21-784: (Redirected from MUSS ) Muss or MUSS may refer to: [REDACTED] Look up muss in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Eiryn Muss , a secondary character in The Well of Echoes Jake "the Muss" Heke , a fictional character in Once Were Warriors Stephen Muss (born 1929), American real estate developer Sancti Spíritus Airport , Cuba, ICAO code MUSS MUSS (countermeasure) , an active protection system to protect military vehicles Topics referred to by
42-574: A homeless young man. Meanwhile, Beth starts a Māori culture group and generally attempts to revive the community. Once Were Warriors , and Duff's fiction in general is strongly influenced by his childhood experiences. In his 1999 autobiography, Out of the Mist and Steam , he describes his Māori mother (and most of her relatives) as alcoholic , irresponsible and physically and emotionally abusive. His Pākehā father and his relatives, by contrast, were highly educated and sophisticated—one uncle, Roger Duff ,
63-486: A history of minor criminal offenses and is taken from his family and placed in a borstal . Despite his initial anger, Mark finds a new niche for himself, as the borstal manager instructs him in his Māori heritage. Grace, the Hekes' thirteen-year-old daughter, loves writing stories as an escape from the brutality of her life. Grace's best friend is a drug-addicted boy named Toot who has been cast out by his parents and lives in
84-855: A more day-to-day punishment was used in the single borstal in Northern Ireland but was not authorised in Scotland or England and Wales. Confusion on this matter arises perhaps because in approved schools , a quite different kind of youth institution based more on the open "boarding school" model, caning was an official punishment for young people (maximum age 19). A similar system under the name "borstal" or "borstal school" has also been introduced in several other Commonwealth countries . In India , nine states, namely Himachal Pradesh , Jharkhand , Karnataka , Kerala , Maharashtra , Punjab , Rajasthan , Tamil Nadu , and Telangana , have borstal schools in their respective jurisdictions. Tamil Nadu had
105-560: A more traditional background and in saying so, relates to the old ways; Jake is an interpretation of what some Māori have become. Beth sometimes tries to reform herself and her family—for example, by giving up drinking and saving the money that she would have spent on alcohol. However, she finds it easy to lapse back into a pattern of drinking and irresponsibility. The family is also shown to be disconnected from Western culture and ways of learning. Beth reflects that neither she nor anyone else she knows has any books at home, and her daughter, Grace,
126-431: A wrecked car. He is the one who really cares for her. She is the maternal figure within the family when her family is a drunken mess, clearing up the house and going with Boogie to court to attempt to make a good impression of their broken family. Grace is raped in her bed one night, and she subsequently hangs herself. Jake, a suspect, leaves his family and starts living in a park, where he reflects on his life and befriends
147-670: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Jake %22the Muss%22 Heke Once Were Warriors is New Zealand author Alan Duff 's bestselling first novel , published in 1990. It tells the story of an urban Māori family, the Hekes, and portrays the reality of domestic violence in New Zealand. It was the basis of a 1994 film of the same title , directed by Lee Tamahori and starring Rena Owen and Temuera Morrison , which made its U.S. premiere at
168-486: Is in his element, buying drinks, singing songs and savagely beating any other patron whom he considers to have stepped out of line (hence his nickname 'The Muss'). He often invites huge crowds of friends back to his home for wild parties. While Jake portrays himself as an easygoing man out for a good time, he has a vicious temper when drinking. This is highlighted when his wife dares to 'get lippy' at one of his parties and he savagely attacks her in front of their friends. Nig,
189-455: Is the only character with a real interest in school and learning. (This disconnection from books and education is a major concern of Duff's, for which reason he founded the charity Duffy Books in Homes , which gives free books to children from poor backgrounds and generally encourages reading.) Jake is unemployed and spends most of the day getting drunk at the local pub with his friends. There he
210-555: The Hawaii International Film Festival . The novel was followed by two sequels, What Becomes of the Broken Hearted? (1996) and Jake's Long Shadow (2002). Beth Heke left her small town and, despite her parents' disapproval, married Jake "the Muss" Heke. After eighteen years, they live in a slum and have six children. Their interpretations of life and being Māori are tested. Beth is from
