Moulsham is a suburb of Chelmsford, Essex , England. It is located to the south of the city centre and has two distinct areas: Old Moulsham and Moulsham Lodge.
63-624: Moulsham is located on the south side of the River Chelmer. Moulsham Street follows the line of the former Roman road and it is a designated Conservation Area. The fertile Chelmer Valley has been a focus for human activities from the beginning of the Neolithic period (c.4000BC), with ceramics of this period having been found during excavation in the Moulsham Street area. These excavations also revealed evidence for settlement through
126-576: A failed uprising against the conquering forces of the Roman Empire in AD 60 or 61. She is considered a British national heroine and a symbol of the struggle for justice and independence. Boudica's husband Prasutagus , with whom she had two daughters, ruled as a nominally independent ally of Rome. He left his kingdom jointly to his daughters and to the Roman emperor in his will . When he died, his will
189-643: A Roman colonia for retired soldiers. A Roman temple had been erected there to Claudius, at great expense to the local population. Combined with brutal treatment of the Britons by the veterans, this had caused resentment towards the Romans. The Iceni and the Trinovantes comprised an army of 120,000 men. Dio claimed that Boudica called upon the British goddess of victory Andraste to aid her army. Once
252-578: A comparison for readers of the antagonists' demands and approaches to war, and to portray the Romans as morally superior to their enemy, helped create an image of patriotism that turned Boudica into a legendary figure. Boudica was the consort of Prasutagus , king of the Iceni , a tribe who inhabited what is now the English county of Norfolk and parts of the neighbouring counties of Cambridgeshire , Suffolk and Lincolnshire . The Iceni produced some of
315-669: A detachment of the Legio IX Hispana , and burnt both Londinium and Verulamium . In all, an estimated 70,000–80,000 Romans and Britons were killed by Boudica's followers. Suetonius, meanwhile, regrouped his forces, possibly in the West Midlands , and despite being heavily outnumbered, he decisively defeated the Britons. Boudica died, by suicide or illness, shortly afterwards. The crisis of 60/61 caused Nero to consider withdrawing all his imperial forces from Britain, but Suetonius's victory over Boudica confirmed Roman control of
378-501: A fire. The vacant factory was occupied in 1902 by Clarkson's, who made steam omnibuses at the site until 1917 and branched out into bus operating as ‘National’ converting to petrol buses in 1920 – the name surviving in the town and beyond until the 1990s. In 1898, Guglielmo Marconi set up the world's first radio factory in Hall Street in a furniture shop, itself a converted Silk Mill adjacent to water board premises. Radio equipment
441-779: A mention of the uprising by Suetonius in his Lives of the Caesars (121); and the longest account, a detailed description of the revolt contained within Cassius Dio 's history of the Empire ( c. 202 – c. 235 ). Tacitus wrote some years after the rebellion, but his father-in-law Gnaeus Julius Agricola was an eyewitness to the events, having served in Britain as a tribune under Suetonius Paulinus during this period. Cassius Dio began his history of Rome and its empire about 140 years after Boudica's death. Much
504-571: A national heroine. Alfred, Lord Tennyson 's poem Boädicéa (written in 1859, and published in 1864) drew on Cowper's poem. Depicting the Iceni queen as a violent and bloodthirsty warrior, the poem also forecasted the rise of British imperialism. Tennyson's image of Boudica was taken from the engraving produced in 1812 by Stothard. Another work, the poem "Boadicea" (1859) by Francis Barker, contained strongly patriotic and Christian themes. A range of Victorian children's books mentioned Boudica; Beric
567-551: A new bridge was constructed across the River Can restoring the route of the old Roman road along what is now Moulsham Street. In AD 1199 Chelmsford was formally founded by the Bishop of London, William of Sainte-Mère-Église when he was granted the right to hold a weekly market at ‘Chelmersford’ around which a new town was formed. In the years that followed Moulsham remained a distinct hamlet separate from Chelmsford. Rivalry between
630-429: A parallel alignment, New London Road was not a ‘by-pass’ of Moulsham Street in the modern sense of the word; rather it was constructed as an alternative route with its new residences enabling merchandisers to move ‘out of town’. Moulsham was effectively swallowed by Chelmsford during Victorian expansion of the town. The influx of people into the area led to a school being constructed next to St John's Church in 1840, which
