Ultra high frequency ( UHF ) is the ITU designation for radio frequencies in the range between 300 megahertz (MHz) and 3 gigahertz (GHz), also known as the decimetre band as the wavelengths range from one meter to one tenth of a meter (one decimeter ). Radio waves with frequencies above the UHF band fall into the super-high frequency (SHF) or microwave frequency range. Lower frequency signals fall into the VHF ( very high frequency ) or lower bands. UHF radio waves propagate mainly by line of sight ; they are blocked by hills and large buildings although the transmission through building walls is strong enough for indoor reception. They are used for television broadcasting , cell phones , satellite communication including GPS , personal radio services including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth , walkie-talkies , cordless phones , satellite phones , and numerous other applications.
49-411: MTV Brasil was a Brazilian over-the-air television network owned by Grupo Abril focused on the youth and entertainment. The network was launched on 20 October 1990, as the first specialty television network to broadcast over-the-air, becoming the local version of MTV . It was the third MTV iteration launched in the world, and the first to broadcast via terrestrial television. The network headquarters
98-540: A Regional Radiocommunication Conference to abrogate the ST61 plan and to put a new plan for DTT broadcasting only in its place. In December 2005, the European Union decided to cease all analog audio and analog video television transmissions by 2012 and switch all terrestrial television broadcasting to digital audio and digital video (all EU countries have agreed on using DVB-T ). The Netherlands completed
147-692: A must-carry station, for being a full-power broadcast station covering that market. In December 2009, Abril announced it would purchase Viacom's stake in MTV Brasil and gain exclusive rights to use the MTV brand in Brazil. MTV Brasil was one of the few MTV channels around the world that didn't air Laguna Beach or any of its spin-offs (such as The Hills ), since they were picked up by competitor Multishow . On 15 May 2013, journalist Keila Jimenez published an article in her blog "Outro Canal" that Grupo Abril
196-607: A virtual channel is defined as part of the ATSC stream metadata so that a station can transmit on any frequency but still show the same channel number. Additionally, free-to-air television repeaters and signal boosters can be used to rebroadcast a terrestrial television signal using an otherwise unused channel to cover areas with marginal reception. (see Pan-American television frequencies for frequency allocation charts) Analog television channels 2 through 6, 7 through 13, and 14 through 51 are only used for LPTV translator stations in
245-448: A certain number of frequencies by virtue of the ST61 plan, not all of them were brought into service. The first National Television System Committee standard was introduced in 1941. This standard defined a transmission scheme for a black-and-white picture with 525 lines of vertical resolution at 60 fields per second. In the early 1950s, this standard was superseded by a backward-compatible standard for color television . The NTSC standard
294-532: A graduated program. The first centre to experience analog switch-off was the remote Victorian regional town of Mildura , in 2010. The government supplied underprivileged houses across the nation with free digital set-top converter boxes in order to minimize conversion disruption. Australia's major free-to-air television networks were all granted digital transmission licenses and are each required to broadcast at least one high-definition and one standard-definition channel into all of their markets. In North America,
343-515: A regular schedule of experimental television programmes . However, these early experimental systems had insufficient picture quality to attract the public, due to their mechanical scan technology, and television did not become widespread until after World War II with the advent of electronic scan television technology. The television broadcasting business followed the model of radio networks , with local television stations in cities and towns affiliated with television networks , either commercial (in
392-697: A specification laid out by the ATSC has become the standard for digital terrestrial television. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) set the final deadline for the switch-off of analog service for 12 June 2009. All television receivers must now include a DTT tuner using ATSC . In Canada, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) set 31 August 2011 as
