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131-697: During the 1984 Winter Olympics , Igman was, along with Jahorina and Bjelašnica , the location of the competition in the alpine and Nordic sports disciplines . Igman hosted primarily the Nordic disciplines; the Igman Olympic Jumps in the Malo Polje area were the site of the ski jumping events and also the ski jumping part of the Nordic combined events. Meanwhile, the Veliko Polje hosted

262-572: A Turkish woman named Sıdıka Hanım. The couple eventually moved to Bosanski Šamac and had five children. Izetbegović's grandfather later became the town's mayor. Izetbegović's father, an accountant, had fought for the Austro-Hungarian Army on the Italian Front during World War I and sustained serious injuries which left him in a semi-paralyzed state for at least a decade. He declared bankruptcy in 1927. The following year,

393-614: A French memorial plaque -- the French APC went over the edge and rolled and tumbled down some 400 metres. US Diplomats Robert Frasure , Nelson Drew and Joe Kruzel as well as the French Corporal-driver perished in the incident. The battered APC is still to be seen where it ultimately came to a halt - next to a memorial site for the victims. By mid-1995 the military situation became very tense again, and in August 1995

524-815: A Member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina . His party's power declined after the international community installed a High Representative to oversee affairs of state, with more power than the Presidency or parliaments of either the Bosniak-Croat or Serb entities. He stepped down in October 2000 at the age of 74, citing poor health. However, Izetbegović remained popular with the Bosniak public, who nicknamed him Dedo (which in Bosnian means grandfather ). His endorsement helped his party to bounce back in

655-571: A Sarajevo court for a variety of charges called "offences as principally hostile activity inspired by Islamic ideologies, association for purposes of hostile activity and hostile propaganda". Izetbegović was further accused of organizing a visit to a Muslim congress in Iran . All of those tried were convicted and Izetbegović was sentenced to fourteen years in prison. The verdict was strongly criticised by Western human rights organisations, including Amnesty International and Helsinki Watch , which claimed

786-461: A call for "Islamic renewal" without mentioning Yugoslavia specifically. However, he and his supporters were accused by the Communist authorities of reviving the "Young Muslims" organisation and of a conspiracy to set up an "Islamically pure" Bosnia and Herzegovina. The declaration designated Pakistan as a model country to be emulated by Muslim revolutionaries worldwide. One of the passages that

917-578: A chipmunk, a lamb, a mountain goat, a porcupine, and a snowball. The Vučko is a long-time symbol of Sarajevo. In 1978, the Sarajevo region had an artificial ice rink, a few cross-country ski trails and biathlon and alpine ski slopes. Most of the facilities remained to be built. The construction of the new venues began in the summer of 1979 and was completed in December 1982, which made it possible to organize 31 national and international test events during

1048-464: A dissident. The Bosnian government received money and arms. Osama bin Laden was given a Bosnian passport during Izetbegović's presidency and went on to visit Bosnia and Kosovo several times. Bin Laden stated to a German reporter that he planned to bring Muslim volunteers to Bosnia. Following massacres on Bosnian Muslims by Serb and, to a lesser extent, Croat forces, foreign Muslim volunteers joined

1179-639: A multi-party system in Yugoslavia at the end of the 1980s prompted Izetbegović and other Bosniak activists to establish a political party, the Party of Democratic Action ( Stranka Demokratske Akcije , SDA) in 1990. It had a largely Muslim character; similarly, the other principal ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbs and Croats, also established ethnically based parties ( SDS and HDZ BiH ). The SDA won

1310-653: A new shooting range installed for the biathlon. A bobsleigh and luge track , the first in the country's history, was built on the Trebević south-east of Sarajevo. The track has a length of 1300 meters and a drop of 126 meters. The main Olympic village was built in the Mojmilo district of Sarajevo near the Koševo Stadium. Approximately 1,950 persons were accommodated in the 639 apartments available. The organizers built

1441-575: A points system. The Norwegian Tom Sandberg was in first place after the jumps. Among the other favorites, the Finns Rauno Miettinen and Jouko Karjalainen occupied the sixth and 15th ranks. Karjalainen won the cross-country ski race with 1:20.7 ahead of second-placed Sandberg, but it was not enough to overtake him in the final standings. Sandberg was the Olympic gold medal champion and Karjalainen silver medalist. Surprisingly, fifth in

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1572-694: A referendum to leave the Yugoslav federation. The Serbs did not agree with the secession from Yugoslavia. Furthermore, less than two-thirds of the population went to the referendum. Nevertheless, the EU and the US accepted the referendum. The Bosnian parliament, already vacated by the Bosnian Serbs, formally declared independence from Yugoslavia on 29 February and Izetbegović announced the country's independence on 3 March. It did not take effect until 7 April 1992, when

1703-517: A rump Yugoslavia dominated by Serbia. Izetbegović publicly complained that he was being forced to ally with one side or the other, vividly characterising the dilemma by comparing it to having to choose between leukemia and a brain tumour. In January 1992, Portuguese diplomat José Cutileiro drafted a plan, later known as the Lisbon Agreement , that would turn Bosnia into a triethnic cantonal state. Initially, all three sides signed up to

1834-573: A second ahead of Belousov and Beliakov, and the East Germans Jörg Hoffmann and Jochen Pietzsch won bronze. The figure skating events took place at the Skenderija sports center. The American Scott Hamilton , world champion from 1981 to 1983, was first after the compulsory figures of the men's competition. The Canadian Brian Orser won the short program and the free skate ahead of Hamilton. Orser, who finished seventh in

1965-756: A secondary Olympic village on Mount Igman for athletes and coaches of cross-country skiing, Nordic combined and biathlon, with a capacity of 500 people. A press village built in the Dobrinja district accommodated representatives of the press, radio and television as well as accompanying staff with 2,100 apartments for a total of 8,500 beds. Members of the IOC, international sports federations, national committees and some NOCs with small delegations stayed in at existing Holiday Inn in Sarajevo comprising 340 rooms. Finally, another 19,400 beds were made available to tourists in minor hotels, private accommodation or rental apartments in

