36-613: MVSN may refer to: Paramilitary organizations [ edit ] Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale , better known as the Blackshirts , the Italian Fascist paramilitary groups Milice de Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale , better known as the Tonton Macoute , a Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 Companies [ edit ] Macrovision ,
72-587: A more egalitarian than that presented in the previous XIV legislature, intending to give equally to all participants in the Second World War - fascist or not - "a similar recognition to that conferred by law March 18, 1968 No 263 fighters of the 1914-18 war. To this end, Article 1 of the bill establishing a new order of honor, the Order of the Tricolor , which includes the only class of Knight. The new award
108-402: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Blackshirts The Voluntary Militia for National Security ( Italian : Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale , MVSN ), commonly called the Blackshirts ( Italian : Camicie Nere , CCNN, singular: Camicia Nera ) or squadristi (singular: squadrista ), was originally
144-582: The Squadrismo in 1919 and consisted of many disgruntled former soldiers. It was given the task of leading fights against their bitter enemies – the Socialists. They may have numbered 200,000 by the time of Mussolini's March on Rome from 28 to 31 October 1922. In 1922 the squadristi were reorganized into the milizia and formed numerous bandiere , and on 1 February 1923, the Blackshirts became
180-851: The Black Brigades in the militia role, alongside the Republican Police Corps . National Republican Guard (Italy) The Italian National Republican Guard ( Italian : Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana , or GNR) was a gendarmerie force of the Italian Social Republic created by decree on 8 December 1943, replacing the Carabinieri and the National Security Volunteer Militia (MVSN). General Renato Ricci appointed as its commandant . Major General Italo Romegialli
216-636: The North African Campaign ) and, later in 1942, a fourth ("M") and fifth division Africa were formed. Mussolini also pushed through plans to raise 142 MVSN combat battalions of 650 men each to provide a Gruppo di Assalto to each army division. The Gruppi consisted of two cohorts (each of three centuriae of three manipoli of two squadre each) plus Gruppo Supporto company of two heavy machine gun manipoli (with three HMG each) and two 81 mm mortar manipoli (with three mortars each). Later forty-one mobile groups were raised to become
252-778: The paramilitary wing of the National Fascist Party , known as the Squadrismo , and after 1923 an all-volunteer militia of the Kingdom of Italy under Fascist rule , similar to the SA . Its members were distinguished by their black uniforms (modelled on those of the Arditi , Italy's elite troops of World War I) and their loyalty to Benito Mussolini , the Duce (leader) of Fascism , to whom they swore an oath. The founders of
288-608: The Army from 1943 to 1945 the Italian Social Republic"). It since its introductory report - and then report to the House - revolved around the formal data on which it based its decision No. 747 del 1954: The Hague Conventions and Geneva, under which it can not be apart from the "principle of equality between the warring parties," according to which the law of war applies to both the aggressor as aggression, both equal before
324-630: The Blackshirts rifle battalions, but its platoons were overstrength (60 men each) and with only 1 × LMG in each platoon. Three CCNN Divisions were sent to participate in the Spanish Civil War as part of the Corpo Truppe Volontarie . The Blackshirt (Camicie Nere, or CCNN) Divisions contained regular soldiers and volunteer militia from the Fascist Party. The CCNN divisions were semi-motorised. The 3rd CCNN Division
360-533: The Blackshirts, but executive functions were carried out by the Chief of Staff , equivalent to an army general. The MVSN was formed in imitation of the ancient Roman army , as follows: The terms after the first are not words common to European armies (e.g., the Italian battaglione has cognates in many languages). Instead, they derive from the structure of the ancient Roman army . These units were also organised on
396-565: The Leonessa armoured group, and Legion Carmelo Borg Pisani . Soldiers of the GNR were apparently posted to the German 65th Infantry Division in the winter of 1944-45 as replacements for the 1st Battalion of Grenadier Regiment 145. With the end of the war the Italian troops fighting in the service of CSR were considered formed by Italian citizens who served militarily classified "military aid to
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#1732765650671432-662: The Voluntary Militia for National Security ( Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale , or MVSN), which lasted until 8 September 1943 Armistice of Cassibile . The Italian Social Republic , located in the areas of northern Italy occupied by Germany, reformed the MVSN on 8 December 1943 into the National Republican Guard ( Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana , or GNR). Benito Mussolini was the leader, or Commandant–General and First Honorary Corporal, of