693-622: A popular patriotic song in Britain during the 18th and 19th centuries. During the late 18th century, Boudica was used to develop ideas of English nationhood. Illustrations of Boudica during this period—such as in Edward Barnard's New, Complete and Authentic History of England (1790) and the drawing by Thomas Stothard of the queen as a classical heroine—lacked historical accuracy. The illustration of Boudica by Robert Havell in Charles Hamilton Smith 's The Costume of
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#1732791505631756-554: A story about a British heroine he called 'Bunduca'. A variation of this name was used in the Jacobean play Bonduca (1612), a tragicomedy that most scholars agree was written by John Fletcher , in which one of the characters was Boudica. A version of that play called Bonduca, or the British Heroine was set to music by the English composer Henry Purcell in 1695. One of the choruses, " Britons, Strike Home! ", became
819-466: A tax on our heads!... Among the rest of mankind death frees even those who are in slavery to others; only in the case of the Romans do the very dead remain alive for their profit. Why is it that, though none of us has any money (how, indeed, could we, or where would we get it?), we are stripped and despoiled like a murderer's victims? And why should the Romans be expected to display moderation as time goes on, when they have behaved toward us in this fashion at
882-519: A work whose impact resulted in Boudica's reinvention as a British imperialistic champion. One of the earliest possible mentions of Boudica (excluding Tacitus' and Dio's accounts) was the 6th century work De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae by the British monk Gildas . In it, he demonstrates his knowledge of a female leader whom he describes as a "treacherous lioness" who "butchered the governors who had been left to give fuller voice and strength to
945-536: Is also a mosque at the junction with New London Road. Boudica Boudica or Boudicca ( / ˈ b uː d ɪ k ə , b oʊ ˈ d ɪ k ə / , from Brythonic * boudi 'victory, win' + * -kā 'having' suffix, i.e. 'Victorious Woman', known in Latin chronicles as Boadicea or Boudicea , and in Welsh as Buddug , pronounced [ˈbɨðɨɡ] ) was a queen of the ancient British Iceni tribe, who led
1008-438: Is lost and his account of Boudica survives only in the epitome of an 11th-century Byzantine monk , John Xiphilinus . He provides greater and more lurid detail than Tacitus, but in general his details are often fictitious. Both Tacitus and Dio give an account of battle-speeches given by Boudica, though it is thought that her words were never recorded during her life. Although imaginary, these speeches, designed to provide
1071-420: Is now Anchor Street. Chelmsford has a large number of pubs, many of which are relatively old with their roots in the coaching days. The number of pubs in and around Moulsham Street was boosted in the nineteenth century, no doubt in response to the presence of soldiers in the town (the barracks occupying the site of the old friary at the town end of Moulsham Street) and the continued growth of Chelmsford reflecting
1134-449: Is now a residential neighbourhood known as Moulsham Lodge. The Mildmay family effectively controlled Chelmsford for almost 300 years. Moulsham developed into a modest village and a number of the buildings that remain still show their mediaeval origin. The Walker map of Moulsham hamlet in 1591 shows a ribbon of timber-framed houses extending from the Can to a field entrance in the vicinity of what
1197-684: The Florentine scholar Petruccio Ubaldini in The Lives of the Noble Ladies of the Kingdom of England and Scotland (1591) includes two female characters, 'Voadicia' and 'Bunduica', both based on Boudica. From the 1570s to the 1590s, when Elizabeth I 's England was at war with Spain, Boudica proved to be a valuable asset for the English. The English poet Edmund Spenser used the story of Boudica in his poem The Ruines of Time , involving
1260-471: The Legio IX Hispana , attempted to relieve Camulodunum, but suffered an overwhelming defeat. The infantry with him were all killed and only the commander and some of his cavalry escaped. After this disaster, Catus Decianus, whose behaviour had provoked the rebellion, fled abroad to Gaul . Suetonius was leading a campaign against the island of Mona , off the coast of North Wales. On hearing
1323-604: The Scala Theatre , London, in November 1909 before a national tour, and she was described in a 1909 pamphlet as "the eternal feminine... the guardian of the hearth, the avenger of its wrongs upon the defacer and the despoiler". A "vocal minority" has claimed Boudica as a Celtic Welsh heroine. A statue of Boudica in the Marble Hall at Cardiff City Hall was among those unveiled by David Lloyd George in 1916, though