2096-485: A seven-member multi-ethnic rotating presidency (with two Croats, two Serbs, two Bosniaks and one Yugoslav); a Croat took the post of prime minister and a Serb the presidency of the Assembly . Abdić agreed to stand down as the Bosniak candidate for the Presidency and Izetbegović became Chairman of the Presidency . Bosnia and Herzegovina's power-sharing arrangements broke down very quickly as ethnic tensions grew after

2227-664: A time one minute faster. Rötsch was second, and the bronze medal went to the Norwegian Eirik Kvalfoss . The next event was the 10 km sprint. Kvalfoss, world champion in 1982 and 1983, won the race despite two missed targets. Angerer won the silver medal due to a good finish and the East German Matthias Jacob was the bronze medalist. The reigning Olympic champion Frank Ullrich missed three targets and finished only 17th. The Soviets did not win an individual medal and were not favorites for

2358-640: A total of thirty-nine official events, one more than four years earlier. Seven National Olympic Committees sent their athletes to the Olympic Winter Games for the first time, including Egypt , British Virgin Islands , Monaco , Puerto Rico and Senegal . Finland's Marja-Liisa Hämäläinen , who won all three individual races in cross-country skiing , earned the most individual medals of the Games. The host country Yugoslavia won its first-ever medal at

2489-601: A unitary Bosnia government from Sarajevo and on the allocation to the Bosniaks of a large percentage of Bosnia's territory. The war between the Bosniaks and Croats was eventually ended by a truce brokered with the aid of the Americans in March 1994, following which the two sides collaborated more closely against the Serbs. NATO then became increasingly involved in the conflict with occasional "pinprick" bombings conducted against

2620-424: A vast network of forest roads on Igman. The steep north-eastern slope of Igman is especially popular with the mountain bikers, who use the former wartime supply road to climb from Hrasnica up to an altitude of 1,250 metres (4,101 feet), and then descend with some bravura via a hiking trail. This hiking trail connects the village with the main mountain hut in the area: Hrasnički Stan. Another trail leads from Hrasnica to

2751-680: A winter multi-sport event held between 8 and 19 February 1984 in Sarajevo , Yugoslavia . It was the first Winter Olympic Games held in a Slavic language -speaking country, as well as the only Winter Olympics held in a communist country before the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing , China . It was the second consecutive Olympic Games held in a communist country, after the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow , Russian SFSR , Soviet Union. The Games were held in Sarajevo and at neighbouring resorts in

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2882-482: Is also shared by some Western authors. Izetbegović vigorously denied these accusations. Izetbegović was first arrested in 1946 aged twenty-one. He was sentenced to jail in various cases in a total for 8 years for his membership in an organization fighting for human rights and religious rights. In April 1983, Izetbegović and twelve other Bosniak activists (including Melika Salihbegović, Edhem Bičakčić, Omer Behmen , Mustafa Spahić and Hasan Čengić ) were tried before

3013-479: Is one of the most popular recreational areas of Sarajevo, and one its most important drinking water sources. Nearby lies one of the famous residential villas of Marshal Tito: Stojcevac, now fully destroyed. The area further up above Vrelo Bosne is the location of the former frontline and inaccessible because of heavy contamination with land mines and UXO . Demining activities on former frontlines have taken place and are still taking place around recreational areas and

3144-568: Is shared between the organizing committee which received two-thirds and the IOC which collected one-third. The channel ABC spent US$ 91.5 million to broadcast the footage in the United States, nearly 51% of all money spent on broadcasting rights. The Games were covered by 7,393 representatives of the media from 39 countries: 2,363 journalists from the print media and 5,030 employees of television and radio channels. Seven Media Press Centers and International Broadcaster Centers were set at

3275-684: The New York Times , he joined the SS Handschar , despite a lack of evidence. Izetbegović's family denied the claim and claimed that he had joined the communist Yugoslav Partisans. Izetbegović was detained by the Serb royalist Chetniks in mid-1944, but released by Chetnik voivode Dragutin Keserović . He was arrested by the Yugoslav communists following the war and sentenced to three years in prison in 1946 on charges of collaborating with

3406-537: The 1988 Summer Olympics . The city therefore had experience and most of the infrastructure present and was in use since then, but new options were seen as more attractive. Sarajevo presented a compact project, with all the planned venues within 25 kilometers of the city, and has experience of several international competitions such as Alpine Skiing World Cup events, and the European Figure Skating Championishipis. The host city for

3537-460: The 2002 general election . Some observers have described his rule as authoritarian with nationalist positions. Izetbegović died on 19 October 2003 of heart disease complicated by injuries suffered from a fall at home. An ICTY investigation of Izetbegović was in progress, but ended with his death. His funeral , held three days after his death, on 22 October, drew many Bosnian officials, dignitaries from 44 foreign countries, 105 members of

3668-620: The Bosniak forces initially alongside the Croat forces, until a separate war erupted between them. Relations between the two sides were resolved in the Washington Agreement , which he signed with Croatian president Franjo Tuđman . The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina continued, with widespread ethnic cleansing and other war crimes committed by mostly Serb forces against the Bosniak and Croat populations, eventually culminating in

3799-466: The Dinaric Alps located less than 25 kilometers from the city. At the first days of the Games, the sports program was disrupted by extreme weather conditions and the alpine ski events started four days later than planned. The Games brought together 1272 athletes from 49 countries, which represents a significant increase compared to 1980. Athletes participated in six sports and ten disciplines for

3930-469: The European Union and United States recognized the new country. Sporadic fighting between Serbs and government forces occurred across Bosnia in the run-up to international recognition. Izetbegović appears to have gambled that the international community would send a peacekeeping force upon recognising Bosnia in order to prevent a war, but this did not happen. Instead, war immediately broke out across