468-407: The battalions which were distinguished in combat were designated M Battalions and those were the 8th, 16th, 29th, 71st, 81st, and 85th. The Blackshirts wore the same uniform as the Italian army with the addition of a black shirt and tie and a black fez . The uniform jacket had black flames with two ends on the collar in place of the insignia and the lictor bundles instead of the army's stars. There
504-647: The department used in Germany in FlaK (anti-aircraft) and anti-partisan departments employed by General Karl Wolff . The Etna Division absorbed, as a result, nine battalions of assault youth (for air defence) and October five operating divisions, four battalions and an assault battalion of paratroopers. The only autonomous departments that remained were the Legion M Guardia del Duce , the Legion Tagliamento M,
540-680: The designation M alongside their names in the Army OOB to indicate their status; that they had received specialist assault and combat training, or had proven themselves in combat and had received a battlefield promotion to this status. By the end of the Fascist regime, only eleven battalions had been fully formed. The MVSN fought in every theatre Italy did. Sixteen MVSN combat battalions served in Yugoslavia. Their numbers were: 3, 4, 8, 16, 29, 33, 54, 58, 61, 71, 81, 85, 115, 144, 162, 215. Six of
576-513: The disarmament of the Carabinieri, the GNR faced a deep crisis due to its smaller size: 35,000 troops for the territorial units, 11,000 between Guard Youth and students, and fewer than 5,000 for independent training. The weakening of the GNR also occurred through territorial governance reorganization. Most local districts previously served by Carabinieri had been dissolved. By September 1944, the Italian Social Republic's control over its territory
612-546: The enemy" or "aid the enemy in his political plans" and therefore responsible for crimes punishable under the existing Military Code of Procedure of war thereby excluding these citizens could be considered military conflict, because to be considered somewhat rebellious against the legitimate state consisting of the Southern Kingdom, representing the legal continuity of the Italian State and recognized as such at
648-487: The former name of the software company Rovi Corporation. Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title MVSN . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MVSN&oldid=1170567374 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
684-554: The laws of war. Text provoked an uprising by the political opposition to the government of the time and by the 'ANPI and was eventually abandoned. Starting from a proposal made by President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi , which provides recognition of the model of the Knights of Vittorio Veneto fighters framed in the forces in the Italian Army during the 2nd World War, in the sixteenth legislature the bill n. 11360, 23 June 2008 has taken
720-500: The lines and provided aid to German forces. On 21 August 1944 Benito Mussolini assumed direct command. On 23 August 1944, a separate division, GNR Division Etna , was formed in Brescia under the command of General Volante, to perform anti-paratrooper and anti-aircraft duties. Another division, GNR Vesuvio, was later formed. The GNR had the following Special military services: In August 1944, once Germany understood that MVSN were in
756-488: The minority and that military ex-Carabinieri tended to join guerrilla partisans, the country decided to disarm and arrest the Carabinieri. Of the 11,000 Carabinieri still in service in the summer of 1944, 3,000 were sent to Germany before combing and equally, few were conducted over the Alps in the aftermath. After 25 August 1944, only 1,400 Carabinieri remained employed as either service workers or military bureaucrats. Following
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#1732765650671792-735: The old Roman army as follows. Their ethos and sometimes their uniform were later copied by others who were influenced by Mussolini's fascism, some of which are listed below: "Blueshirts" can also refer to Canadian fascists belonging to the Canadian National Socialist Unity Party , the Chinese Blue Shirts Society and to the members of Falange Española , the most influential party within Franco's dictatorship in Spain . Additionally, both
828-733: The other of men up to 55 years old. There were also special units in Rome, on Ponza Island and the black-uniformed Moschettieri del Duce ("The Leader's Musketeers", Mussolini's Guard), the Albanian Fascist Militia (four legions) and Milizia Coloniale in Africa (seven legions). The original organisation by Royal Decrees on 1 February 1923 and 4 August 1924 consisted of fifteen zones, as follows: Special militias were also organised to provide security police and gendarmerie functions, these included: The standards of each of
864-661: The paramilitary fascist Iron Guard members in Romania, the fascist Yugoslav Radical Union , and the successors to the Irish Blueshirts (the National Corporate Party , also founded by Eoin O'Duffy), wore green shirts. After the Armistice of Cassibile was signed, the Blackshirts were dissolved; in the pro-fascist Italian Social Republic they were replaced by the National Republican Guard and
