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79-837: Michael Jordan Bonema (born October 13, 1998), known professionally as MIKE (stylized in all caps ), is an American rapper, songwriter and record producer based in New York City . Bonema's non-typical upbringing, having experienced life in New Jersey , England , Philadelphia and New York City, has had an audible influence on his diverse and experimental music style. Bonema launched his professional career via his Bandcamp page in 2015. He gained interest from listeners, journalists and industry executives alike as he released several short-run EPs, his first critically reviewed mixtape, Winter New York , and his first full-length project, Longest Day, Shortest Night. Bonema then experienced

158-478: A pay what you want download on his Bandcamp , thanking several people within his support network, including his mother, father, sisters, Sweatshirt and members of Slums, for their contributions. Bonema continued the year by starting work on his commercial debut, a self-produced, short-player entitled By The Water EP . Bonema began to work on his next project, Black Soap , whilst living independently in London at

237-602: A "natural-born storyteller" that can effectively share observations, thoughts and confessions about trying to exist as an adolescent. Bonema states his earliest influence was Skepta , whilst also citing MF Doom , Chance the Rapper , Drake , Lil Wayne and Tyler, the Creator as major contributors to his sound. He also cites Sade , King Krule and mentor Earl Sweatshirt as important influencers regarding his writing style, as he appreciates how they make "real life music" where

316-493: A "young black boy in America". Bonema also learned to produce music in 2016, as his friend and fellow Slums member, Sixpress, taught him how to use the digital audio workstation Ableton Live . He says it was important as it allowed him to take full creative control of his music and be able to "100 percent" reflect and express what he was feeling. Bonema started working on a new mixtape, initially called By The Water , towards

395-726: A break-out year in 2017, as he became recognised within hip hop circles via his next full-length project, entitled May God Bless Your Hustle , in June 2017. Bonema then released several follow-up projects, including Black Soap in May 2018, quickly followed by Renaissance Man in June 2018 and War in My Pen in December 2018. He has continued to gain external interest from the likes of Pitchfork , The Fader and The New Yorker for his lyricism, music production and cultural influence. Bonema

474-689: A commonly preferred alternative to all caps text is the use of small caps to emphasise key names or acronyms (for example, Text in Small Caps ), or the use of italics or (more rarely) bold . In addition, if all caps must be used it is customary to slightly widen the spacing between the letters, by around 10 per cent of the point height. This practice is known as tracking or letterspacing. Some digital fonts contain alternative spacing metrics for this purpose. Messages completely in capital letters are often equated on social media to shouting and other impolite or argumentative behaviors. This became

553-483: A computer program shouting at its user. Information technology journalist Lee Hutchinson described Microsoft's using the practice as "LITERALLY TERRIBLE ... [it] doesn't so much violate OS X's design conventions as it does take them out behind the shed, pour gasoline on them, and set them on fire." In programming, writing in all caps (possibly with underscores replacing spaces ) is an identifier naming convention in many programming languages that symbolizes that

632-495: A delicate scanning of characters (from a damaged image that needs further contextual text correction). Depending on the typeface , these similarities accidentally create various duplicates (even quite briefly and without realizing it when reading). E.g. H/A, F/E or I/T by adding a bar; P/R, O/Q, even C/G from similar errors; V/U, D/O, even B/S while rounding the shape; and more deformations implying mixings. Adding digits in all caps styled texts may multiply these confusions, which

711-527: A difference in social structures and the ways that adults and teens experience social reality. This difference indicates cultural differences between adolescents and adults, which supports the presence of separate youth culture. Throughout the twentieth century, youth have had a strong influence on both lifestyle and culture. The flappers and the Mods are two examples of the impact of youth culture on society. The flappers were young women that were confident about

790-452: A full-length collaborative album titled Faith Is a Rock on September 22, 2023. Mike then released his 12th solo album titled Burning Desire on October 13, 2023. Later that month, Mike released Dr. Grabba , the third album under his producer alias, dj blackpower, on October 31, 2023. Bonema collaborated with Tony Seltzer to release an album titled Pinball on March 6, 2024. Bonema has been described as hip hop's newest "wunderkind" and

869-466: A lack of hope in ones [ sic ] future". Teen culture may also have benefits for adolescents. Peer influence can have a positive effect on adolescents' well-being; for example, most teens report that peer pressure stops them from using drugs or engaging in sexual activity. Young people can make changes in society, such as through youth-led revolutions. Organizations of young people, which were often based on student identity, were crucial to