4061-652: The Grand National Assembly of Turkey and between 100,000 and 150,000 people, with his family receiving over 4,000 telegrams. Over 400 journalists attended the funeral as it was broadcast live on TV with 37 cameras. Following Izetbegović's death there was an initiative to rename a part of the main street of Sarajevo from Ulica Maršala Tita (Marshal Tito Street) and the Sarajevo International Airport in his honor. Following objections from politicians from Republika Srpska ,

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4192-470: The Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing campaign against Bosniak civilians from May 1992 to March 1993. Adding to the general confusion, Izetbegović's former colleague Fikret Abdić established an Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia in parts of Cazin and Velika Kladuša municipalities in opposition to the Sarajevo government and in cooperation with Slobodan Milošević and Franjo Tuđman . Abdić's faction

4323-727: The Second World War . A renowned episode of this struggle took place on Igman during Operation Südost Kroatien associated with what is known as the Second Enemy Offensive in January 1942. The Partisan 1st Proletarian Brigade, pursued by the German 342. Infanterie-Division , crossed Igman in what is known as the "Igman March". With temperatures reaching −32 °C (−26 °F), 172 Partisans suffered severe hypothermic injury, 6 of whom died.[12] When they approached

4454-655: The VRS -held villages of Ilidža and Vojkovići , forming a corridor connecting the slopes of Mt Igman with the UN-controlled airport of Sarajevo . After the completion of the Sarajevo Tunnel under the airport in July 1993, the small unpaved forest road passing over Mt Igman became the sole important supply road into the besieged city. The ARBiH-controlled central plateau of Igman came under increased VRS pressure when

4585-534: The Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement which would see Bosnia as a sovereign state in a confederation with Serbia and Montenegro, with 60% of Sandžak ceded to Bosnia. On 6 October 1991, Izetbegović gave a televised proclamation of neutrality, it included the statement "it is not our war". Izetbegović made a statement before the Bosnian parliament on 14 October with regard to the JNA: "Do not do anything against

4716-520: The biathlon , cross-country skiing , and the cross-country skiing part of the Nordic combined event. In preparation of the Games a road was constructed across the Igman plateau connecting Sarajevo through Hadžići to the Malo Polje, Veliko Polje and Babin Dol venues. There were numerous structures constructed on Igman at this time, although many stand destroyed or bear the scars of the 1992-1995 conflict. One of

4847-473: The bobsleigh/luge track built on the Trebević mountain. The East Germans dominated the discipline as they won the two gold medals and two silver medals. As of 2020, this performance has still not been matched. East Germans Wolfgang Hoppe and Dietmar Schauerhammer won the two-man bobsleigh event setting the fastest time in three of the four runs. They finished half a second ahead of their compatriots Bernhard Lehmann and Bogdan Musiol . The bobsledders of

4978-635: The ice rink and the Main Press Center, 560 million for the bobsleigh and luge track , 400 million for the speed skating track and 340 million for the ski jumps . The organizing committee also invested YUD 1.65 billion in posts, telegraphs and telephones, the television network, the expansion and modernization of the Sarajevo Airport, the road network, 23 sports centers and other facilities. Preparation and organization costs were listed at YUD 4.51 billion. The region's transport network

5109-523: The massacre of male Bosniaks in Srebrenica by Serb forces, which would later be determined to be genocide . Izetbegović was also a signatory for the Dayton Agreement , which ended the war in a stalemate following NATO bombings , and recognized Republika Srpska as an autonomous entity within Bosnia and Herzegovina. He continued to serve in this role until 1996, when he became a member of

5240-623: The war in Yugoslavia , which broke out in 1992, heavily damaged the city and the Olympic facilities. Some sites have been renovated after the war but others remain abandoned, the former bobsleigh/luge track being one of the more well-known abandoned sites. A study entitled "The possibilities and problems of tourism development continental in Yugoslavia" and published in 1968 by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) first indicated that Yugoslavia and in particular

5371-686: The 1,500 meters; the Quebecer ended the Games with three medals. Soviet Sergey Khlebnikov was second in these two races and the bronze medals were awarded to the Norwegian Kai Arne Engelstad and the Soviet Oleg Bozhev respectively. The Swede Tomas Gustafson , who picked up the training techniques of Eric Heiden , won the 5,000 meters ahead of the Soviet Igor Malkov . In the 10,000 meters, Malkov

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5502-472: The 1978 and 1982 World Championships, appeared at the Olympic Games. Alija Izetbegovi%C4%87 Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina Elections Family [REDACTED] Alija Izetbegović ( Bosnian pronunciation: [ǎlija ǐzedbeɡoʋitɕ] ; 8 August 1925 – 19 October 2003) was a Bosnian politician, Islamic philosopher and author, who in 1992 became the first president of

5633-558: The Army. (...) the presence of the Army is a stabilizing factor to us, and we need that Army... Until now, we did not have problems with the Army, and we will not have problems later." Izetbegović had a testy exchange with Bosnian Serb leader and SDS president Radovan Karadžić in parliament on that day. After Karadžić wagered that the Bosniak muslims could not defend themselves if a state of war developed, Izetbegović observed that he found Karadžić's manner and speech offensive and it explained why

5764-403: The Bosniaks felt unwelcome, that his tone might explain why the others federated by Yugoslavia felt repelled, and that the threats of Karadžić were unworthy of the Serb people. By the start of 1992, it had become apparent that the rival nationalist demands were fundamentally incompatible: the Bosniaks and Croats sought an independent Bosnia and Herzegovina while the Serbs wanted it to remain in

5895-627: The Bosnian Serb command and control system. This allowed the Croatian and Bosniak forces to overrun many Serb-held areas of the country, producing a roughly 50/50 split of the territory between the two sides. The offensive came to a halt not far from the de facto Serb capital of Banja Luka . When the Croat and Bosniak forces stopped their advance they had captured the power plants supplying Banja Luka's electricity and used that control to pressure

