58-668: The July 1972 MV Karagatan incident was an unsuccessful attempt by the New People's Army — the armed wing of the Marxist–Leninist–Maoist Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) — to smuggle armaments from China into the Philippines via the ship MV Karagatan . The incident is notable for having been cited by President Ferdinand Marcos as one of his rationales for imposing martial law in
116-592: A "new man" who exists outside of the heterosexual ideal of a "real man patterned on being strong, aggressive, and skilled in the art of war". Same-gender marriage is permitted by the NPA. In 1998, the CPP released the document On Proletarian Relationship of the Sexes , which outlined how romantic relationships and marriages should work under the army. The document also covered same-gender relationships, and with its implementation,
174-559: A COVID-positive patient; entitled Ako si Patient 2828 , aired on GMA on April 18, 2020. Severino is one of the Philippines' most awarded journalists. His awards include: In 2007, Severino was inducted into the Rotary Club of Manila's Journalism Hall of Fame after he was named Broadcast Journalist of the Year twice and Investigative Journalist of the Year twice. In October 2007, GMA Network released Ten Years of Howie Severino ,
232-617: A People's Democratic Government ( Gobyernong Bayan ), which operates independently of the Philippine government. Within these zones, income taxes which would nominally go to the government treasury instead go to the NPA, which they use to fund community services. The NPA, as represented by the National Democratic Front of the Philippines , is a party to ongoing peace talks between the People's Democratic Government and
290-588: A co-founder of the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism (PCIJ) in 1989; established himself as a leading documentary filmmaker; and, in 2009, was named editor-in-chief of GMA News Online, GMA Network 's news website. He stepped down in 2014 after five years, and was appointed GMA Network's vice president for Professional Development in May 2014. On TV, he was on Probe Team for four years with Cheche Lazaro before joining i-Witness , now one of
348-417: A communist revolution. To the NPA, one's ability and willingness to serve the cause takes precedence over one's sexual orientation and gender identity; the CPP had recognized "the right to form samesex relationships and changing one's gender" since 1992. Kaira Zoe Alburo writes that gay NPA recruits challenge the concept of a hegemonic, "heterosexualized" masculinity in the army in that by enlisting, they create
406-415: A decline in NPA strength until 2009. During the administration of Benigno Aquino III , OBL2 was replaced by Oplan Bayanihan , which had a more "people-centered" approach compared to OBL's military-heavy tactics. NPA membership, at this time, steadily rose. By 2017, NPA strength had surpassed the previous 2005 peak by 3%. As of 2018, its strength is tallied at greater than the 5,600 rifles recorded in
464-631: A legitimate military target. By 1991, the CPP central committee had assessed the mistakes of the previous decade and carried out the Second Great Rectification Movement from 1992 until declaring a success in 1998. The Second Great Rectification Movement, however, saw splits in the CPP ranks, with rejectionists such as Filemon Lagman , Romulo Kintanar, Etta Rosales , and others leaving the CPP and forming their own groups based on ideological differences. The Alex Boncayao Brigade , notorious for its partisan activities, left
522-465: A single guerrilla front despite the AFP's efforts of concentrating its forces in 300 to 600 barrios at any given time. In 2005, the NPA reported that its strength had surpassed its previous peak in 2005. Arroyo, at this time, had replaced OBL1 with Oplan Bantay Laya 2 , which aimed at "ending the revolutionary movement by 2010". OBL2, along with what the CPP identified as "conservatism" in the ranks, led to
580-476: A submarine from China; instead, China agreed to fund the purchase of a ship that would transport arms into the Philippines for use of the NPA. Sison sent Fidel Agcaoili to Japan to purchase an old 91-ton, 27.43 metres (90.0 ft) steel hulled fishing trawler which was known as the Kishi Maru . Kishi Maru was rechristened as MV Karagatan . The MV Karagatan went to Fukien (modern-day Fujian ), where it
638-521: A terrorist organization in the Philippines on December 9, 2020. The Manila Regional Trial Court has junked a proscription case by the Department of Justice seeking to designate the CPP-NPA as a terrorist organization on September 22, 2022. The court concluded that the constitution and program of the CPP-NPA, including its justification for armed struggle, fall under "rebellion" and do not constitute
SECTION 10
#1732771715595696-463: Is also notable for his works in Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism and The Probe Team . He has worked in print, television, and online media. He has said he wanted to be a journalist ever since he was in fifth grade. He graduated from Tufts University in Massachusetts with a history degree, magna cum laude , and received his master's degree from University of Sussex in