441-406: A wholly owned subsidiary of Abril. MTV Brasil launched on Sky Brasil on August 19, 1999 for that year's edition of MTV Video Music Brasil . In 2005, due to regulatory requirements that non-Brazilian companies can own only up to 30% of a terrestrial network, Abril acquired 20% of MTV Brasil from Viacom. In late 2006 MTV Brasil released its broadband channel following the international model for
490-428: Is a considerable amount of lawful unlicensed activity (cordless phones, wireless networking) clustered around 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz, regulated under Title 47 CFR Part 15 . These ISM bands —frequencies with a higher unlicensed power permitted for use originally by Industrial, Scientific, Medical apparatus—are now some of the most crowded in the spectrum because they are open to everyone. The 2.45 GHz frequency
539-535: Is for cellphones , allowing handheld mobile phones be connected to the public switched telephone network and the Internet . Current 3G and 4G cellular networks use UHF, the frequencies varying among different carriers and countries. Satellite phones also use this frequency in the L band and S band . UHF channels are used for digital television broadcasting on both over the air channels and cable television channels . Since 1962, UHF channel tuners (at
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#1732793991755588-552: Is seen as a response to NET Brasil (a wholly owned subsidiary of Organizações Globo that distributes channels to NET Serviços – and its affiliates – and SKY Brasil ) dropping MTV from its systems, after disagreeing to MTV conditioning its carriage on cable and satellite to the carriage of Abril owned channels Fiz and Ideal, which, for low viewership (especially since they were never carried by Net or Sky), were closed down in July 2009. MTV remains available on Net cable in markets where it's
637-462: Is still counted by Meio&Mensagem newspaper as the fifth most-viewed TV network in the country. MTV Brasil was the first network in the country dedicated to young people, in addition to being the first TV network in Brazil to broadcast their programming 24-hours-a-day, morning and night. The network ceased their operations on 30 September 2013, being replaced by a new channel operated by Viacom on subscription television . Its last music broadcast
686-452: Is the standard for use by microwave ovens , adjacent to the frequencies allocated for Bluetooth network devices. The spectrum from 806 MHz to 890 MHz (UHF channels 70 to 83) was taken away from TV broadcast services in 1983, primarily for analog mobile telephony . In 2009, as part of the transition from analog to digital over-the-air broadcast of television , the spectrum from 698 MHz to 806 MHz (UHF channels 52 to 69)
735-1043: Is used while testing their DTT platform. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the Advanced Television Systems Committee developed the ATSC standard for digital high-definition terrestrial transmission. This standard was eventually adopted by many American countries, including the United States, Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Argentina, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras; however, the four latter countries reversed their decision in favor of ISDB-Tb . The Pan-American terrestrial television operates on analog channels 2 through 6 ( VHF -low band, 54 to 88 MHz, known as band I in Europe), 7 through 13 (VHF-high band, 174 to 216 MHz, known as band III elsewhere), and 14 through 51 ( UHF television band, 470 to 698 MHz, elsewhere bands IV and V ). Unlike with analog transmission, ATSC channel numbers do not correspond to radio frequencies. Instead,
784-555: The L band between 1 and 2 GHz and the S band between 2 and 4 GHz. Radio waves in the UHF band travel almost entirely by line-of-sight propagation (LOS) and ground reflection; unlike in the HF band there is little to no reflection from the ionosphere ( skywave propagation), or ground wave . UHF radio waves are blocked by hills and cannot travel beyond the horizon, but can penetrate foliage and buildings for indoor reception. Since
833-757: The MTV Overdrive . On 2 December 2007, after the official start of commercial HDTV broadcasts in Brazil, MTV launched MTV HD, a simulcast of the main MTV service, featuring original high-definition series and MTV2 's $ 2 Bill concerts. MTV HD is currently available over-the-air in São Paulo. In January 2008, MTV changed its broadcast frequency in Rio de Janeiro from UHF channel 24 to 48. On 1 September 2008 starts transmitting on satellite Star One C2 (70°W South America coverage) by analog system PAL-M , free-to-air frequency 4010H after being encrypted since 1993. This
882-525: The VHF and UHF bands. Since radio waves in these bands travel by line of sight , reception is generally limited by the visual horizon to distances of 64–97 kilometres (40–60 miles), although under better conditions and with tropospheric ducting , signals can sometimes be received hundreds of kilometers distant. Terrestrial television was the first technology used for television broadcasting. The BBC began broadcasting in 1929 and by 1930 many radio stations had