231-505: The English village of Borstal in Kent, and is sometimes used loosely to apply to other kinds of youth institutions and reformatories, such as approved schools and youth detention centres . The court sentence was officially called "borstal training". Borstals were originally for offenders under 21, but in the 1930s the maximum age was increased to 23. The Criminal Justice Act 1982 abolished
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#1732802246163252-461: The Hekes' eldest son, moves out to join a street gang. He cares about his siblings but despises his father for his thoughtless brutality, a feeling returned by the elder Heke. Nig attempts to find a substitute family in the form of the gang, but this is unsuccessful as the gang members are either too brutal or, in the case of Nig's gang girlfriend, too beaten down to provide him with the love and support he craves. The second son, Mark 'Boogie' Heke, has
273-544: The borstal system in the UK, introducing youth custody centres instead. As society had changed the system was then already outdated especially since the late 1960s and early 1970s, with many borstals being closed and replaced with institutions called Detention Centres and, from 1972, also with Community Service Order sentences. Except in Northern Ireland , the only corporal punishment officially available in borstals
294-473: The borstal system in the UK, replacing borstals with youth custody centres. In India, borstal schools are used for the imprisonment of minors . As of 31 December 2014, there were twenty functioning borstal schools in India, with a combined total capacity of 2,108 inmates. The Gladstone Committee (1895) first proposed the concept of the borstal, wishing to separate youths from older convicts in adult prisons. It
315-510: The highest capacity, at 678 inmates (as of 2014). Himachal Pradesh and Kerala are the only states that have the capacity to lodge female inmates in two of their borstal schools. There are no borstal schools in any of the union territories . In Ireland the Criminal Justice Act, 1960 (Section 12) removed the term "borstal" from official use. This was part of a policy to broaden the system from reform and training institutions to
336-405: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Muss . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muss&oldid=1203448152 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
357-589: The town. Borstal A borstal was a type of youth detention centre in the United Kingdom, several member states of the Commonwealth and the Republic of Ireland . In India, such a detention centre is known as a borstal school . Borstals were run by HM Prison Service and were intended to reform young offenders . The word originated from the first such institution established in 1902 near
378-475: Was a well-known anthropologist ; his paternal grandfather was liberal magazine editor and literary patron Oliver Duff . As a teenager, Duff himself spent some time in borstal , and he drew on this when writing about Boogie. The book's setting of Two Lakes is based on his hometown of Rotorua (a Māori-language name meaning "two lakes"; roto lake, rua two), and on the Ford Block of state housing in
399-607: Was developed on a national basis and formalised in the Prevention of Crime Act 1908. The regimen in these institutions was designed to be "educational rather than punitive", but it was highly regulated, with a focus on routine, discipline and authority during the early years. Borstal institutions were originally designed to offer education, regular work and discipline, though one commentator has claimed that "more often than not they were breeding grounds for bullies and psychopaths ." The Criminal Justice Act 1982 officially abolished
420-642: Was the birch for mutiny or assaulting an officer, and this could be imposed only by the visiting magistrates, subject in each case to the personal approval of the Home Secretary , just as in adult prisons. Only male inmates over 18 might be so punished. This power was very rarely used – there were only seven birching cases in borstals in the 10 years to 1936. This birching power was available only in England and Wales (not in Scottish borstals). Caning as
441-494: Was the task of Sir Evelyn Ruggles-Brise (1857–1935), a prison commissioner, to introduce the system, and the first such institution was established at Borstal Prison in a village called Borstal , near Rochester, Kent , England, in 1902. Although originally created to be a typical prison, Borstal evolved into something new, with the name still recognised today. The redesigned prison regime focused on education rather than punishment, aiming to avoid inmates reoffending. The system
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