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54-528: The Ministry manages five national programmes: MRRD offers training on rural development issues through its Afghanistan Institute for Rural Development. This article about government in Afghanistan is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Politics of Afghanistan The politics of Afghanistan are based on a totalitarian emirate within the Islamic theocracy in which

108-602: A dastur ( basic law ), which was approved by the Supreme Court in 1998 and re-authorized for the insurgency in July 2005 in response to the promulgation of the 2004 Constitution of the Islamic Republic. The dastur is vague; it named Mullah Omar Supreme Leader and places the highest authority in that position but does not outline a selection process or the constraints of the office. However, it does state that

162-540: A jihad against non-Muslims, also known as Moplah riots, with thousands being killed in the Malabar region of Kerala. The Arabic word dawla comes from the root d-w-l , meaning "to turn, come around in a cyclical fashion". In the Quran , it is used to refer to the nature of human fortunes, alternating between victory and defeat (3:140). This use led Arab writers to apply the word to succession of dynasties, particularly to

216-552: A reaction to the abolition of the Ottoman caliphate in 1924. It was also in this context that the famous dictum that Islam is both a religion and a state ( al-Islam din wa dawla ) was first popularized. The modern conception of Islamic state was first articulated by the Syrian-Egyptian Islamic theologian Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā (1865–1935). Rashid Rida condemned the 1922 Turkish Abolition of Sultanate which reduced

270-471: A right to attend, meet, and petition the king directly through the traditional tribal meeting known as the majlis . The Constitution of Yemen declares that Islam is the state religion , and that Shari'a (Islamic law) is the source of all legislation. The Islamic Republic of Mauritania is a country in the Maghreb region of western North Africa . Mauritania was declared an independent state as

324-516: A term, it has been used to describe various historical polities and theories of governance in the Islamic world. As a translation of the Arabic term dawlah islāmiyyah ( Arabic : دولة إسلامية ) it refers to a modern notion associated with political Islam ( Islamism ). Notable examples of historical Islamic states include the state of Medina , established by the Islamic prophet Muhammad , and

378-535: Is an Islamic absolute monarchy . The Basic Law of Saudi Arabia contains many characteristics of what might be called a constitution in other countries. However, the Qur'an and the Sunnah is declared to be the official constitution of the country which is governed on the basis of Islamic law (Shari'a) . The Allegiance Council is responsible to determine the new King and the new Crown Prince. All citizens of full age have

432-512: Is based out of Kandahar . The current caretaker cabinet was presented in an announcement on 7 September 2021. The country as a whole is headed by Hibatullah Akhundzada , who became head of the Taliban in 2016. The Prime Minister , Mohammad Hassan Akhund , was selected as a compromise candidate between moderate and hardline factions of the Taliban. There are two Deputy Prime Ministers, Abdul Ghani Baradar and Abdul Salam Hanafi . In total,

486-531: Is broadly respected among the Taliban and thus seen as a unifying figure. The Rahbari Shura (Leadership Council) is a 26-member council assisting the supreme leader with the governance of Afghanistan. According to now-Deputy Minister of Information and government spokesperson; Zabiullah Mujahid , the Rahbari Shura will oversee the Council of Ministers and determine key governmental decisions. The council

540-462: Is self-described as "interim". Taliban leadership rules by decree and judges and Taliban fighters decide how to apply the law on the spot based on their interpretation of Sharia . However, some guidelines have been put forth and there is a history of constitutional discourse within the Taliban that provides insight into their current governance. The Taliban has historically viewed the Quran as its constitution. An ulema (scholars) council drafted

594-419: Is to implement Sharia law. Unapproved protests were banned on 9 September 2021 following large-scale women-led protests. The policies regarding women include a ban on participation in sports. In September 2021, the government ordered primary schools to reopen for both sexes and announced plans to reopen secondary schools for male students, without committing to do the same for female students. While

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648-781: The Khilafa into a purely spiritual authority; soon after the First World War . In his book al-Khilafa aw al-Imama al-Uzma (The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate) published in 1922, Rida asserted that the Caliphate should have the combined powers of both spiritual and temporal authority. He called for the establishment of an Islamic state led by Arabs , functioning as a khilāfat ḍurūrah (caliphate of necessity) that upholds Sharia , and defend its Muslim and non-Muslim subjects. Another important modern conceptualization of

702-532: The Hanafi school. Government operations in Afghanistan historically have consisted of power struggles, coups and unstable transfers of power. The country has been governed by various systems of government, including a monarchy , republic , theocracy , dictatorship , and a pro- communist state . Afghanistan currently functions without a clear constitution or any basis for the rule of law . The government