754-462: Is one of the key figures in the ongoing communist rebellion in the Philippines , the longest ongoing conflict in the country. The NPA operates and is based primarily in the Philippine countryside, where the CPP alleges it has established itself in 73 out of the country's 81 provinces, across over 110 guerrilla fronts. In guerrilla zones where the NPA has entrenched itself, the CPP–NPA has established
812-547: The Corazon Aquino administration's counter-insurgency program, Oplan Lambat Bitag , managed to severely harm the NPA and the CPP as a whole. In 1989, the NPA assassinated U.S. Army Colonel James "Nick" Rowe , founder of the U.S. Army Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) course. Colonel Rowe was part of a military assistance program to the Philippine Army. The NPA asserts that this made him
870-624: The 1972 ambush of then-Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile . When Enrile led the 1986 People Power Revolution which deposed Marcos he claimed the latter event was staged, but he retracted the claim in his 2012 memoir. The MV Karagatan incident was followed by another arms trafficking attempt. The NPA procured another ship called the MV Andrea . However the ship sank in the South China Sea on its way to Sanya Naval Base in Hainan , where
928-561: The CPP is in absolute command of the NPA, outlining that its most pressing task is to "defeat and destroy the US-created and US-supported reactionary Armed Forces of the Philippines . Since then, it has continued to wage a protracted people's war through the use of guerrilla tactics , while steadily expanding. In 2002, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo requested for the United States Department of State to declare
986-856: The CPP with Lagman and formed the Revolutionary Proletarian Army . In 1998, the GRP and NDFP signed the Comprehensive Agreement on Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law (CAHRIHL), which establishes rules of engagement for both parties in accordance to international rules of war. The NPA, as a signatory to CAHIRHL, is bound to international agreements stated in the Geneva Convention and thus follows rules set for prisoners of war, command-detonated explosives, and similar rules of engagement. Since then, rejectionists have been met with reprisals. Lagman
1044-448: The CPP's 1985 plenum. The Central Committee has stated in its 2017 Congress that it has a five-year plan with aims to "carry forward the antifascist, antifeudal and anti-imperialist movement and overthrow the tyrannical US-Duterte regime, and bring the protracted people's war to the advanced phase of the strategic defensive, in order to reach the threshold of the strategic stalemate". The five-year plan: The CPP five-year plan emphasizes
1102-562: The CPP's principal organization, aiming to consolidate political power from what it sees as the present "bourgeois reactionary puppet government" and to aid in the " people's democratic revolution". Founded on March 29, 1969, by the collaboration of Jose Maria Sison and former members of the Hukbalahap led by Bernabe Buscayno , the NPA has since waged a guerrilla war based on the Maoist strategy of protracted people's war . The NPA
1160-518: The CPP's program for a People's Democratic Revolution. In the Declaration of the New People's Army , Amado Guerrero outlined the following as its main tasks: The NPA quickly spread alongside organizational work of the CPP. By 1972, it had established 735 barrio organizing committees and 60 barrio organizing committees, governing an estimated 400,000 people all over the country. The CPP used
1218-506: The CPP-NPA as a foreign terrorist group, which was granted on August 2. This was in line with her counter-insurgency program, Oplan Bantay Laya , which aimed to end the conflict between the AFP and the NPA. In 2005, the European Union Common Foreign and Security Policy included the NPA as a terrorist group. Despite these efforts, the NPA has declared Oplan Bantay Laya I a "failure", citing that it did not lose
SECTION 20
#17327717155951276-653: The Government of the Republic of the Philippines. Peace negotiations have reached an impasse, with the Rodrigo Duterte administration unilaterally announcing the termination of peace talks in 2019. Negotiations between the GRP and the NDFP stalled on signing of the Comprehensive Agreement on Socio-Economic Reforms (CASER), and the issue of localized peace talks between individual units of the NPA. The Office of
1334-530: The MV Karagatan escaped to the Sierra Madre to meet up with the NPA. The Philippine military was able to intercept the armaments, and the damaged MV Karagatan sank to the bottom of the sea. The incident was cited as a justification by President Ferdinand Marcos when he imposed martial law over the Philippines on September 21, 1972. Among the other reasons were the 1971 Plaza Miranda bombing and
1392-465: The NPA attacked three mines in Mindanao, causing 190 million dollars in damages. Some corporations willing to pay NPA taxes for local social programs are allowed to continue operating within NPA territory, those who do not are often attacked by the NPA who burn their equipment. The NPA, being the primary organization of the CPP, follows a theoretical ideology of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism . It regards