6026-652: The Bosnian Serbs, generally following violations of ceasefires and the no-fly zone over Bosnia. The Bosnian Croat forces benefited indirectly from US military training given to the Croatian Army. In addition, the Croatians provided considerable quantities of weaponry to the Bosnian Croats and much smaller amounts to the Bosnian army, despite a UN weapons embargo . Most of the Bosnian army's supply of weapons

6157-564: The Bosnian army in the so-called Bosnian mujahideen , numbering between 300 and 1,500. They quickly attracted heavy criticism amplified by Serb and Croat propaganda , who considered their presence to be evidence of "violent Islamic fundamentalism" at the heart of Europe. However, the foreign volunteers became unpopular even with many of the Bosniak population, because the Bosnian army had thousands of troops and no need for more soldiers, but for arms. Many Bosnian army officers and intellectuals were suspicious regarding foreign volunteers' arrival in

6288-700: The Czechoslovaks who took silver. Sweden defeated Canada 2–0 to win the bronze. The luge competitions were held on the Sarajevo Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track built on the Trebević mountain. The East German Torsten Görlitzer and the Italian Ernst Haspinger dominated the first two rounds of the men's event, but they both lost time in the third round. The Italian Paul Hildgartner , silver medalist in 1980, set

6419-427: The European condition for recognition of Bosnia and Herzegovina as an independent state, despite warnings from the Serb members of the presidency that it was unconstitutional and that any move towards independence would result in the Serb-inhabited areas seceding to remain with the rump Yugoslavia . The referendum achieved a 99.4% vote in favor on a 63% turnout, largely boycotted by the Serbs. Namely, according to

6550-436: The French 2nd Legion Etranger d'Infanterie and the Dutch 1e Mortiercompagnie of the NL Marine Corps , was deployed on Igman with ( RNLA ) search radars and heavy artillery, engaging any actively firing VRS artillery installation around Sarajevo until 14 September 1995, when the NATO air strikes were suspended to allow the implementation of the withdrawal of VRS heavy weapons from the Sarajevo exclusion zone, effectively ending

6681-412: The Games, an outdoor track was constructed with natural ice near the Zetra Olympic Hall. The Soviet Sergey Fokichev won the 500 meters ahead of the Japanese skater Yoshihiro Kitazawa . Erroll Fraser , representing the British Virgin Islands , was the first athlete from the Caribbean to compete in a Winter Games. After finishing third in the 500 meters, the Canadian Gaétan Boucher won the 1,000 and

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6812-463: The Games, the revenues amounted to YUD 19.83 billion (approximately US$ 203 million) and expenses at YUD 17.3 billion ( US$ 177 million), a net amount of YUD 2.54 billion ( US$ 26 million). The official report for the games listed the final profit at US$ 10 million. This was the first time in history that the Winter Olympic Games were organized in a communist state , but the organizers did not hesitate to partner with capitalist companies to finance

6943-399: The Games. Conversely, Soviets and Czechoslovaks who had participated in no other activity than ice hockey could participate without any restriction. The Soviets won all their matches, notably thanks to the KLM Line made up of Vladimir Krutov , Igor Larionov , and Sergei Makarov . Continuing the tradition from the 1964 to 1976 Games, the Soviet Union won the gold medal with a 2–0 win over

7074-456: The Games. The Organizing Committee argued it was not hypocritical because sport must be above political influence. The organizing committee signed 218 contracts and arrangements in Yugoslavia and 459 on the foreign market. This included the sale of television rights, sponsorship, sale of license rights, free delivery of goods and equipment, advertising, donations as well as Olympic coins, lottery and philately. Marketing brought in YUD 4.31 billion on

7205-478: The German–Italian demarcation line south of Sarajevo, the Partisans were able to infiltrate through the weak Italian cordon. A monument in memory of the Partisan struggle in this area is to be found on Veliko Polje. Mount Igman was usurped in the course of the Bosnian War , and suddenly became an area of major strategic importance as part of the Siege of Sarajevo . The predominantly Bosniak villages of Hrasnica and Butmir held out as an ARBiH stronghold between

7336-419: The Igman supply road's narrow last stretch descending the steep north-eastern slope became fully exposed to fire from VRS artillery positions in Ilidža and Vojkovici. Meanwhile, the ARBiH units remaining on the plateau were formally restricted to R&R activities, notably resulting in the building of the Igman Džamija, a wooden mosque in the forest, still much frequented today. The Igman supply road remained

7467-407: The Koševo stadium for part of the ice hockey and figure skating events as well as the closing ceremony. A natural speed skating track was also set up in the same district. Skenderija Complex, located in another part of town, was renovated and expanded for the Games to include another ice rink with a capacity 8,500 seats which hosted the other hockey and figure skating events, the main press center and

7598-399: The Memorial for the deceased American diplomats and the memorial plaque for the French military fallen on this road and ends also at Hrasnički Stan. From there other trails lead to the mountain hut at Malo Polje proceeding further east towards the Javornik mountain hut. At the very foot of the mountain, close to Ilidža , are the sources of the river Bosna : Vrelo Bosne . This beautiful area

7729-474: The Nazi forces . Before incarceration, he had earned a law degree at the University of Sarajevo 's Faculty of Law . He remained engaged in politics after serving the sentence. In 1970, Izetbegović published a manifesto entitled the Islamic Declaration , expressing his views on relationships between Islam, state and society. The manifesto was banned by the government. In it, he tried to reconcile Western-style progress with Islamic tradition. The work issued

7860-423: The Presidency of the newly independent Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina . He later served as the first chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina . Shortly after his term began, the country's Serb community revolted and created the Republika Srpska , attempting to prevent the secession of Bosnia and Herzegovina from Yugoslavia , which would lead to the outbreak of the Bosnian War . Izetbegović led

7991-432: The Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, serving until 2000. Izetbegović was the founder and first president of the Party of Democratic Action . He was also the author of several books, most notably Islam Between East and West and the Islamic Declaration . Izetbegović was born on 8 August 1925 in the town of Bosanski Šamac . While serving as a soldier in Üsküdar , Izetbegović's paternal grandfather Alija married