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948-399: A mainstream interpretation with the advent of networked computers, from the 1980s onward. However, a similar interpretation was already evidenced by written sources that predated the computing era, in some cases by at least a century, and the textual display of shouting or emphasis was still not a settled matter by 1984. The following sources may be relevant to the history of all caps: Before

1027-414: A means of finding identity when one's path in life is not always clear. Erik Erikson theorized that the vital psychological conflict of adolescence is identity versus role confusion . The goal of this stage of life is to answer the question, "Who am I?" In many societies, adolescents are expected to behave like children and take on adult roles. Some psychologists have theorized that forming youth culture

1106-565: A medium to express himself. Bonema also cites the women in his life, including his mother, older sisters and school teachers, as major inspirations. He states that the title of his break-out mixtape, May God Bless Your Hustle , was inspired by a phrase his mother used to say to him. Bonema recalls that his childhood was difficult, having to "adjust over and over again" each time he moved between Livingston , London, Essex, Philadelphia and New York City. He also states that he started to distance himself and avoid communicating with others because it

1185-593: A prosperous future after World War I . This liveliness showed in their new attitudes in life in which they openly drank, smoked, and, in some cases, socialized with gangster-type men. The fashionable dress at the time also reflected the flapper's new lifestyle. Mods emerged during a time of war and political and social troubles, and stemmed from a group called the modernists . They were young men and women who came from all classes who believed that their fashion choices "gave them entrée everywhere" and empowered them. The Mods' style and embrace of modern technology spread from

1264-449: A reflection of different morals held by younger generations. Multiple studies have found that most adolescents hold views that are similar to their parents. One study challenged the theory that adolescent cohorts had distanced themselves from their parents by finding that between 1976 and 1982, their problems increased, and they became less peer-oriented. A second study's findings that adolescents' values were more similar to their parents in

1343-541: A simple exercise in discovering how to express himself as a 14-year-old. As Bonema grew older, he began to develop his own tastes in hip-hop and started following artists like Tyler, the Creator , Earl Sweatshirt and other members of the Odd Future collective. By 2013, Bonema started to take hip-hop more seriously, and began releasing music, emailing journalists within the industry and directly communicating with record executives. Bonema released his first-ever project,

1422-552: A six-track EP entitled Belgium Butter , to his Bandcamp in January 2015. Bonema states that he made this project mostly for himself, as he was trying to figure out his place in the community and rebuild self-confidence. Around this time, Bonema was searching for independence and stability, so he co-founded an underground hip-hop group called Slums. He states the group, which consists of like-minded New York City artists Adé Hakim, aJodi.10k, Darryl Johnson, King Carter and Mason Dreiling,

1501-532: A slowed speed is possible – but in principle too many factors of low legibility are involved." Other critics are of the opinion that all caps letters in text are often "too tightly packed against each other". Besides the aforementioned speed of reading, all caps is can be prone to character -based ambiguities. Namely, the upper-case letters are globally simpler than their lower-case counterpart. For example, they lack ascenders and descenders . Since they are built from fewer positional and building elements (e.g.

1580-416: A smaller grid pertaining to minimalist digital fonts), they are more fragile to small changes. These variations, generally involuntary but sometimes induced on purpose, are caused by a misinterpretation (the information is transferred) or by a deterioration (the data is lost, in the analysis wording). They can occur horizontally and/or vertically, while misreading (without this extra effort or time), or during

1659-663: A term is conspicuous, we look at more than formatting. A term that appears in capitals can still be inconspicuous if it is hidden on the back of a contract in small type. Terms that are in capitals but also appear in hard-to-read type may flunk the conspicuousness test. A sentence in capitals, buried deep within a long paragraph in capitals will probably not be deemed conspicuous...it is entirely possible for text to be conspicuous without being in capitals. Certain musicians—such as Marina , Finneas , who are both known mononymously, and MF DOOM —as well as some bands such as Haim and Kiss —have their names stylised in all caps. Additionally, it

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1738-478: A variety of other factors. There is a debate surrounding the presence, existence, and origins of youth culture. Some researchers argue that youth culture is not a separate culture, as their values and morals are not distinct from those of their parents. Additionally, peer influence varies greatly among contexts, gender, age, and social status , making a single "youth culture" difficult to define. which differ from those of their parent's culture. Janssen et al. used