756-674: The Ottoman Empire was abolished under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1924 as part of Atatürk's Reforms . This move was most vigorously protested in India, as Mahatma Gandhi and Indian Muslims united behind the symbolism of the Ottoman Caliph in the Khilafat Movement which sought to reinstate the caliph deposed by Atatürk. The movement leveraged the Ottoman resistance against political pressure from Britain to abolish

810-516: The Supreme Leader of Iran and its clerical system of rule. The council itself was also the executive body of the Taliban during the War in Afghanistan , determining the overall direction of the group as an insurgency. According to an Al Jazeera report, the Council of Ministers is powerless in practice, with all political power actually being vested with Akhundzada and the Rahbari Shura, which

864-467: The Taliban Movement holds a monopoly on power. Dissent is not permitted, and politics are mostly limited to internal Taliban policy debates and power struggles. As the government is provisional , there is no constitution or other basis for the rule of law. The structure is autocratic , with all power concentrated in the hands of the supreme leader and his clerical advisors. According to

918-563: The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) and consequently the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258). The essence or guiding principles of an Islamic government or Islamic state is the concept of al- Shura . Several scholars have different understandings or thoughts, with regard to the concept al-Shura. However, most Muslim scholars are of the opinion that Islamic al-Shura should consist of the following: Muhammad himself respected

972-570: The V-Dem Democracy indices Afghanistan was as of 2023 the 4th least electoral democratic country in the world. Afghanistan has been unstable for decades, with frequent coups, civil wars, and violent transfers of power. Most recently, the Taliban seized power in 2021 from the Western-backed Islamic Republic , and re-formed the government to implement a far stricter interpretation of Sharia law according to

1026-482: The constituent assembly would in large part be made up of ulema knowledgeable in Sharia law . Some interviewees stated the 2004 Constitution was sufficiently Islamic, and that the Islamic Republic suffered political—rather than religious— illegitimacy, due to the influence of foreign powers. Therefore, they left the door open to a constitution substantially similar to the 2004 Constitution. An exploratory committee on

1080-506: The dastur appeared to fade from Taliban discourse, and interviewees in the Political Commission suggested there would be room for drafting a new political framework post-U.S. withdrawal. They have consistently stated that a new constitution would be drafted only through an open consultative process rather than being imposed on the country unilaterally. However, they have invariably stated it would outline an Islamic state and

1134-443: The previous period of Taliban rule which lasted from 1996 to 2001. The government was announced by the Taliban's chief spokesman, Zabihullah Mujahid , who stated that this cabinet was not complete, with further appointments intended to be made. While the Taliban had previously stated that they wanted to form an inclusive government, all ministers were long-standing members of the Taliban. On 21 September 2021, Mujahid announced

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1188-410: The 2004 Constitution abolished and ordered the government not to use the 1964 Constitution as a replacement, ruling neither is compatible with Sharia. Influential Taliban interviewees, including members of the Political Commission, have suggested that the dastur was never intended to be a permanent constitution, but rather a document outlining the Taliban's vision for a transitional state. Around 2010

1242-585: The Arab caliphate which continued under his successors and the Umayyads . The concept of the modern Islamic state has been articulated and promoted by ideologues such as Sayyid Rashid Rida , Mohammed Omar , Abul A'la Maududi , Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini , Israr Ahmed , Sayyid Qutb and Hassan al-Banna . Implementation of Islamic law plays an important role in modern theories of the Islamic state, as it did in classical Islamic political theories. However, most of

1296-502: The Iranian Revolution also became disenchanted and critical of the unity of religion and state in the Islamic Republic of Iran, are advocating secularization of the state to preserve the purity of the Islamic faith (see Abdolkarim Soroush and Mohsen Kadivar ). Per Supreme leader, Islamic state is the 3rd phase of Iranian Islamic Republic program and is in and of itself part of New Islamic Civilization . Saudi Arabia

1350-575: The Islamic Republic of Mauritania, on November 28, 1960. The Constitutional Charter of 1985 declares Islam as the state religion and sharia the law of the land. Pakistan was created as a separate state for Indian Muslims in British India in 1947, and followed the parliamentary form of democracy. In 1949, the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan passed the Objectives Resolution which envisaged an official role for Islam as

1404-530: The Islamic state is attributed to Abul A'la Maududi (1903–1979), a Pakistani Muslim theologian who founded the political party Jamaat-e-Islami and inspired other Islamic revolutionaries such as Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini . Abul A'la Maududi's early political career was influenced greatly by anti-colonial agitation in India, especially after the tumultuous abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924 stoked anti-British sentiment. The Islamic state

1458-658: The Islamic state: The first Islamic State was the political entity established by Muhammad in Medina in 622 CE under the Constitution of Medina . It represented the political unity of the Muslim Ummah (nation). It was subsequently transformed into the caliphate by Muhammad's disciples, who were known as the Rightly Guided ( Rashidun ) Caliphs (632–661 CE). The Islamic State significantly expanded under