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8122-419: The Sarajevo Airport, on August 19, 1995, a US Peace Mission headed by Richard Holbrooke took this road in order to reach Sarajevo for a meeting with the Bosnian presidency. Holbrooke decided to sit with General Wesley Clark in a Humvee , while the other members of the delegation travelled in a French UNPROFOR Renault VAB Armored Personnel Carrier . At a particular exposed and narrow point -- now marked by

8253-618: The Sarajevo government and supported militarily and financially by the Croatian government, increasingly turned to establishing their own ethnically based state of Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia in Herzegovina and Central Bosnia. The Croats pulled out of the Sarajevo government and fighting broke out in 1993 . In some areas local armistices were signed between the Serbs and Croats. Croat forces launched their first attacks on Bosniaks in central Bosnia in June 1992, but these failed. The Graz agreement caused deep division among Bosnian Croats and strengthened separatist Herzeg-Bosnia, and led to

8384-433: The Sarajevo region. A total of nine hotels were built and seven more were renovated for the Games. There were 39 events contested in 6 sports (10 disciplines). The biathlon events were held in Veliko Polje on Mount Igman . Biathlon races began with the individual 20 km sprint. The 19-year-old East German Frank-Peter Rötsch quickly took the lead, but it was ultimately the West German Peter Angerer who won with

8515-433: The Serb leadership into accepting a ceasefire. The parties agreed to meet at Dayton, Ohio to negotiate a peace treaty under the supervision of the United States. Serb and Croat interests were represented by Milošević and Tuđman, respectively. Izetbegović represented the internationally recognized Bosnian government. After the Bosnian War was formally ended by the Dayton peace accord in November 1995, Izetbegović became

8646-472: The Siege of Sarajevo. A number of memorials and war cemetery sites is found throughout the Igman plateau. Igman is nowadays a popular destination for mountain-biking , hiking and skiing . Skiers will find -apart from 2 baby lifts- a single major skilift at Malo Polje that will bring them to 1,490 metres (4,888 feet) with a single descent piste of 1.6 kilometres (1.0 mile) red/bleu with a black split-off of 0.2 kilometres (0.1 miles). Mountain bikers will find

8777-462: The Soviet Union created a surprise by placing third and fourth while the Swiss, world champions in 1982 and 1983, had to be content with fifth and sixth places. Swede Carl-Erik Eriksson was the first athlete to compete in six editions of the Olympic Winter Games. At 53 years old, he was also the oldest athlete at the 1984 Games. In the four-man bobsleigh event, Hoppe again finished first ahead of Lehmann while Silvio Giobellina 's Swiss bobsleigh won

8908-425: The VRS launched another offensive forcing UNPROFOR from the Bjelašnica ridge and advancing again towards Veliko Polje. After the second Markale shelling , on August, 30 NATO started Operation Deliberate Force , in which NATO aircraft engaged VRS Command & Control facilities and other targets. In conjunction with these attacks a Rapid Reaction Force consisting of units of the British 19th Reg. Royal Artillery ,

9039-419: The Winter Games after alpine skier Jure Franko came second in the giant slalom. East Germany , which won all gold and silver medals in women's speed skating and bobsleigh, topped the medal table for the first time with twenty-four medals overall, nine of which were gold. The 1984 Winter Olympics, considered a success, made it possible to further modernize Sarajevo and develop winter sports in Yugoslavia, but

9170-405: The Winter Games. A provisional organizing committee was created on July 13, 1978, and the final committee with 79 members was formed as April 1980 by the Yugoslav Olympic Committee and the Sarajevo Municipal Assembly. Branko Mikulic , member of the presidency of the central committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia , was appointed chairman of the organizing committee. Ahmed Karabegovic

9301-526: The XIV Olympic Winter Games was announced on 18 May 1978, during the 80th session of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in Athens , Greece. Sarajevo was selected by a margin of three votes over Sapporo , Japan. Gothenburg became the first Swedish city to lose a Winter Olympics bid; other Swedish cities, such as Falun and Östersund , would later lose consecutive bids to the Calgary (1988) , Albertville (1992) , Lillehammer (1994) , Nagano (1998) , and Salt Lake City (2002) , respectively. Sarajevo,

9432-538: The agreement; Izetbegović for the Bosniaks, Karadžić for the Serbs and Mate Boban for the Croats. Some two weeks later, however, Izetbegović withdrew his signature and declared his opposition to any type of partition of Bosnia , supposedly encouraged by Warren Zimmermann , the United States Ambassador to Yugoslavia at the time. In February 1992, Izetbegović called an independence referendum on

9563-543: The aim to justify the involvement of Croatia in the Bosnian War and mass crimes committed by Croat forces. Although Izetbegović regarded them as symbolically valuable as a sign of the Muslim world's support for Bosnia, they appear to have made little military difference and became a major political liability. In 1993, Izetbegović agreed to a peace plan that would divide Bosnia along ethnic lines but continued to insist on

9694-455: The almost exclusive supply route into Sarajevo until the end of the war. It was also the only entry and exit road for the Bosnian political leadership. Bosnian president Alija Izetbegović and foreign secretary Muhamed Sacirbey traveled through this road. Foreign negotiators tended to avoid the road as it was "often described as the most dangerous road in Europe". Forced by a Serb blockade of

9825-559: The best jump of the second set. He won the Olympic title with a 17.5 points lead, the biggest gap between first and second in Olympic ski jumping history. Weissflog finished second and Czechoslovakian Pavel Ploc took third place. The alpine skiing races took place on two different mountains: the men's events were contested on Bjelašnica and the women's events on Jahorina . The events started on February 13, four days behind schedule, because of strong winds and heavy snowfall. The American Bill Johnson , winner at Wengen in January, won

9956-499: The best time of the last two races and became Olympic champion. The podium was completed by the Soviets Sergey Danilin and Valery Dudin . This was the first time that East Germany had not won a medal in the men's luge competition at the Olympic Games since 1964. East Germany dominated the women's event, taking the first three places in every round. World champion in 1983, Steffi Martin won all four races and won