1817-411: A young Bonema first gained interest in hip-hop by watching the music videos of Skepta , Chipmunk and N-Dubz with his mother and older sisters. He also states that he was surrounded by Contemporary R&B artists like Chingy and Bow Wow in his early life, as he "lived in a house with lots of girls". In 2010, upon Bonema's return to Philadelphia, he began to gain a more comprehensive interest in

1896-744: Is a co-founder of Slums (stylised as [sLUms].), an online-focused, underground hip-hop collective consisting of himself, Adé Hakim, Jodi.10k (formerly Jazz Jodi), Darryl Johnson, King Carter and Mason Dreiling. He currently releases his music through his own independent record label and publishing company, 10k. Michael Jordan Bonema was born on October 13, 1998, in Livingston, New Jersey . He spent his early years in New Jersey , before moving to England at age 5, where his mother thought he would receive better educational opportunities. Bonema spent five years growing up in Hackney , London , where he claimed he

1975-485: Is a culture. Schwartz and Merten used adolescent language to argue that youth culture is distinct from the rest of society. Schwartz argued that high school students used their vocabulary to create meanings that are distinct to adolescents. Specifically, the adolescent status terminology (the words that adolescents use to describe hierarchical social statuses) contains qualities and attributes that are not present in adult status judgments. According to Schwartz, this reflects

2054-431: Is a step to adopt an identity that reconciles these two conflicting expectations. For example, Talcott Parsons posited that adolescence is when young people transition from reliance on parents to autonomy. In this transitory state, dependence on the peer group serves as a stand-in for parents. Burlingame restated this hypothesis in 1970. He wrote that adolescents replace parents with the peer group and that this reliance on

2133-493: Is able to "translate it through different forms". Bonema prefers to release music via Bandcamp , but has started to release select projects to SoundCloud , Spotify and Apple Music . All caps In typography , text or font in all caps (short for " all capitals ") contains capital letters without any lowercase letters. For example: THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPS OVER THE LAZY DOG. All-caps text can be seen in legal documents, advertisements , newspaper headlines , and

2212-403: Is an "apparent consensus" that lower-case text is more legible, but that some editors continue to use all caps in text regardless. In his studies of all caps in headlines , he states that, "Editors who favor capitals claim that they give greater emphasis. Those who prefer lower case claim their preferences gives greater legibility." Wheildon, who informs us that "When a person reads a line of type,

2291-615: Is common for bands with vowelless names (a process colourfully known as " disemvoweling ") to use all caps, with prominent examples including STRFKR , MSTRKRFT , PWR BTTM , SBTRKT , JPNSGRLS (now known as Hotel Mira), BLK JKS , MNDR , and DWNTWN . Miles Tinker , renowned for his landmark work, Legibility of Print , performed scientific studies on the legibility and readability of all-capital print. His findings were as follows: All-capital print greatly retards speed of reading in comparison with lower-case type. Also, most readers judge all capitals to be less legible. Faster reading of

2370-974: Is debatable. More than 70 percent of American high school students report having drunk alcohol. Similarly, about two-thirds of teenagers have engaged in sexual intercourse by the time they leave high school. As drinking and having sex may be common in adolescence, many researchers include them as aspects of youth culture. While engaging in these activities can have harmful consequences, the majority of adolescents who engage in these risky behaviors do not suffer long-term consequences. The possibilities of addiction, pregnancy, incarceration, and other negative outcomes are some potentially negative effects of participation in youth culture. Research demonstrates that many factors may influence youth to engage in high-risk behaviors, including "a lack of stable role models, heightened family stresses, lowered levels of family investment, weakened emotional bonds between parents and their children, lowered levels of social capital and social control, and

2449-435: Is less legible and readable than lower-case text. In addition, switching to all caps may make text appear hectoring and obnoxious for cultural reasons, since all-capitals is often used in transcribed speech to indicate that the speaker is shouting. All-caps text is common in comic books, as well as on older teleprinter and radio transmission systems, which often do not indicate letter case at all. In professional documents,

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2528-435: Is one aim of Leet (intentional pseudo duplicates) and can provide simple means of concealing messages (often numbers). Youth culture An emphasis on clothes, popular music, sports, vocabulary, and dating typically sets youth apart from other age groups. Within youth culture, there are many constantly changing youth subcultures , which may be divided based on race, ethnicity, economic status, public appearance, or