931-494: The wavelengths of UHF waves are comparable to the size of buildings, trees, vehicles and other common objects, reflection and diffraction from these objects can cause fading due to multipath propagation , especially in built-up urban areas. Atmospheric moisture reduces, or attenuates , the strength of UHF signals over long distances, and the attenuation increases with frequency. UHF TV signals are generally more degraded by moisture than lower bands, such as VHF TV signals. As
980-469: The UHF spectrum is used worldwide for land mobile radio systems, two-way radios used for voice communication for commercial, industrial, public safety, and military purposes. Examples of personal radio services are GMRS , PMR446 , and UHF CB . The most rapidly-expanding use of the band is Wi-Fi ( wireless LAN ) networks in homes, offices, and public places. Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11 low band operates between 2412 and 2484 MHz. A second widespread use
1029-467: The US) or government-controlled (in Europe), which provided content. Television broadcasts were in greyscale (called black and white ) until the transition to color television in the 1960s. There was no other method of television delivery until the 1950s with the beginnings of cable television and community antenna television (CATV). CATV was, initially, only a re-broadcast of over-the-air signals. With
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#17327939917551078-603: The United States. Channels 52 through 69 are still used by some existing stations, but these channels must be vacated if telecommunications companies notify the stations to vacate that signal spectrum. By convention, broadcast television signals are transmitted with horizontal polarization. Terrestrial television broadcast in Asia started as early as 1939 in Japan through a series of experiments done by NHK Broadcasting Institute of Technology . However, these experiments were interrupted by
1127-784: The atmosphere warms and cools throughout the day. The length of an antenna is related to the length of the radio waves used. Due to the short wavelengths, UHF antennas are conveniently stubby and short; at UHF frequencies a quarter-wave monopole , the most common omnidirectional antenna is between 2.5 and 25 cm long. UHF wavelengths are short enough that efficient transmitting antennas are small enough to mount on handheld and mobile devices, so these frequencies are used for two-way land mobile radio systems , such as walkie-talkies , two-way radios in vehicles, and for portable wireless devices ; cordless phones and cell phones . Omnidirectional UHF antennas used on mobile devices are usually short whips , sleeve dipoles , rubber ducky antennas or
1176-755: The beginning of the World War II in the Pacific. On February 1, 1953, NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) began broadcasting. On August 28, 1953, Nippon TV (Nippon Television Network Corporation), the first commercial television broadcaster in Asia was launched. Meanwhile, in the Philippines, Alto Broadcasting System (now ABS-CBN Corporation ), the first commercial television broadcaster in Southeast Asia , launched its first commercial terrestrial television station DZAQ-TV on October 23, 1953, with
1225-409: The channel, confirmed that the brand MTV was returned to Viacom and MTV Brasil was going to continue with new TV shows until the end of September. On 29 July, Viacom International Media Networks announced that the channel would be relaunched on 1 October on pay TV. Grupo Abril announced a goodbye special of the channel from free-to-air television on 30 September. In September, Grupo Abril agreed to sell
1274-550: The date that terrestrial analog transmission service ceased in metropolitan areas and provincial capitals. In Mexico, the Federal Telecommunications Institute (IFT) discontinued the use of analog terrestrial television on 31 December 2015. UHF The IEEE defines the UHF radar band as frequencies between 300 MHz and 1 GHz. Two other IEEE radar bands overlap the ITU UHF band:
1323-482: The defunct Rede Manchete and the Clip Clip , broadcast by Rede Globo. MTV Brasil was launched on 20 October 1990, only to metropolitan São Paulo , through UHF channel A32 and metropolitan Rio de Janeiro , through VHF channel A9 (with TV Corcovado as an affiliate station). The first video shown was Garota de Ipanema , sung by Marina Lima . In 1996, Viacom acquired 50% of the network, which was, until then,