10087-534: The bronze medal. Both Mahre brothers retired from professional skiing after the Games at the age of 26. The Swiss Michela Figini won her first World Cup race two weeks before the Games. First of three of the five training heats in Sarajevo, she won the downhill ahead of her compatriot Maria Walliser and the Czechoslovak Olga Charvátová . At 17 years old, Figini became the youngest Olympic champion in alpine skiing. The giant slalom podium

10218-477: The bronze medal. These three crews finished all the heats in the first three places and in the same order. The differences were large since the Swiss bob 2 crew, which came in fourth, was 2:68 behind. The Nordic combined athletes competed in three jumps on the 70 meter hill, the two best being counted, then raced 15 kilometers on the tracks of Mount Igman the next day. The classification was established according to

10349-689: The capital of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina , was the third-largest city of Yugoslavia at the time. The 1984 Winter Games took place during the Cold War , four years after the boycott of the Moscow Games by 66 National Olympic Committees including the United States and a few months before the boycott of the Los Angeles 1984 Games by the Soviet Union and another 17 National Olympics Committees. International tensions did not affect

10480-588: The case was based on " communist propaganda ", and the accused were not charged with either using or advocating violence. The following May, the Bosnian Supreme Court conceded the point with an announcement that "some of the actions of the accused did not have the characteristics of criminal acts" and reduced Izetbegović's sentence to twelve years. In 1988, as communist rule faltered, he was pardoned and released after almost five years in prison. His health had suffered serious damage. The introduction of

10611-500: The central part of the country, because they came from Split and Zagreb in Croatia, and were passed through the self-proclaimed Herzeg-Bosnia unlike Bosnian army soldiers who were regularly arrested by Croat forces. According to general Stjepan Šiber , the highest-ranking ethnic Croat in the Bosnian army, the key roles in the foreign volunteers' arrival were played by Franjo Tuđman and Croatian counter-intelligence underground with

10742-419: The city. Spectators were transported to the venues by coaches, rental or personal cars, and minibuses. These options were also used for official transport. The emblem of the 1984 Winter Olympics was a stylized snowflake which also used the national embroidery motif overhung with the Olympic rings. The mascot for the competition was chosen by readers of Yugoslav newspapers from among six entries. The mascot

10873-510: The compulsory figures, won the silver medal, while Hamilton won gold. The bronze medal went to Czechoslovakian Jozef Sabovčík . The favorites in the women's competition were the Americans Elaine Zayak and Rosalynn Sumners , world champions in 1982 and 1983, respectively, as well as East Germany's Katarina Witt . Zayak was only thirteenth in the compulsory figures, which Sumners won, and Witt came third. The East German won

11004-527: The constitution of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina , the change of the state-legal status was not possible without the national consensus of all three nations. This mechanism was incorporated into the constitution due to the genocide committed against Serbs in World War II , which disturbed the ethnic balance. Another possibility was for two-thirds of the citizens to vote in

11135-755: The countries of the Dayton Quadrangles. The initiative was named after Mt. Igman in remembrance of the intellectual activists, who traveled from all over former Yugoslavia via the Igman Mountain Road to Sarajevo in April 1995 in solidarity with the besieged population. In November 2000, in Zagreb, a conference, “Prospects of Relations between Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Republic of Croatia and the FRY”

11266-528: The countries of the region. 1984 Winter Olympics The 1984 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XIV Olympic Winter Games ( Serbo-Croatian and Slovene : XIV. Zimske olimpijske igre ; Cyrillic : XIV Зимске олимпијске игре ; Macedonian : XIV Зимски олимписки игри , romanized :  XIV Zimski olimpiski igri ) and commonly known as Sarajevo '84 ( Cyrillic : Сарајево '84 ; Macedonian : Сараево '84 ), were

11397-433: The country as Serb and Yugoslav army forces took control of large areas against the poorly equipped government security forces. Initially, Serb forces attacked the non-Serb civilian population in eastern Bosnia. Once towns and villages were securely in their hands, the Serb forces systematically ransacked or burnt down Bosniak houses and apartments, Bosniak civilians were rounded up or captured, and sometimes beaten or killed in

11528-671: The downhill ahead of the Swiss Peter Müller and the Austrian Anton Steiner . Johnson became the first American male to win a downhill medal in alpine skiing at the Olympic Games. The Swede Ingemar Stenmark , considered one of the best skiers in the world in technical events, surrendered his Olympic eligibility in order to negotiate an agreement with the Swedish Ski Association to personally retain more of his sponsorship money. Also missing

11659-508: The end of 1984, a deduction made from citizens' salaries (0.2% for citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 0.3% for those of Sarajevo) brought in YUD 1.21 billion. Building the facilities and purchasing the equipment for the Games cost a total of YUD 8.63 billion. The expenses were listed at 2.26 billion for equipment, 970 million for the Zetra hall, 600 million for the alpine ski slopes, 500 million for

11790-406: The event: a jump of 91.5 meters allowed him to move up from 21st to third place. The final scores were close: there was a 1.2 point difference between the first and the second as well as between the second and the third. Nykänen largely dominated the event on the big hill. He jumped to 116 meters in the first run, while Weissflog only reached 107 meters. The Finn increased his lead by also producing

11921-481: The family moved to Sarajevo , where Izetbegović received a secular education . In 1941, Izetbegović helped to found a Bosnian Islamist organization named " Young Muslims " ( Mladi Muslimani ), which was modeled after the Muslim Brotherhood . When the "Young Muslims" became torn between supporting the largely Muslim Waffen-SS Handschar Division or the communist Yugoslav Partisans , according to

12052-635: The final standings, won the first Yugoslav medal in the history of the Winter Games. The bronze medal went to Andreas Wenzel of Liechtenstein. The American Phil Mahre , favorite in Stenmark's absence, finished first in the slalom ahead of his twin brother Steve . This was the eighth time that siblings had taken the top two places in an individual Olympic event, but the Mahres were the first twins to achieve this performance. The French Didier Bouvet won