2607-566: The ASCII table , so can display both alphabets, but all caps only. Mikrosha is switchable to KOI-7N1, in this mode, it can display both caps and lower-case, but in Cyrillic only. Other Soviet computers, such as BK0010 , MK 85 , Corvette and Agat-9 , use 8-bit encoding called KOI-8R, they can display both Cyrillic and Latin in caps and lower-case. Many, but not all NES games use all caps because of tile graphics, where charset and tiles share

2686-802: The Vietnam War were also student-driven. Many college campuses opposed the war with sit-ins and demonstrations. Organizations such as the Young Americans for Freedom , the Student Libertarian Movement, and the Student Peace Union were based on youth status and contributed to anti-war activities. Some scholars have claimed that the activism during the Vietnam War was symbolic of a youth culture whose values were against mainstream American culture. In

2765-442: The terror management theory (TMT) to argue for the existence of youth culture. They tested the following hypothesis: "If youth culture serves to help adolescents deal with problems of vulnerability and finiteness, then reminders of mortality should lead to increased allegiance to cultural practices and beliefs of the youth." The results supported the hypothesis and the outcome of previous studies, and suggest that youth culture

2844-534: The "simple stuff hits you the hardest". Bonema's support of MF Doom helped influence his stage name, MIKE, as the alias developed through his first recorded song where he rapped, 'Something, something, something, write my name in all caps like DOOM did'. Bonema regards Between the World and Me by Ta-Nehisi Coates and Punkzilla by Adam Rapp as important books that improved his creative processes. He states they were important as they taught him how to use music as

2923-653: The 1980s than in the 1960s and '70s echoes Sebald's finding . Another study did find differences between adolescents' and parents' attitudes but found that the differences were in the degree of belief, not in the behavior itself. There may also be pluralistic ignorance on the part of youth when comparing their attitudes to peers and parents. A study by Lerner et al. asked college students to compare their attitudes on several issues to their peers and parents. Most students rated their attitudes as falling somewhere between their parents' more conservative attitudes and their peers' more liberal attitudes. The authors suggested that

3002-573: The 1990s, more than three-quarters of newspapers in the western world used lower-case letters in headline text. Discussion regarding the use of all caps for headlines centers on the greater emphasis offered by all caps versus the greater legibility offered by lower-case letters. Colin Wheildon conducted a scientific study with 224 readers who analyzed various headline styles and concluded that "Headlines set in capital letters are significantly less legible than those set in lower case." All caps typography

3081-452: The 5 and 10-minute time limits, and 13.9 percent for the whole 20-minute period". Tinker concluded that, "Obviously, all-capital printing slows reading to a marked degree in comparison with Roman lower case." Tinker provides the following explanations for why all capital printing is more difficult to read: Text in all capitals covers about 35 percent more printing surface than the same material set in lower case. This would tend to increase

3160-804: The American civil rights movement , which included organizations like the Southern Student Organizing Committee , Students for a Democratic Society , and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee . The Freedom Summer campaign relied heavily on college students; hundreds of students engaged in registering African Americans to vote, teaching in "Freedom Schools", and organizing the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party . The American protests in

3239-481: The Monkey , released on December 21, 2022. The first album single, "nuthin i can do is wrng", was released on October 13, 2022. The second single, "What Do I Do?", was released on November 3, 2022. The third and last single, "Stop Worry" featuring Sister Nancy , was released on November 29, 2022. Mike collaborated with Wiki and The Alchemist to release an EP titled One More on November 25, 2022. They then released

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3318-458: The UK overseas to North America and other countries. The presence of youth culture is a relatively recent historical phenomenon. There are several dominant theories about the emergence of youth culture in the 20th century, which include hypotheses about the historical, economic, and psychological influences on the presence of youth culture. One historical theory credits the emergence of youth culture to

3397-500: The World on June 21, 2020. On October 31, 2020, Bonema released his debut EP blp2020: "king of the night" under the alias dj blackpower. A second EP under the same alias, titled BLP2021: "For Ur Own Good" , was released in early 2021. Bonema released Disco! on June 21, 2021, peaking at number 98 on the Billboard Top Current Album Sales chart. On October 13, 2022, Bonema announced Beware of

3476-445: The adult world". Common concerns about youth culture include a perceived lack of interest in education, involvement in risky behaviors like substance use and sexual activity, and engaging extensively in leisure activities. These perceptions have led many adults to believe that adolescents hold different values than older generations and to perceive youth culture as an attack on the morals of current society. These worries have prompted