1372-585: The entire archive (almost 33 thousand VHS video-tapes) to Viacom. Most of the collection is being selected by Zico Góes, who is scheduled to release a book with the My MTV special shows. The last live TV show of MTV Brasil was held on 26 September, with the VJs and employees of the channel making a party around the former MTV building in Perdizes . It was held from 6 pm to midnight ( BRT ). The last TV show aired
1421-500: The help of Radio Corporation of America (RCA). By the mid-1990s, the interest in digital television across Europe was such the CEPT convened the "Chester '97" conference to agree on means by which digital television could be inserted into the ST61 frequency plan . The introduction of digital terrestrial television in the late 1990s and early years of the 21st century led the ITU to call
1470-530: The music industry worldwide with the popularization of music videos, that were showcased by hosts known as video jockeys , or “VJ’s”. In Brazil, the company has partnered with the Rede Bandeirantes for the broadcasting of special events, such as awards shows. The music video itself first came to Brazil through the Rede Globo 's weekly news and entertainment show Fantástico . The news magazine
1519-576: The old 405-line system, while UHF was used solely for 625-line broadcasts (which later used PAL color). Television broadcasting in the 405-line system continued after the introduction of four analog programs in the UHF bands until the last 405-line transmitters were switched off on January 6, 1985. VHF Band III was used in other countries around Europe for PAL broadcasts until the planned phase-out and switch over to digital television. The success of analog terrestrial television across Europe varied from country to country. Although each country had rights to
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1568-483: The planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) used in cellphones. Higher gain omnidirectional UHF antennas can be made of collinear arrays of dipoles and are used for mobile base stations and cellular base station antennas . The short wavelengths also allow high gain antennas to be conveniently small. High gain antennas for point-to-point communication links and UHF television reception are usually Yagi , log periodic , corner reflectors , or reflective array antennas . At
1617-492: The signal is transmitted to the receiver from an overhead satellite ; cable television , in which the signal is carried to the receiver through a cable ; and Internet Protocol television , in which the signal is received over an Internet stream or on a network utilizing the Internet Protocol . Terrestrial television stations broadcast on television channels with frequencies between about 52 and 600 MHz in
1666-414: The slot antenna or reflective array antenna are used: the slotted cylinder, zig-zag, and panel antennas. UHF television broadcasting channels are used for digital television , although much of the former bandwidth has been reallocated to land mobile radio system , trunked radio and mobile telephone use. Since at UHF frequencies transmitting antennas are small enough to install on portable devices,
1715-667: The switchover by 2012 due to technical limitations; the rest of the EU member states had stopped analog television transmissions by the end 2012. Many countries are developing and evaluating digital terrestrial television systems. Australia has adopted the DVB-T standards and the government's industry regulator, the Australian Communications and Media Authority , has mandated that all analog transmissions will cease by 2012. Mandated digital conversion started early in 2009 with
1764-578: The terrestrial (Earth-based) transmitter of a TV station to a TV receiver having an antenna . The term terrestrial is more common in Europe and Latin America, while in Canada and the United States it is called over-the-air or simply broadcast . This type of TV broadcast is distinguished from newer technologies, such as satellite television ( direct broadcast satellite or DBS television), in which
1813-527: The time, channels 14 to 83) have been required in television receivers by the All-Channel Receiver Act . However, because of their more limited range, and because few sets could receive them until older sets were replaced, UHF channels were less desirable to broadcasters than VHF channels (and licenses sold for lower prices). A complete list of US Television Frequency allocations can be found at Pan-American television frequencies . There
1862-399: The top end of the band, slot antennas and parabolic dishes become practical. For satellite communication, helical and turnstile antennas are used since satellites typically employ circular polarization which is not sensitive to the relative orientation of the transmitting and receiving antennas. For television broadcasting specialized vertical radiators that are mostly modifications of