12183-564: The first event, the 1,500 meters, she easily won the gold medal by breaking the world record. She finished ahead of Andrea Ehrig and the Soviet Natalya Petrusyova , who were also among the favorites. The world record holder Christa Luding won the 500 meters ahead of Enke and the Soviet Natalya Glebova . The 1,000 meters podium was identical to that of the 1,500 meters contested three days earlier. In

12314-524: The first round and winner of the second round, became Olympic champion despite having also never won the World Cup. Pelen won a second medal, silver, ahead of Liechtenstein's Ursula Konzett . The cross-country skiing races took place in Veliko Polje, on the Igman mountain. A new technique, skate skiing , was widely used at the 1984 Games. However, it was prohibited on the last 200 meters of each race to avoid falls. The women's 20 kilometers, contested at

12445-510: The gold medal, Bettina Schmidt won the silver medal, and Ute Oberhoffner won bronze. The doubles event was very close as the Soviets Yevgeny Belousov and Aleksandr Belyakov were first by 6.7 hundredths of a second after the opening round, but a small mistake at the end of the second and final round cost them the victory. The West Germans Hans Stangassinger and Franz Wembacher won the Olympic title, 4 hundredths of

12576-402: The largest share of the vote , 33% of the seats, with the next runners-up being nationalist ethnic parties representing Serbs and Croats. Fikret Abdić won the popular vote for Presidency member among the Bosniak candidates, with 44% of the vote, Izetbegović with 37%. According to the Bosnian constitution, the first two candidates of each of the three constitutient nations would be elected to

12707-564: The last race, the 3,000 meters, the East Germans won all three medals: Ehrig ahead of Enke and Gabi Zange . This was the third time that a country had won the first three places in an Olympic speed skating event. Enke ended the Games with four medals and Ehring with three. The ski jumping events took place on the Igman hills , southwest of Sarajevo in windy weather conditions. On the normal hill, 20-year-old Matti Nykänen of Finland led

12838-466: The main roads. One of the primeval forests of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ravna Vala is also located on mountain Igman. The Igman mountain, with its wartime legacy, has lend its name to a non-governmental/political initiative that is aimed at bringing the former belligerents in the region together. The mission of the Igman Initiative is to encourage normalization of the overall relations among

12969-680: The medal plaza which for the first time was inside an indoor hall . The men's alpine ski races were held on Bjelašnica , the highest mountain at 2,067 meters located southwest of Sarajevo. The women's events were contested on Jahorina , at an altitude of 1,913 meters and located to the south-east of the city. The Nordic events took place on Igman , in an area near Mount Bjelašnica. Igman Olympic Jumps of 70 and 90 meters were built in Malo Polje . The already existing cross-country ski and biathlon tracks in Veliko Polje were redeveloped and

13100-490: The most eye catching structures remains the Ski Jumping platform at Malo Polje. Although the Igman area may probably have been the scene of military controversy in the earlier history of Bosnia and Herzegovina , the most striking events took place in the course of the 20th century. The area became of substantial military significance during the struggle between Tito 's Partisans and the German occupational forces during

13231-460: The national market and YUD 9.42 billion on the foreign market, totaling YUD 13.73 billion ( US$ 141.65 million). The government also contributed to the financing of the Games: the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina paid YUD 1.83 billion, the national government of Yugoslavia and the other republics and autonomous regions, YUD 780 million and the city of Sarajevo, YUD 1 billion. From 1982 to

13362-479: The other in the east ( Skopje – Novi Sad – Belgrade – Sarajevo), 2,687 kilometres (1,670 mi) in length. The final torchbearer, from a total of 1,600, was figure skater Sanda Dubravčić , who received the torch from cross country skier Ivo Čarman . One of the two original torches is held in a private collection in Žalec, Slovenia . There are also 20 more torches in Greece, owned by individual athletes who were

13493-512: The outbreak of fighting between Serbs and Croats in neighboring Croatia . Although Izetbegović was due to hold the presidency for only one year according to the constitution, this arrangement was initially suspended due to "extraordinary circumstances" and was eventually abandoned altogether during the war as the Serb and Croat nationalistic parties SDS and HDZ BiH abandoned the government . When fighting broke out in Slovenia and Croatia in

13624-582: The pairs event. American siblings Kitty and Peter Carruthers were second and another Soviet pair, Larisa Seleznyova and Oleg Makarov , finished third. British ice dancers Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean did not disappoint the public. They carried out a very original program set to the music of Boléro by Maurice Ravel and the nine judges give them the maximum score of six for artistic impression. Torvill and Dean become Olympic champions ahead of two Soviet couples ( Natalia Bestemianova / Andrei Bukin and Marina Klimova / Sergei Ponomarenko ). For

13755-401: The pre-Olympic period. All the events took place in Sarajevo or at the neighbour resorts in the Dinaric Alps located less than 25 kilometers from the city's downtown. The Koševo City Stadium , built in 1947 in the center of Sarajevo, was completely renovated to host the opening ceremony of the Games. Its capacity was 45,000. The Zetra Olympic Hall , with a capacity of 8,500, was built near

13886-399: The process of normalizing the relations. The Igman Initiative is now governed by four co-Presidents from Croatia, BiH, Serbia and Montenegro and its Council is currently composed of twenty members, five per country. The Igman Initiative efforts are essentially still aimed at establishing good neighbourly relations, building mutual trust and tolerance and overcoming all types of discrimination in

14017-456: The process. Men and women were separated, with many of the men detained in the camps. The women were kept in various detention centres where they had to live in intolerably unhygienic conditions, including also being raped repeatedly by Serb soldiers or policemen. Izetbegović consistently promoted the idea of a multi-ethnic Bosnia under central control, which seemed a hopeless strategy under the circumstances. The Bosnian Croats, disillusioned with