3555-462: The beginning of compulsory schooling . James Coleman argues that age segregation is the root of separate youth culture. Before mandatory education, many children and adolescents interacted primarily with adults. In contrast, modern children associate extensively with others their age. These interactions allow adolescents to develop shared experiences and meanings, which are the root of youth culture. Another theory posits that some cultures facilitate

3634-456: The beginning of 2017. He delayed the project due to artistic challenges, stating he wanted the project to reflect who he was, but was struggling as his "mind wasn't in the right place" and he felt like he wasn't being true to himself. Bonema's mother inadvertently motivated him to restart work on the project, as she posted "May God Bless Your Hustle" on his Instagram. He states that his mother's phrase perfectly summarized his situation, as he knew he

3713-456: The communicated norms. Therefore, many societies use age grouping, such as in schools, to educate their children on societies' norms and prepare them for adulthood; youth culture is a byproduct of this tactic. Because children spend so much time together and learn the same things as the rest of their age group, they develop their own culture. Psychological theorists have noted the role of youth culture in identity development. Youth culture may be

3792-583: The creation of parenting websites such as The Youth Culture Report and the Center for Parent Youth Understanding, whose goal is to preserve the values of older generations in young people. There is no consensus among researchers about whether youth subcultures hold different beliefs than adults do. Some researchers have noted the simultaneous rise in age segregation and adolescent adjustment problems such as suicide, delinquency, and premarital pregnancy. However, most evidence suggests that these youth problems are not

3871-494: The culture behind hip-hop. He began to familiarise himself with the emerging American hip-hop scene, stating he studied the works of artists like Chance the Rapper , Drake and Lil Wayne . Bonema recorded his first-ever song, a cover of MF Doom and Madlib 's underground hit ' All Caps ', in 2012. Bonema reflects on the song as being inspired by his lifestyle in Philadelphia , having an aggressive vocal energy and acting as

3950-462: The development of lower-case letters in the 8th century, texts in the Latin alphabet were written in a single case, which is now considered to be capital letters. Text in all caps is not widely used in body copy . The main exception to this is the so-called fine print in legal documents. Capital letters have been widely used in printed headlines from the early days of newspapers until the 1950s. In

4029-407: The development of youth culture, while others do not. The basis of this distinction is the presence of universalistic or particularistic norms. Particularistic norms are guidelines for behavior that vary from one individual to another. In contrast, universalistic norms apply to all members of society. Universalistic norms are more likely to be found in industrialized societies. Modernization in

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4108-516: The early 2010s, the Arab Spring illustrated how young people played roles in demonstrations and protests. The movement was initiated primarily by young people, mostly college students dissatisfied with the opportunities afforded to them. The participation of young people prompted Time magazine to include several youth members of the movement in its 2011 list of 100 most influential people. Additionally, this movement utilized social media (which

4187-534: The evidence that all-capital printing retards speed of reading to a striking degree in comparison with lower case and is not liked by readers, it would seem wise to eliminate such printing whenever rapid reading and consumer (reader) views are of importance. Examples of this would include any continuous reading material, posters, bus cards, billboards, magazine advertising copy, headings in books, business forms and records, titles of articles, books and book chapters, and newspaper headlines. Colin Wheildon stated that there

4266-538: The eye recognizes letters by the shapes of their upper halves", asserts that recognizing words in all caps "becomes a task instead of a natural process". His conclusions, based on scientific testing in 1982–1990, are: "Headlines set in capital letters are significantly less legible than those set in lower case." John Ryder , in the Case for Legibility , stated that "Printing with capital letters can be done sufficiently well to arouse interest and, with short lines, reading at

4345-569: The given identifier represents a constant . A practice exists (most commonly in Francophone countries) of distinguishing the surname from the rest of a personal name by stylizing the surname only in all caps. This practice is also common among Japanese, when names are spelled using Roman letters. In April 2013, the U.S. Navy moved away from an all caps-based messaging system, which was begun with 1850s-era teleprinters that had only uppercase letters. The switch to mixed-case communications

4424-423: The last century has encouraged universalistic norms since interaction in modern societies makes it necessary for everyone to learn the same set of norms. Modernization and universalistic norms have encouraged the growth of youth culture. The need for universalistic norms has made it impractical for young people's socialization to come primarily from immediate family members, which would lead to significant variation in

