM5. MM5 is written in FORTRAN . These FORTRAN programs must be compiled on a local computer, and some need to be recompiled each time a model configuration is changed. The program uses pointers to assign variables to values. These pointers go into parts of

396-625: The processors all have access to the same part of memory, while private implies that each processor must have its own private copy of an array with its personal memory location. The multi-tasking occurs specifically in the subroutines Solve1, Solve3, and Sound. MM5 can be run in many different ways, depending on the computer. The model can be run on a single processor computer, shared memory architecture or distributed memory architecture. It can be run on many different platforms as well such as IBM , SGI origin 200/2000, CRAYs (J90, C90, T3E), DEC Alphas, Alphas running Linux, Sun, and more. The computer it

418-469: The program looks at isobaric surfaces. Σ ranges from 0 to 1. It has adaptable and multiple nesting capabilities, which allows multiple programs to run at once, while utilizing 2-way nesting. MM5 features inputs from actual data, which is helpful because routine observations can be used. Then, data can be compared and used in context with other models. MM5 also features terrain-following vertical coordinates and four-dimensional data assimilation (FDDA). FDDA

440-431: The subroutines of all of the functions within the MM5, with a short description and the routines that are called within it can be found here. The MM5 had been adapted for use in many different types of atmospheric simulations: TERRAIN's latest update uses USGS global 30 sec terrain elevation data, which looks at the entire world, where before was only used in the continental United States. This new update also allows for

462-473: The terrain is smooth, such as water. There is no input that is required for this type of two-way nesting. Nest input requires a file called MMINPUT, and that file contains the meteorological and the terrain information so that initially, a better analysis can be done. Finally terrain input requires a TERRAIN file. Then the meteorological fields are interpolated . When multi-tasking occurs, the variables must be marked as either shared or private. Shared implies that

SECTION 20

#1732786735752

484-468: Was Walter Orr Roberts . The current director is Everette Joseph. NCAR has many opportunities for scientific visits to the facilities for workshops, colloquia, and collaboration by colleagues in academia, government labs, and the private sector. Many NCAR staff also visit colleagues at universities and labs and serve as adjunct or visiting faculty. The Visitor Center at the Mesa Laboratory

#751248