1450-615: The NPA enjoyed strategic gains in Mindanao and was able to consolidate its forces there. However, the Mindanao Commission adopted a strategy of designating areas as Red (where military struggle was applicable) or White (where political struggle and insurrection was applicable) along with the SCO program. Problems in discipline also emerged during this time, as well as deterioration of the NPA's ability to conduct mass work. These ideological and organizational shortcomings, coupled with
1508-703: The NPA openly accepted LGBT people and called Duterte's claims "unbelievable". The Philippine Army had apprehended Eduardo Quitoriano in 1994, who was a NPA liaison officer to the Japanese Red Army and involved in a money laundering case in Switzerland. It is reported that the NPA had supported the Naxalites (of India) during the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency by providing training and technical support. The CPP-NPA received large-scale support, in
1566-426: The NPA to establish barrio organizing and revolutionary committees, which served as instruments in administering the people's revolutionary government. Barrio organizing committees were established to lower land rent, eliminate usury, and ensure the "annihilation of enemy troops and the elimination of landlord despots, enemy spies, and such bad elements as cattle rustlers, extortionists, robbers, murderers, arsonists, and
1624-666: The PKP, the ban extended to the CPP-NPA. The Anti-Subversion Act of 1957 was repealed by President Fidel Ramos in October 1992, decriminalizing membership in the NPA and CPP. In December 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte declared the NPA along with the CPP as terrorist organizations. In agreement were the European Union, New Zealand and the United States. The Anti-Terror Council of the Philippines designated CPP-NPA as
1682-638: The Party! , a treatise which criticized the old Lavaite leadership and emphasized the need to follow Mao Zedong Thought to foster re-establishment. The conflict continued until December 26, 1968, when the Communist Party of the Philippines was formally re-established along Maoist lines, and the entire issue was termed the First Great Rectification Movement . After re-establishing the CPP, Guerrero set about to establishing
1740-458: The People's Army. KM cadres in Tarlac had contacted Guerrero and linked him with Bernabe Buscayno, a former member of the older Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan . Relations were established and the New People's Army was formally founded on March 29, in continuity with the previous Hukbalahap. At the time the NPA only had 60 armed fighters. The NPA was immediately tasked with the role of implementing
1798-420: The Philippines as a semi-colonial, semi-feudal state where political and economic power is concentrated on a local class of landlords and comprador bourgeoisie , aided by foreign imperialists , chief of which is United States imperialism. The CPP regards a two-stage revolution of People's Democratic Revolution followed by socialist reconstruction as the path to achieve socialism and wrest control away from
MV Karagatan incident - Misplaced Pages Continue
1856-706: The Philippines in September 1972. Jose Maria Sison , the founder of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), requested Chinese aid for military and monetary support of the New People's Army (NPA), the CPP's armed wing. Sison secured support from Mao Zedong , the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party . At that time, China actively provided arms to North Vietnam and other left-aligned Third World countries. The CPP-NPA asked for
1914-399: The Philippines the use of Google Maps for disaster coverage, Twitter for breaking news, and crowdsourcing for news gathering. Along with fellow i-Witness documentarist Kara David , Severino became the anchor of GMA News TV 's noontime newscast News to Go in 2011, until its conclusion on 2019. On April 8, 2021, he started hosting his own podcast The Howie Severino Podcast . It is
1972-618: The Philippines. The momentum gained in the 1980s was also given to multiple setbacks. Changes in strategy and internal conflicts within the CPP resulted in ideological, political, and organizational losses for the CPP–NPA–NDF. The CPP devised a plan called a "strategic counteroffensive" (SCO) with the aim of "leaping over" to a higher stage of armed revolution and quickly win the revolution. The SCO program led to "regularization" of units, urban partisan actions, peasant uprisings, and an insurrectionist concept of "seizing opportunities". From 1981,
2030-561: The President of the Philippines designated the NPA as a terrorist group, along with the CPP. The United States and the European Union have designated the CPP–NPA as "foreign terrorist organizations" in 2002 and 2005, respectively. Japan's Public Security Intelligence Agency designated the NPA as a "major international terrorist organization" ( 主な国際テロ組織 ) . The New People's Army was established on March 29, 1969, following