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#17327915056311386-518: The Abbot of Westminster and the Bishop of London resulted in the growth of Chelmsford into a prosperous trading centre, while Moulsham became the poor relation, accommodating the destitute and socially unacceptable members of the community, at one time containing a leper colony, much later a gaol and workhouse. A Dominican friary was built at the north end of Moulsham (in the vicinity of what is now Friar's Walk) between 1221 and 1277, and this survived until
1449-507: The Briton (1893), a novel by G. A. Henty , with illustrations by William Parkinson, had a text based on the accounts of Tacitus and Dio. Boadicea and Her Daughters , a statue of the queen in her war chariot , complete with anachronistic scythes on the wheel axles, was executed by the sculptor Thomas Thornycroft . He was encouraged by Prince Albert , who lent his horses for use as models. The statue, Thornycroft's most ambitious work,
1512-504: The Bronze Age and late Iron Age. Significant habitation at Moulsham can be traced back to Roman times, preceding the origins of Chelmsford itself. Moulsham Street is perhaps the oldest street in the city. Soon after the rebellion of Boudica in AD 60, a small Roman military fort was built on the southern banks of the River Can near an important road bridge crossing midway between Colchester and London. A civilian town soon grew up around
1575-588: The County of Essex, a position that he held for thirty years, retiring at the age of 80. In 1785 he became a partner with Sir Herbert Mackworth and others in Dorsett and Co, a bank in Bond Street , but Mackworth left before 1792, the bank failed in 1797 and was wound up in 1803. After this, Johnson moved from Berners Street to Camden Town , and on his retirement in 1812 returned to Leicester, where he died. He
1638-643: The Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1538 when the friary and later the manor of Moulsham were purchased by the Mildmay family. In 1563 the same family also acquired the manor of Chelmsford from Queen Elizabeth I, resulting in Moulsham and Chelmsford being owned by the same lord. The Mildmay family lived at Moulsham Hall, a large mansion in grounds to the south of what was to become Old Moulsham on land that
1701-681: The Grove Tennis Club, the privately owned Spring Health Leisure Club and the council run Dovedale Leisure Centre. There is Oaklands Park, with 12 acres (49,000 m) of grounds containing the Chelmsford Museum . In between Old Moulsham and Moulsham Lodge is John Shennan Playing field, built on top of a disused refuse tip. The city council is now undertaking mass tree planting on sections of the playing field in line with city council biodiversity targets. Many Christian denominations are represented within Moulsham. Churches include
1764-801: The Methodist, Church of England St John the Evangelist and St Luke's; the United Reformed Church Christ Church, the Roman Catholic Our Lady Immaculate, Presbyterian, Union of Evangelical Church and Elim. Moulsham's memorial to those who died during the First World War is located at the front of St John's Church. Of note local historical interest is Grove Road Evangelical Church, which was a former Peculiar People's chapel. There
1827-494: The Mildmay estate and adjoining land to the south became available for purchase, which enabled the rapid and significant expansion of Chelmsford. At this time a group of local enterprising (non-conformist) businessmen surreptitiously acquired land in several lots, and were thus able to form what is now New London Road, disposing of plots with strict covenants to realise a grand design: ‘a handsome road of highly ornamental mansions’ as an elegant approach to Chelmsford. Whilst it followed
1890-863: The Moulsham Traders Association. There are many offices along New London Road, often housing professionals, such as real estate agents, renewable energy companies, solicitors and accountants. Moulsham Lodge has a shopping parade of a dozen units catering for needs of the immediate estate and the adjoining area of Tile Kiln, also containing a small parade of five shops and a pub, which lies between Moulsham Lodge and Galleywood. There are several schools and colleges within Moulsham. These include: Moulsham Infant School, Oaklands Infant School, Moulsham Junior School, St Anne's Preparatory School, St Philip's Priory School, St. Cedd's Primary School, Our Lady Immaculate RC Primary School, Moulsham High School and Chelmsford College . Sports facilities include:
1953-689: The Original Inhabitants of the British Islands from the Earliest Periods to the Sixth Century (1815) was an early attempt to depict her in an historically accurate way. Cowper's 1782 poem Boadicea: An Ode was the most notable literary work to champion the resistance of the Britons, and helped to project British ideas of imperial expansion. It caused Boudica to become a British cultural icon and be perceived as