1512-530: The Persian davlat can mean either state or government. According to Pakistani scholar of Islamic history Qamaruddin Khan, the term Islamic state "was never used in the theory or practice of Muslim political science, before the twentieth century". Sohail H. Hashmi characterizes dawla Islamiyya as a neologism found in contemporary Islamist writings. Islamic theories of the modern notion of state first emerged as

1566-581: The Quran and Hanafi law if the supreme leader directs it. Hibatullah Akhundzada is the supreme leader of Afghanistan , having authority on all political, military, and religious decisions, and government appointments. As supreme leader, much of his work is done alongside the Rahbari Shura (Leadership Council) which oversees the Cabinet and Prime Minister of Afghanistan . The Rahbari Shura in conjunction with Akhundzada appoints individuals to key positions within

1620-472: The Taliban abruptly reversed plans to allow girls to resume secondary school education (defined as grade seven and up in Afghanistan). Except for the current cohort of university students, this decision leaves graduating from sixth grade as the highest level of educational attainment possible for Afghan women. Secondary schools for boys reopened on schedule. A statement from the ministry of education cited

1674-537: The Taliban concerning areas such as spoils of war , contributions to the Taliban insurgency , and political appointments in the new government. Factions involved include both political moderates , religious fundamentalists , jihadists , and the Haqqani network . Islamic state Political Militant [REDACTED] Islam portal An Islamic state has a form of government based on sharia . As

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1728-548: The Taliban states that female college students will be able to resume higher education provided that they are segregated from male students (and professors, when possible), The Guardian notes that "if the high schools do not reopen for girls, the commitments to allow university education would become meaningless once the current cohort of students graduated." Higher Education Minister Abdul Baqi Haqqani said that female university students will be required to observe proper hijab , but did not specify if this required covering

1782-494: The cabinet (not including Hibatulla Akhundzada) included 33 ministers. All of the ministers named were men. Two ministers were Tajik , and one ( Abdul Salam Hanafi ) was Uzbek . All other ministers, as well as Hibatullah Akhundzada, are from the Pashtun ethnic group. As the country's largest ethnicity, Pashtuns have long dominated both the Taliban and non-Taliban politics. Some members of the government served as ministers during

1836-544: The cabinet; which includes the positions of Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Minister of the Interior. Currently, the supreme leader is also responsible for determining the overall aims of the Cabinet of Afghanistan, serving as a point of unity and leadership among the various factions of the Taliban. Because of Hibatullah Akhundzada's credentials as Mawlawi and knowledge of Fiqh , he

1890-707: The caliphate, connecting it with Indian nationalism and the movement for independence from British rule . However, the Khilafat found little support from the Muslims of the Middle East themselves who preferred to be independent nation states rather than being under the Ottoman Turkish rule. In the Indian sub-continent, although Gandhi tried to co-opt the Khilafat as a national movement, it soon degenerated into

1944-513: The decision of the shura members. He is the champion of the notion of al-Shura, and this was illustrated in one of the many historical events, such as in the Battle of Khandaq ( Battle of the Trench ), where Muhammad was faced with two decisions, i.e. to fight the invading non-Muslim Arab armies outside of Medina or wait until they enter the city. After consultation with the sahabah (companions), it

1998-493: The democratic principles of electoral politics with the socialist principles of concern for the poor. Today, many Muslim countries have incorporated Islamic law in part into their legal systems. Certain Muslim states have declared Islam to be their state religion in their constitutions, but do not apply Islamic law in their courts. Islamic states which are not Islamic monarchies are usually referred to as Islamic republics, such as

2052-414: The drafting of a constitution was formed in early 2022, however, no updates have since been given. In September 2022, Acting Deputy Minister of Justice Maulvi Abdul Karim stated that the Quran essentially functions as the constitution and all issues can be handled through the application of Hanafi law without a written constitution. However, he added that the ministry would prepare a constitution based on

2106-521: The expansion of the Taliban's interim cabinet by naming deputy ministers. Mujdahid defended the all-male additional members, saying it included members of ethnic minorities, such as the Hazaras , and women might be added later. The appointment included figures from Panjshir and Baghlan . The full name of the state is the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. As an Islamic state , Taliban policy

2160-469: The face. Kabul University reopened in February 2022, with female students attending in the morning and males in the afternoon. Other than the closure of the music department, few changes to the curriculum were reported. Female students were officially required to wear an abaya and a hijab to attend, although some wore a shawl instead. Attendance was reportedly low on the first day. In March 2022,

2214-493: The group announced the enactment of parts of the 1964 monarchy constitution that are "not in conflict with Sharia" to govern the country in the interim. Observers have noted that the dastur is being followed, though there are few conflicts between it and the 1964 Constitution, which granted immense powers to the King. In August 2022, Parwan Governor Obaidullah Aminzada stated that Supreme Leader Hibatullah Akhundzada had declared