4503-567: The lower-case print is due to the characteristic word forms furnished by this type. This permits reading by word units, while all capitals tend to be read letter by letter. Furthermore, since all-capital printing takes at least one-third more space than lower case, more fixation pauses are required for reading the same amount of material. The use of all capitals should be dispensed with in every printing situation. According to Tinker, "As early as 1914, Starch reported that material set in Roman lower case

4582-452: The market economy of modern society. As a means of coping with these contrasting aspects of adolescence, youth create freedom through behavior—specifically, through leisure -oriented activities done with peers. For decades, adults have worried that youth subcultures were the root of moral degradation and changing values in younger generations. Researchers have characterized youth culture as embodying values that are "in conflict with those of

4661-523: The opportunity to add marginal notes emphasising key points. Legal writing expert Bryan A. Garner has described the practice as "ghastly". A 2020 study found that all-caps in legal texts is ineffective and is, in fact, harmful to older readers. In 2002, a US court spoke out against the practice, ruling that simply making text all-capitals has no bearing on whether it is clear and easily readable: Lawyers who think their caps lock keys are instant "make conspicuous" buttons are deluded. In determining whether

4740-471: The peer group diminishes as youth enter adulthood and take on adult roles. Fasick relates youth culture as a method of identity development to the simultaneous elongation of childhood and the need for independence in adolescence. According to Fasick, adolescents face contradictory pulls from society. Compulsory schooling keeps them socially and economically dependent on their parents, while young people need to achieve some sort of independence to participate in

4819-489: The reading time. When this is combined with the difficulty in reading words in all-capital letters as units, the hindrance to rapid reading becomes marked. In the eye-movement study by Tinker and Patterson, the principal difference in oculomotor patterns between lower case and all capitals was the very large increase in number of fixation pauses for reading the all-capital print. All caps text should be eliminated from most forms of composition, according to Tinker: Considering

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4898-452: The reason for this is that the students perceived their friends as more liberal than they were. Sports, language, music, clothing, and dating tend to be superficial ways of expressing autonomy —they can be adopted without compromising one's beliefs or values. Some areas in which adolescents assert autonomy can cause long-term consequences, such as substance use and sexual activity. The impact of youth culture on deviance and sexual behavior

4977-572: The same ROM. Game designers often choose to have less characters in favor of more tiles. With the advent of the bulletin board system , or BBS, and later the Internet, typing messages in all caps commonly became closely identified with "shouting" or attention-seeking behavior, and may be considered rude. Its equivalence to shouting traces back to at least 1984 and before the Internet, back to printed typography usage of all capitals to mean shouting. For this reason, etiquette generally discourages

5056-675: The start of 2018. He started to roll out the project in April, as he released the lead single "Time Ain't Enough", shared a music video produced by 10k Productions and provided a full list of the project's collaborators, including Standing on the Corner , Darryl Johnson, Adé Sayed, and his mother, Anu Akinbobye. He made the project available in May, which he described as "made with passion, love, and community", via online streaming, digital downloads and physical copies through Bandcamp . Bonema then focused on his follow-up project, Renaissance Man , which

5135-425: The titles on book covers. Short strings of words in capital letters appear bolder and "louder" than mixed case, and this is sometimes referred to as "screaming" or "shouting". All caps can also be used to indicate that a given word is an acronym . Studies have been conducted on the readability and legibility of all caps text. Scientific testing from the 20th century onward has generally indicated that all caps text

5214-581: The use of all caps when posting messages online. While all caps can be used as an alternative to rich-text "bolding" for a single word or phrase, to express emphasis, repeated use of all caps can be considered "shouting" or irritating. Some aspects of Microsoft's Metro design language involve the use of all caps headings and titles. This has received particular attention when menu and ribbon titles appeared in all caps in Visual Studio 2012 and Office 2013 , respectively. Critics have compared this to

5293-614: The year. He described the mixtape, which was centred around youth culture in New York City, as "figuring out what self-worth and confidence meant... to be able to tell my story and the stories of people I know to help somebody else". Bonema followed up his breakout mixtape in February, releasing a four-track EP entitled Jungle Boy, based on the concept of New York City representing a "jungle". He then began working on his next project, entitled Longest Day, Shortest Night , which