1911-563: The transition in December 2006, and some EU member states decided to complete their switchover as early as 2008 (Sweden), and (Denmark) in 2009. While the UK began to switch off analog broadcasts, region by region, in late 2007, it was not completed until 24 October 2012. Norway ceased all analog television transmissions on 1 December 2009. Two member states (not specified in the announcement) expressed concerns that they might not be able to proceed to
1960-485: The visual horizon sets the maximum range of UHF transmission to between 30 and 40 miles (48 to 64 km) or less, depending on local terrain, the same frequency channels can be reused by other users in neighboring geographic areas ( frequency reuse ). Radio repeaters are used to retransmit UHF signals when a distance greater than the line of sight is required. Occasionally when conditions are right, UHF radio waves can travel long distances by tropospheric ducting as
2009-423: The widespread adoption of cable across the United States in the 1970s and 1980s, viewing of terrestrial television broadcasts has been in decline; in 2018, it was estimated that about 14% of US households used an antenna. However, in certain other regions terrestrial television continue to be the preferred method of receiving television, and it is estimated by Deloitte as of 2020 that at least 1.6 billion people in
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2058-431: The world receive at least some television using these means. The largest market is thought to be Indonesia , where 250 million people watch through terrestrial. By 2019, over-the-top media service (OTT) which is streamed via the internet had become a common alternative. Following the ST61 conference, UHF frequencies were first used in the UK in 1964 with the introduction of BBC2 . In the UK, VHF channels were kept on
2107-464: Was O Último Programa do Mundo ("The Last Program in the World"). Cuca Lazarotto, who introduced the first music video aired on MTV Brasil, also introduced the last music video, "Maracatu Atômico" by Chico Science & Nação Zumbi . Astrid Fontenelle appeared to give the last message aired by MTV Brasil (which was recorded in the third week of September) and close MTV Brasil's broadcasting. Fontenelle
2156-442: Was at 52 Avenida Professor Alfonso Bovero, Sumaré, São Paulo city, which was formerly the headquarters of Rede Tupi . This building was listed by Conselho de Defesa do Patrimônio Histórico (Condephaat) as having an historical heritage, becoming the first to be officially listed in the city. At the beginning of the 2010s, the channel was considered the largest youth network and the seventh largest terrestrial TV network in Brazil; it
2205-579: Was exclusively being used in the Americas as well as Japan until the introduction of digital terrestrial television (DTT). While Mexico has ended all its analog television broadcasts and the United States and Canada have shut down nearly all of their analog TV stations, the NTSC standard continues to be used in the rest of Latin American countries except for Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay where PAL-N standard
2254-422: Was known for being the first VJ of MTV Brasil's most famous TV show, Disk MTV . After that, the channel was replaced by Grupo Abril's Ideal TV and MTV Brasil relaunched on pay TV as only "MTV" on the following day. Terrestrial television Terrestrial television , or over-the-air television ( OTA ) is a type of television broadcasting in which the content is transmitted via radio waves from
2303-484: Was not going to continue to manage the channel until the end of that year, due to the risk of bankruptcy. On 12 June, Kelia posted that Grupo Abril was going to return the brand MTV to Viacom and was going to release a new channel in its place. This was later confirmed by another journalist, Patricia Kogut. A day later, MTV Brasil canceled three TV shows: Acesso MTV , MTV Sem Vergonha and A Hora do Chay and its VJs were fired. A week later, Zico Góes, head of programming on
2352-494: Was the only TV show to produce and broadcast this type of programming, until the early 1980s, when the independent music video producers wanted to escape the standards imposed by the network. At the same time, MTV appeared in the North American market. Throughout the decade, other programs dedicated to music videos were created, like Clip Trip , on TV Gazeta , Som Pop , on TV Cultura , FMTV and Manchete Clip Show from
2401-400: Was “Orra Meu” by Rita Lee while its last music video to air was "Maracatu Atômico" by Chico Science & Nação Zumbi . On terrestrial television, the network was replaced by Ideal TV . MTV , acronym of Music Television, debuted in the United States on 20 August 1981 under the control of Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment . Today owned by Viacom , the subscription network revolutionized
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