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2016-540: The River Can, the main route between Colchester and London was diverted to a crossing point at Widford several miles west of Moulsham. After the Norman Conquest of 1066, Moulsham was owned by the Abbot of Westminster; the land on the Chelmsford side of the River Can was owned by the Bishop of London. Records at this time refer to a place named Ceolmaer's Ford on the northern banks of the Can. Around AD 1100
2079-442: The accompaniment of sacrifices, banquets, and wanton behaviour" in sacred places, particularly the groves of Andraste. Suetonius regrouped his forces. He amassed an army of almost 10,000 men at an unidentified location, and took a stand in a defile with a wood behind. The Romans used the terrain to their advantage, launching javelins at the Britons before advancing in a wedge-shaped formation and deploying cavalry. The Roman army
2142-475: The area defined by what are now Moulsham Street/Hall Street/Hamlet Road and Mildmay Road. The town was defended by substantial banks and ditches and contained public baths and a temple. The Roman town was abandoned in the 5th Century AD. The nearest centres of population at this time would have been small Saxon farmsteads to the north of what is now Chelmsford. Following the collapse of the Roman wooden bridge across
2205-408: The blame upon herself for not expelling the Romans as they had done when Julius Caesar invaded. The willingness of those seen as barbarians to sacrifice a higher quality of living under the Romans in exchange for their freedom and personal liberty was an important part of what Dio considered to be motivation for the rebellions. The first target of the rebels was Camulodunum (modern Colchester ),
2268-461: The capital of the Trinovantes , but at that time a colonia for discharged Roman soldiers. Upon hearing of the revolt, the Roman governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus hurried from the island of Mona (modern Anglesey) to Londinium , the 20-year-old commercial settlement that was the rebels' next target. Unable to defend the settlement, he evacuated and abandoned it. Boudica's army defeated
2331-740: The choice had gained little support in a public vote. It shows her with her daughters and without warrior trappings. Permanent exhibitions describing the Boudican Revolt are at the Museum of London , Colchester Castle Museum and the Verulamium Museum . A 36-mile (58 km) long distance footpath called Boudica's Way passes through countryside between Norwich and Diss in Norfolk. John Johnson (architect, born 1732) John Johnson (22 April 1732 – 17 August 1814)
2394-464: The country's first electrical engineering works at his Arc Works in Anchor Street, a site that had been in industrial use principally as an iron works since 1833. Crompton was a pioneer of electric lighting schemes, ‘Devon House’ in Anchor Street was constructed in 1890 as a power station to provide electric lighting for Chelmsford's main streets. In 1895 Crompton's relocated to Writtle Road after
2457-485: The earliest known British coins. They had revolted against the Romans in 47 when the Roman governor Publius Ostorius Scapula planned to disarm all the peoples of Britain under Roman control. The Romans allowed the kingdom to retain its independence once the uprising was suppressed. On his death in AD 60/61, Prasutagus made his two daughters as well as the Roman Emperor Nero his heirs. The Romans ignored
2520-555: The endeavours of Roman rule." Both Bede 's Ecclesiastical History of the English People (731) and the 9th century work Historia Brittonum by the Welsh monk Nennius include references to the uprising of 60/61—but do not mention Boudica. No contemporary description of Boudica exists. Dio, writing more than a century after her death, provided a detailed description of the Iceni queen (translated in 1925): "In stature she
2583-406: The extent of its destruction is unclear. Dio and Tacitus both reported that around 80,000 people were said to have been killed by the rebels. According to Tacitus, the Britons had no interest in taking the Roman population as prisoners, only in slaughter by " gibbet , fire, or cross". Dio adds that the noblest women were impaled on spikes and had their breasts cut off and sewn to their mouths, "to
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2646-450: The fort and received the name Caesaromagus (Caesar's Market Place). The present Moulsham Street follows the line of the main thoroughfare through the Roman town southwards to London. Long after the fort had gone, the Romans maintained an official presence in Moulsham, in the form of a grand mansion (located in the vicinity of what is now Roman Road), which served as a post office, civic centre and hotel. Roman occupation of Moulsham centred on