2088-625: The United Kingdom in Environment, Development, and Policy. As a college student in Boston in the early 1980s, he got to know Benigno Aquino Jr. , then in exile. After Aquino's assassination in 1983, Severino returned home to teach at his alma mater Ateneo de Manila High School, and join the anti-Marcos movement. He was arrested while taking pictures of a police dispersal of a student barricade in front of Ateneo campus on January 28, 1985,
2146-718: The bourgeois. The NPA regards itself as waging a revolution ultimately stemming from the "unfinished" revolution of the Katipunan , calling itself a revolution of the "new type"; whereas the Katipunan waged a "bourgeois democratic revolution of the old type, the NPA is waging a "proletarian socialist revolution" in the same vein as the October Revolution in Russia. The CPP-NPA regards three things as central to waging revolution: armed struggle, agrarian revolution, and
2204-477: The building of mass-bases in the countryside. The NPA, aside from being a military force, also puts emphasis in carrying out land reform and organizational work to ensure that villages become bases of the people's democratic government. The CPP regards armed struggle as a necessary component of revolution coinciding with the Party's organizational work. The NPA, as the central agent of armed struggle, serves to achieve its central task of "destroying and dismantling
2262-473: The cities. The second stage is strategic stalemate, where fighting force is more or less equal, while the last stage is that of strategic offensive, where the NPA has developed its strength capable of assaulting military camps and cities. The NPA has explicitly allowed the recruitment of sexual and gender minorities. Many queer Filipinos join the NPA due to the lack of LGBT rights in the Philippines , and they believe that queer liberation can be achieved through
2320-517: The countryside, reaching a mass base of over one million people, with 1,000 fighters armed with high-powered rifles by 1977 By 1981, the NPA began engaging in tactical offensives involving company-sized units emerged, particularly in the Southern Mindanao region. By 1983, the NPA fielded 5,000 high-powered rifles. By 1988, it had 10,000 high-powered rifles, with 7,000 inferior firearms. It operated in 60 guerrilla fronts across 63 provinces of
2378-492: The crew was to load hundreds of firearms concealed inside plastic tubes. China and the Philippines formally established diplomatic relations on June 9, 1975, which marked the end of Chinese support for the NPA. The MV Karagatan incident was the subject of the 2012 documentary " Ang Pagbabalik sa Karagatan " ( transl. "The Return to the Ocean" ) by Howie Severino , which was aired on GMA Network 's IWitness . In
MV Karagatan incident - Misplaced Pages Continue
2436-414: The documentary, a crew led by Severino along with former NPA commander Victor Corpus went to Digoyo Point to visit the shipwreck of MV Karagatan . New People%27s Army Former parties Former parties Former parties The New People's Army ( Filipino : Bagong Hukbong Bayan ; abbreviated NPA or BHB ) is the armed wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP). It acts as
2494-484: The first podcast launched by GMA News and Public Affairs . Severino's parents are Ambassador Rodolfo Severino Jr. , former secretary-general of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) from 1998 to 2002, and Tati Gorospe Severino. a former schoolteacher and administrator. Severino is married to Ipat Luna, an environmental lawyer and TOYM awardee, with whom he has a son, Alon Roberto. In 2012, Alon, 10,
2552-736: The form of arms, $ 7 million and logistical support, from the Gaddafi government in Libya according to a US Secretary of State. At the time of its inception, Government of the Philippines automatically outlawed the NPA (along with the CPP) through the Anti-Subversion Act of 1957 which had branded the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930 (PKP) and the Hukbalahap as an "organized conspiracy". As splinter groups which had roots to
2610-474: The legal definition of "terrorism". Howie Severino Horacio "Howie" Gorospe Severino (born July 18, 1961) is a Filipino broadcast journalist, anchor, host, documentarist and podcaster who is currently working in GMA Network , as consultant of GMA Integrated News , editor-at-large of GMA News Online , and is best known for hosting GMA Public Affairs ' documentary program i-Witness . Severino
2668-479: The like." Once established, barrio revolutionary committees replaced the BOC to formally establish the area as a stronghold of the revolutionary government. The NPA at the time had 72 squads of 800 regulars armed with weapons. Over the next decade, the NPA expanded in response to Ferdinand Marcos and the declaration of martial law in the Philippines . The CPP and the NPA were successfully able to establish themselves in