5372-607: Was "stripped away from American culture and pushed into British culture". At age 10, Bonema first became interested in making music after listening to the English Grime artist Skepta . At age 12, Bonema returned to Philadelphia with his father, where he continued to experience and learn about American hip-hop culture. At age 16, he re-settled to The Bronx with his father, before moving to Brooklyn , eventually founding Slums with his friends. Whilst living in England in 2008,

5451-487: Was "too much work". He often reflects on his mental health issues, stating he first dealt with depression as a 14-year-old, as it "was a weird time" where he was forced to be independent and didn't know much about self-worth. He also states he experienced anxiety at school as he was "around too many people" and was "being told to do things". Bonema remains close with his family, as he consistently visits his New York-based sisters, contacts his Philadelphia -based father and

5530-443: Was an important moment in his life where he "felt good to be around people that he felt like he understood. Bonema released two more short-run EPs throughout 2015 – Crimson EP and RAFA (running away from the ajogun) , the latter of which demonstrated his renewed focus on collaborating with other members of Slums. Bonema also worked on his breakout mixtape, Winter New York , in a shared New York City apartment with Slums throughout

5609-445: Was branded as one of the most important figures in contemporary hip-hop by the likes of Pitchfork , The Fader and The New Yorker . He is characterised primarily by his voice, which has been classified as "monotone and muffled", as well as his "intoxicatingly slow" vocal delivery, his "preternatural sense" of understanding rhythmic technique and his "signature blend" of lo-fi drum beats and contorted jazz loops. He also been praised as

5688-643: Was common on teletype machines, such as those used by police departments, news, and the United States' then-called Weather Bureau , as well as early computers, such as certain early Apple II models and the ZX81 , which had a limited support for lower-case text. This changed as full support of ASCII became standard, allowing lower-case characters. Some Soviet computers , such as Radio-86RK , Vector-06C , Agat-7 , use 7-bit encoding called KOI-7N2, where capital Cyrillic letters replace lower-case Latin letters in

5767-496: Was estimated to save the Navy $ 20 million a year and is compliant with current Internet protocol. An antiquated practice that still remains in use, especially by older American lawyers who grew up before the arrival of computers, is to use all caps text for text that is legally required to be emphasised and clearly readable. The practice dates to the period of typewriters, which generally did not offer bold text, small capitals, or

5846-427: Was read somewhat faster than similar material printed in all capitals." Another study in 1928 showed that "all-capital text was read 11.8 percent slower than lower case, or approximately 38 words per minute slower", and that "nine-tenths of adult readers consider lower case more legible than all capitals". A 1955 study by Miles Tinker showed that "all-capital text retarded speed of reading from 9.5 to 19.0 percent for

5925-573: Was released in June. He then released two more short-run EPs to end the year, including The Ones Who Were Made By Time in September and Tonight, With You in December. Around this time, Bonema established a connection to Earl Sweatshirt , who he describes as his "favorite rapper", after he purchased one of his projects on Bandcamp . Bonema states that they formed a mentor and mentee relationship, as Sweatshirt provided him advice on making music, learning to express himself and how to support himself as

6004-485: Was released independently through Bonema's own record label 10k. Bonema, alongside BbyMutha , Na-Kel Smith , Liv.e and Black Noi$ e , was announced as a support act for Earl Sweatshirt 's Fire It Up! tour in January. Sweatshirt launched the tour in March, performing across several locations within the United States and England throughout the three-month tour. On June 21, 2019, Bonema released Tears of Joy and Weight of

6083-433: Was released on the one-year anniversary of his breakout album, May God Bless Your Hustle , in June. Shortly after, Bonema announced a further project, titled War in My Pen , to be released in December. He stated it would be a 13-track effort produced by DJ Blackpower, featuring New York City-based artists and Slums affiliates Medhane, Sage Elesser and King Carter, as well as London-based artists Jadasea and Redlee. The project

6162-514: Was reunited with his London-based mother despite her living in Nigeria after "paperwork issues". He also positively reflects on his relationship with Earl Sweatshirt , stating he "understands how we express ourselves" and has spent time teaching him about life. Bonema says music is the most important part of his life, as the stage is the only place he feels comfortable. He further states that he struggles to communicate his feelings face-to-face, but

6241-542: Was struggling with his independent life in New York City, but also knew his extended support network was continuously sending him "blessings", "gifts" and "positive energy". Bonema continued to work on the project throughout the year, recording half of the songs at his home in Bedford–Stuyvesant whilst recording the other half at XL Recordings in Lower Manhattan . In June, he released the completed project as

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