2709-581: The late nineteenth century Moulsham Street had also become a busy shopping street, lined with cycle shops, butchers, newsagents, tailors, grocers, animal feed merchants, a confectioner, a pharmacist, cafes and taverns. Its relative narrowness, domestic scale and varied architecture gave the street an intimate ‘village’ feel. This and the mixed use function of the street persist to the present day whilst heavy industries have all but gone away. The northern end of Moulsham Street consists of many small retail outlets which are often independently run and are represented by
2772-528: The name by which she was known during most of her life is unknown. The English linguist and translator Kenneth Jackson concluded that the name Boudica —based on later developments in Welsh ( Buddug ) and Irish ( Buaidheach )—derives from the Proto-Celtic feminine adjective * boudīkā 'victorious', which in turn is derived from the Celtic word * boudā 'victory', and that the correct spelling of
2835-741: The name in Common Brittonic (the British Celtic language) is Boudica , pronounced [boʊˈdiːkaː] . Variations on the historically correct Boudica include Boudicca , Bonduca , Boadicea , and Buduica . The Gaulish version of her name is attested in inscriptions as Boudiga in Bordeaux , Boudica in Lusitania , and Bodicca in Algeria. Boudica's name was spelt incorrectly by Dio, who used Buduica . Her name
2898-475: The news of the Iceni uprising, he left a garrison on Mona and returned to deal with Boudica. He moved quickly with a force of men through hostile territory to Londinium, which he reached before the arrival of Boudica's army but, outnumbered, he decided to abandon the town to the rebels, who burned it down after torturing and killing everyone who had remained. The rebels also sacked the municipium of Verulamium (modern St Albans ), north-west of London, though
2961-579: The province. Interest in these events was revived in the English Renaissance and led to Boudica's fame in the Victorian era and as a cultural symbol in Britain. The Boudican revolt against the Roman Empire is referred to in four works from classical antiquity written by three Roman historians: the Agricola ( c. 98 ) and Annals ( c. 110s ) by Tacitus ;
3024-548: The rebellion: the recalling of loans that were given to the Britons by Seneca ; Decianus Catus's confiscation of money formerly loaned to the Britons by the Emperor Claudius ; and Boudica's own entreaties. The loans were thought by the Iceni to have been repaid by gift exchange. Dio gives Boudica a speech to her people and their allies reminding them that life was much better before the Roman occupation, stressing that wealth cannot be enjoyed under slavery and placing
3087-524: The revolt had begun, the only Roman troops available to provide assistance, aside from the few within the colony, were 200 auxiliaries located in London, who were not equipped to fight Boudica's army. Camulodunum was captured by the rebels; those inhabitants who survived the initial attack took refuge in the Temple of Claudius for two days before they were killed. Quintus Petillius Cerialis , then commanding
3150-468: The south facade, sculpted by L J Watts in 1902; another depiction of her is in a stained glass window by Clayton and Bell in the council chamber. Boudica was adopted by the suffragettes as one of the symbols of the campaign for women's suffrage . In 1908, a "Boadicea Banner" was carried in several National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies marches. She appears as a character in A Pageant of Great Women written by Cicely Hamilton , which opened at
3213-505: The town's increasing importance as a market and retail centre. Moulsham Street still supports many pubs. Judge Tindal is perhaps Moulsham Street's most famous son. Tindal was a renowned judge who became Lord Chief Justice in 1829 and is now remembered with a bronze statue in Tindal Square at the top of Chelmsford High Street. He was born at 199 Moulsham Street in 1776. The stone bridge linking Chelmsford High Street and Moulsham Street
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#17327915056313276-558: The very outset, when all men show consideration even for the beasts they have newly captured?" —Part of a speech Cassius Dio gives Boudica The Romans' next actions were described by Tacitus, who detailed pillaging of the countryside, the ransacking of the king's household, and the brutal treatment of Boudica and her daughters. According to Tacitus, Boudica was flogged and her daughters were raped . These abuses are not mentioned in Dio's account, who instead cites three different causes for
3339-640: The will, and the kingdom was absorbed into the province of Britannia . Catus Decianus , procurator of Britain, was sent to secure the Iceni kingdom for Rome. "Have we not been robbed entirely of most of our possessions, and those the greatest, while for those that remain we pay taxes? Besides pasturing and tilling for them all our other possessions, do we not pay a yearly tribute for our very bodies? How much better it would be to have been sold to masters once for all than, possessing empty titles of freedom, to have to ransom ourselves every year! How much better to have been slain and to have perished than to go about with