900-503: The paramilitary groups were nationalist intellectuals, former army officers and young landowners opposing peasants' and country labourers' unions. Their methods became harsher as Mussolini's power grew, and they used violence and intimidation against Mussolini's opponents. In 1943, following the fall of the Fascist regime , the MVSN was integrated into the Royal Italian Army and disbanded. The Blackshirts were established as
936-673: The ruling of 26 April 1954 No 747, the Supreme Military Court "recognized the soldiers of the Italian Social Republic (RSI) the status of military combatants," denying, however, back to the partisans. With specific reference to that single sentence, in the fourteenth term in the Senate was presented the draft Law 2244 ("Riconoscimento della qualifica di militari belligeranti a quanti prestarono servizio militare dal 1943 al 1945 nell'esercito della Repubblica sociale italiana" or "Qualified military conflict to those military service in
972-431: The third regiment in Italian Army divisions as it was determined through operational experience that the Italian Army's binary divisions were too small in both manpower and heavy equipment. These mobile groups suffered heavy casualties due to being undermanned, underequipped and under-trained. In 1941, Mussolini decided to create twenty-two highly trained combat battalions called "M" Battalions . These battalions were given
1008-516: The time well as from allied countries, including the majority of neutral nations. Discrimination of CSR combatants was sanctioned by Legislative Decree 4 March 1948, n. 137. The Supreme Court, including the United Sections, has always considered legitimate in the sense that a long list of convictions for crimes of military aid to the enemy (Article 51 C. p. mil. War) and aid to the enemy in his designs Political Rights (art. 58). However, with
1044-463: The triangular principle as follows: The MVSN original organisation consisted of 15 zones controlling 133 legions (one per province ) of three cohorts each and one Independent Group controlling 10 legions. In 1929 it was reorganized into four raggruppamenti , but later in October 1936, it was reorganized into 14 zones controlling only 133 legions with two cohorts each one of men 21 to 36 years old and
1080-537: The units of the Blackshirts, except for the Moschettieri del Duce, which carried a small standard in black similar to those of the regular armed forces, were a modernized form of the standards used by the old Roman army. During the 1935–36 Second Italo-Ethiopian War against the Ethiopian Empire , seven CCNN Divisions were organized: The first six Divisions were sent to Ethiopia and participated in
1116-593: The war and in the Italian war crimes in Ethiopia . The seventh was deployed to Italian Libya but not fully equipped or trained before it was disbanded after the war had ended. The Blackshirts Rifle Battalions had three rifle companies but no MMG company. The rifle companies had three platoons (three squads with one LMG each). Each Legion had an MMG company with four platoons of three weapons each (plus two spares). The Blackshirts replacement battalions were organised as
MVSN - Misplaced Pages Continue
1152-474: Was an all-black dress uniform worn by some officers and the Moschettieri del Duce ("The Leader's Musketeers", Mussolini's Guard). Mussolini as Comandante Generale was made Primo caporale onorario ( transl. First honorary corporal ) in 1935 and Adolf Hitler was made Caporale onorario ( transl. Honorary corporal ) in 1937. All other ranks closely approximated those of
1188-606: Was appointed vice commandant and Major General Niccolò Nicchiarelli became the chief of general staff. The GNR included former Carabinieri , MVSN militiamen, police officers, and members of the Italian African Police (PAI). While being an autonomous armed force before August 1944, on 15 August 1944, the National Republican Guard became a part of the army of the Italian Social Republic. However, it continued carrying out security tasks behind
1224-604: Was disbanded and consolidated with the 2nd CCNN Division in April 1937 after their defeat at Guadalajara . After the campaigns in Northern Spain ended in October 1937, the 2nd CCNN Division was consolidated with the 1st CCNN and renamed the XXIII de Marzo Division "Llamas Negras" . In 1940 the MVSN was able to muster 340,000 first-line combat troops, providing three divisions (1st, 2nd and 4th – all three of which were lost in
1260-419: Was no longer as effective as it had once been. Eventually, a reorganization of GNR occurred through a strengthening of territorial departments, while schools were established for officers. The Republican Guard Youth was renamed Guard Youth Legionaria, with the transformation of assault battalions legions and training centres. The newly established centralized department was named Etna Division, which coordinated
1296-584: Was to be awarded: Providing for the payment of a living allowance to the survivors and presence on the board of regents of the Order, along with military representatives of republican institutions, associations and the president of the veterans 'Partisans of the President's Historical Institute of the Italian Social Republic. Moreover, the same National Union Veterans of the Italian Social Republic (Unione Nazionale Combattenti della Repubblica Sociale Italiana), as
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