2726-735: The longest-running public affairs programs in the Philippines. He set up the PCIJ's Environment Desk, built credentials as a leading environmental journalist, and worked closely with Ramon Magsaysay awardee Sheila Coronel . He still produces environmental documentaries for i-Witness and often appears on television riding his mountain bike. Online, he was the first blogger on GMA's web platforms. His journalistic exploration of emerging media culminated in 2009 with his appointment as GMA Network's vice president for Multimedia Journalism and his subsequent assignment to helm GMA News Online. As GMA News Online's editor-in-chief, Severino and his team pioneered in
2784-409: The need to combat conservatism in the NPA ranks, the importance of mass-work in building and strengthening Party groups, and the intensification of guerrilla warfare against enemy targets. The NPA has a long record of attacking mining corporations and logging companies which they accuse of harming the forests of the Philippines. In 2011 in revenge for the murder of anti-mining activist Rabenio Sungit ,
2842-462: The queer rights of sexual and gender minorities in the army became more recognized. In 2005, the NPA conducted the first recorded gay marriage in the history of the Philippines. The former Filipino president Duterte mocked the NPA's acceptance of LGBT members, erroneously claiming that '40 percent' of NPA members are gay. Duterte also claimed that NPA guerrillas once attempted to sexually seduce his son. NPA co-founder Jose Maria Sison confirmed that
2900-471: The rule of the enemy and taking their political power". In waging armed revolution, the NPA follows the strategic line of protracted people's war by "encircling the cities from the countryside until conditions are ripe for seizing the cities through a strategic offensive". The NPA identifies three stages in waging armed struggle: strategic defensive, strategic stalemate, and strategic offensive. It regards itself as yet unable to conduct symmetric warfare in
2958-488: The same day as Lino Brocka and Behn Cervantes . Severino was detained for eight days in Fort Bonifacio , which was at the time a dreaded army camp and not yet the high-end commercial and residential hub that it is today. Severino was a campus journalist at Tufts University for all four years in college. In the Philippines, he began his journalism career as a newspaper reporter and magazine writer in 1988. He became
SECTION 50
#17327717155953016-423: The split of the old Communist Party ( Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930 ) into Lava and Guerrero factions. The 1960s saw a resurgence in radical ideology, following the establishment of Kabataang Makabayan and the emerging popularity of Mao Zedong Thought as an advancement of ideological Marxism-Leninism . In 1966, Jose Maria Sison, under the nom de guerre Amado Guerrero , wrote Rectify Errors and Rebuild
3074-417: The urban centers and thus regards the people's war as being in a stage of strategic defensive moving to a stage of strategic stalemate. During the stage of strategic defensive, the NPA "maintains the initiative in tactical offensives against the strategic military advantage of the enemy", making use of guerrilla tactics to attack targets and defend guerrilla zones, while armed partisans perform special roles in
3132-652: Was ambushed in the University of the Philippines in 2001 by armed gunmen and slain. The NPA has admitted to killing Kintanar in 2003. Other rejectionists, like Rosales and Walden Bello continue as members of the social-democratic Akbayan party. Ricardo Reyes is active in local politics, having last attempted to secure the mayoralty of Pasig in 2010. The CPP declared the Second Great Rectification Movement as having been "conclusively won" in 1998. Since then, it has re-affirmed that
3190-408: Was identified by the crew as a T-34 Mentor . The ship captain then started the engine, causing the MV Karagatan' s hydraulic system to sustain damage after hitting a rock. While the ship underwent repairs, the captain turned on the radar and spotted an unidentified vessel moving towards the boat. The crew abandoned the ship and headed towards the shore. With the help of a Dumagat guide, the crew of
3248-522: Was loaded with 1,200 firearms intended to be smuggled into the Philippines. The ship left China by the end of June 1972. The MV Karagatan reached the Digoyo Point in Palanan , Isabela , Philippines . On July 4, 1972, the crew of the ship boarded a dinghy and met with their NPA contacts along the shore. Victor Corpus , a defector from the Philippine military and a member of the NPA at the time,
3306-771: Was named Best Child Performer by the Aliw Awards for his role in Totong Hilot, a full-length play staged in the Cultural Center of the Philippines during the Virgin Labfest. On April 7, 2020, it was revealed that Severino was the country's 2828th COVID-19 patient during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines . He later recovered from the coronavirus after being in the hospital for eleven days. A special i-Witness documentary about his experience as
3364-463: Was tasked with leading the group that would receive the armaments at shore. The arms on board the MV Karagatan were unloaded using multiple bangka . During the unloading, a small plane passed over the area. Believing they had been found by the Philippine military, the MV Karagatan crew moved their ship closer to the mouth of the Digoyo River. Another plane flew over the area at sunset, which
#594405