3402-483: Was also misspelled by Tacitus, who added a second 'c.' After the misspelling was copied by a medieval scribe , further variations began to appear. Along with the second 'c' becoming an 'e,' an 'a' appeared in place of the 'u', which produced the medieval (and most common) version of the name, Boadicea . The true spelling was totally obscured when Boadicea first appeared in around the 17th century. William Cowper used this spelling in his poem Boadicea, an Ode (1782),
3465-724: Was an English architect and surveyor to the county of Essex . He is best known for designing the Shire Hall, Chelmsford . Johnson was born in Leicester . He moved to London before his thirtieth birthday and in the late 1760s was engaged by William Berners in speculative building of Berners' estate in Marylebone . For most of the rest of his life he lived in one of the houses that he had built in Berners Street . In 1782 he succeeded William Hillyer as Surveyor to
3528-421: Was built in 1787, replacing an earlier bridge and is one of the city's most enduring landmarks. It was constructed by County Surveyor John Johnson , also responsible for the city's landmark ‘Shire Hall’. Moulsham gained its own church in 1837 when St John's was constructed opposite Anchor Street on the south side of Moulsham Street at a cost of £2,500. The square tower, a local landmark, was added in 1883. In 1839
3591-535: Was extended in 1885. Previously, the British School close to the site of the former friary was one of only two or three schools in the town. During the mid-nineteenth century several pockets of industry, focused on manufacturing, were established in and around Moulsham Street. This included Marconi's and Crompton's – two of Chelmsford's ‘big three’ manufacturers responsible for giving the town an international reputation. In 1878 Colonel REB Crompton established
3654-429: Was heavily outnumbered — according to Dio the rebels numbered 230,000 — but Boudica's army was crushed, and according to Tacitus, neither the women nor the animals were spared. Tacitus states that Boudica poisoned herself; Dio says she fell sick and died, after which she was given a lavish burial. It has been argued that these accounts are not mutually exclusive. Boudica may have been an honorific title, in which case
3717-504: Was ignored, and the kingdom was annexed and his property taken. According to the Roman historian Tacitus , Boudica was flogged and her daughters raped . The historian Cassius Dio wrote that previous imperial donations to influential Britons were confiscated and the Roman financier and philosopher Seneca called in the loans he had forced on the reluctant Britons. In 60/61, Boudica led the Iceni and other British tribes in revolt. They destroyed Camulodunum (modern Colchester ), earlier
3780-586: Was interpreted by historians, poets and dramatists . Boudica appeared as 'Voadicia' in a history, Anglica Historia , by the Italian scholar Polydore Vergil , and in the Scottish historian Hector Boece 's The History and Chronicles of Scotland (1526) she is 'Voada'—the first appearance of Boudica in a British publication. Boudica was called 'Voadicia' in the English historian Raphael Holinshed 's Chronicles , published between 1577 and 1587. A narrative by
3843-585: Was manufactured and shipped around the world from an expanding operation in Hall Street until Marconi's moved to new premises in New Street, Chelmsford in 1912. Marconi's retained a presence in Chelmsford until the late 1990s, employing several thousand local people in its heyday. Other industries operating in the late nineteenth century in and around Moulsham Street included rope and tent makers (Godfreys established 1828, wound up 1985), brickworks, ironworks, furniture manufacturing and builder's yard/offices. By
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#17327915056313906-539: Was produced between 1856 and 1871, cast in 1896, and positioned on the Victoria Embankment next to Westminster Bridge in 1902. Boudica was once thought to have been buried at a place which lies now between platforms 9 and 10 in King's Cross station in London. There is no evidence for this and it is probably a post-World War II invention. At Colchester Town Hall , a life-sized statue of Boudica stands on
3969-578: Was very tall, in appearance most terrifying, in the glance of her eye most fierce, and her voice was harsh; a great mass of the tawniest hair fell to her hips; around her neck was a large golden necklace; and she wore a tunic of divers colours over which a thick mantle was fastened with a brooch. This was her invariable attire." During the Renaissance the works of Tacitus and Cassius Dio became available in England, after which her status changed as it
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