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2268-594: The islamic republics of Iran, Pakistan and Mauritania . Pakistan adopted the title under the constitution of 1956 ; Mauritania adopted it on 28 November 1958; and Iran adopted it after the 1979 Revolution that overthrew the Pahlavi dynasty . In Iran, the form of government is known as the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists . Afghanistan was run as an Islamic state ( Islamic State of Afghanistan ) in

2322-492: The lack of an acceptable school uniform for female high school students. Afghanistan's envoy to the United Nations has requested that the international community not recognise the new government. The Taliban seeks such recognition, and it has not yet received this, other governments are engaging with it to an extent. Since coming to power, there have been reports of factionalism and infighting among various camps of

2376-637: The majority opinion (by the sahabah ) is better than a decision made by one individual. The Ottoman Sultan , Selim I (1512–1520) reclaimed the title of caliph which had been in dispute and asserted by a diversity of rulers and shadow caliphs in the centuries of the Abbasid- Mamluk Caliphate since the Mongols' sacking of Baghdad and the killing of the last Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad, Iraq 1258. The Ottoman Caliphate as an office of

2430-475: The modern theories also make use of notions that did not exist before the modern era. Today, many Muslim countries have incorporated Islamic law , wholly or in part, into their legal systems . Certain Muslim states have declared Islam to be their state religion in their constitutions , but do not apply Islamic law in their courts. Islamic states that are not Islamic monarchies are mostly Islamic republics . Majid Khadduri gives six stages of history for

2484-819: The official religion of Libya. Brunei is an absolute Islamic monarchy . With the constitution in 1959, Islam became the official religion of the country. Leading up to the Iranian Revolution of 1979 , many of the highest-ranking clergy in Shia Islam held to the standard doctrine of the Imamate , which allows political rule only by Muhammad or one of his true successors. They were opposed to creating an Islamic state (see Ayatollah Ha'eri Yazdi (Khomeini's own teacher), Ayatollah Borujerdi , Grand Ayatollah Shariatmadari , and Grand Ayatollah Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei ). Contemporary theologians who were once part of

2538-540: The overthrow of the Umayyads of Damascus by the Abbasids . The first Abbasid caliphs themselves spoke of "our dawla " in the sense of "our turn/time of success". As Abbasids maintained their power, the dynastic sense of dawla became conflated with their dynastic rule, and in later times al-Dawla was used across the Islamic world as a honorific title for rulers and high officials. Like their Christian contemporaries, pre-modern Muslims did not generally conceive of

2592-430: The post-communist era since 1992, but then de facto by the Taliban ( Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan ) in areas controlled by them since 1996 and after the 2001 overthrow of the Taliban the country was still known as the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan until 15 August 2021, when the Taliban captured the country . Pan-Islamism is a form of Internationalism and anti-nationalism within political Islam which advocates

2646-425: The state as an abstract entity distinct from the individual or group who held political power. The word dawla and its derivatives began to acquire modern connotations in the Ottoman Empire and Iran in the 16th and 17th centuries in the course of diplomatic and commercial exchanges with Europe. During the 19th century, the Arabic dawla and Turkish devlet took on all the aspects of the modern notion of state while

2700-399: The supreme leader must be a male Sunni Muslim and an adherent of the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence. The dastur also establishes a unicameral shura council as the highest legislative body, with all members appointed by the supreme leader, and allows for a Council of Ministers , headed by a Chairman , whose role is to implement policy. Following the Taliban's return to power,

2754-555: The unification of the Muslim world under a single Islamic state, often described as a caliphate or ummah. The most famous, powerful and aggressive modern pan-Islamic group that pursues the objective of unifying the Muslim world and establishing a worldwide caliphate is the Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist movement Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant . The Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration as of 3 August 2011 declared Islam to be

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2808-516: Was also responsible for appointing a new supreme leader after the death of their predecessor, however, it is not yet known if the council will exercise this power after the Fall of Kabul in 2021. This setup is reminiscent of how the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was governed from 1996 to 2001 with Mohammad Omar being Head of the Supreme Council. However, the system has also been compared to

2862-407: Was perceived as a third way between the rival political systems of democracy and socialism (see also Islamic modernism ). Maududi's seminal writings on Islamic economics argued as early as 1941 against free-market capitalism and state intervention in the economy, similar to Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr 's later Our Economics written in 1961. Maududi envisioned the ideal Islamic state as combining

2916-410: Was suggested by Salman al-Farsi that it would be better if the Muslims fought the non-Muslim Arabs within Medina by building a big ditch on the northern periphery of Medina to prevent the enemies from entering Medina. This idea was later supported by the majority of the sahabah, and thereafter Muhammad also approved it. Muhammad placed great emphasis on agreement about the decision of the shura because

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