14148-537: The region of Sarajevo have favorable conditions for the development of winter sports. As early as 1970, the authorities in Sarajevo planned to host the Winter Olympics to promote this development and become a sustainable winter sports center. They first considered a candidature for the Games of 1976 or 1980 but, after having modernized the city within the framework of the project "Protection of the environment and of man", applied for those of 1984. The bid committee

14279-419: The relay. Dmitriy Vasilyev , Juri Kashkarov , Algimantas Šalna and Sergei Bulygin won the race however; this was the fifth consecutive time that the Soviet Union had won gold in the relay since the start of the event in 1968. Norway finished second with 1:20 ahead of East Germany. Kvalfoss and Angerer therefore ended the Games with three medals in three different events. The bobsleigh races took place on

14410-423: The short program while Sumners took fifth place. In the free skate, Witt had a good performance that allowed her to win the gold medal while Sumners, who had a less difficult program than expected, settled for the silver medal. The Soviet Kira Ivanova took third place. The Soviets Elena Valova and Oleg Vassiliev , world champions in 1983, won the short program and the free program and finished in first place in

14541-453: The standings after the first round by achieving a jump of 91 meters. The 19-year-old East German Jens Weissflog was second with a jump of 90 meters. In the second run, Weissflog jumped to 87 meters and Nykänen, who would have won gold with a jump of 86 meters, landed at 84 meters. The East German was the Olympic champion ahead of the Finn. Jari Puikkonen , also Finnish, produced the best jump of

14672-418: The statements about the creation of an Islamic state were hypothetical and were not to be the applied to the situation in Bosnia. Regardless, Bosnia's non-Muslim population were unsettled by several of his statements in his writings. Passages from the declaration were frequently quoted by Izetbegović's opponents during the 1990s, who considered it to be an open statement of Islamic fundamentalism . This opinion

14803-562: The summer of 1991, it was immediately apparent that Bosnia and Herzegovina would soon become embroiled in the conflict. Izetbegović initially proposed a loose confederation to preserve a unitary Bosnian state and strongly urged a peaceful solution. He did not subscribe to the peace at all costs view and commented in February 1991 that I would sacrifice peace for a sovereign Bosnia and Herzegovina ... but for that peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina I would not sacrifice sovereignty. He abandoned

14934-565: The suspicion became stronger that the area had become a major logistical artery of the besieged city. A major VRS offensive started July 1993 and on August 4, 1993 Serb forces captured part of the Igman supply road. The VRS advance was stopped under threat of NATO airstrikes. The area was declared a Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) by the UN after the VRS retreated and UNPROFOR units were stationed on Igman and nearby Bjelašnica . The supply road into Sarajevo

15065-564: The term tried to describe Bosniaks as a religious group, not an ethnic one. The Washington Agreement in March 1994 ended the Croat-Bosniak War and divided the combined ARBiH and HVO territory into ten autonomous cantons, establishing the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina . In August 1995, following the Srebrenica massacre and the 2nd Markale massacre , NATO launched an intensive bombing campaign which destroyed

15196-765: The torchbearers from Ancient Olympia to the nearby military airport and from Athens Domestic Airport to the Panathinaikon Stadium where the Ceremony of handing over the Olympic Flame to the Sarajevo Olympic Games Committee occurred. Readers of Yugoslav newspapers were asked to choose the mascot for the 1984 Winter Olympics from a list of six finalists. The winner was Vučko, the little wolf, designed by Slovenian designer and illustrator Jože Trobec. The other finalists were

15327-511: The two events, the Finn Jukka Ylipulli won the bronze medal and Miettenen, ninth in cross-country skiing, finished fourth. The ice hockey tournament took place on two rinks built in the districts of Zetra and Skenderija . The twelve teams were divided into two groups of six, and the two best teams of each group qualified for the final pool, any points acquired against the teams in the same pool being carried forward. There

15458-607: The various competition venues, the main one was inside the Skenderija Center. The torch relay for the 1984 Winter Olympics started in Olympia and then proceeded by airplane to Dubrovnik . The total distance of the torch relay through Yugoslavia was 5,289 kilometres (3,286 mi) plus 2,879 kilometres (1,789 mi) of local routes. There were two main routes: one in the west ( Split – Ljubljana – Zagreb – Sarajevo ), 2,602 kilometres (1,617 mi) in length; and

15589-524: Was Marc Girardelli , who previously refused to train with the Austrian team and competed under the Luxembourg flag. Girardelli did not have Luxembourg citizenship and was not permitted to compete in the Games. The Swiss Max Julen set the fastest time of the first heat and the second of the second heat and became Olympic champion. The Slovenian Jure Franko , winner of the second round and second in

15720-416: Was a wolf named Vučko and created by Slovenian Jože Trobec. More than 3,000 employees of the Yugoslav public broadcaster, Yugoslav Radio Television , produced 204 hours of television broadcasts. The number of countries in which received broadcasts of the games on television increased from 40 to 100 and the broadcasting rights, which were US$ 20.7 million in 1980, stood at US$ 102.7 million. Media revenue

15851-452: Was agreed to be used for humanitarian goods only, but ARBiH logistical activity on the road and through the tunnel continued nevertheless. Discussion about real or alleged reluctance to withdraw ARBiH forces from the DMZ was a growing issue between UNPROFOR Commander General Rose and ARBiH Commander General Delić , with VRS Commander Mladić waiting for an opportunity to close the gap. Trucks on

15982-479: Was airlifted from the Muslim world, specifically Iran – an issue which became the subject of some controversy and a US congressional investigation in 1996. In September 1993, the Second Bosniak Congress officially re-introduced the historical ethnic name Bosniaks. The Yugoslav " Muslims by nationality " policy was considered by Bosniaks to be neglecting and opposing their Bosnian identity because

16113-818: Was appointed the secretary-general and Anto Sucic, then president of the Sarajevo Municipal Assembly, became the president of the executive committee. The organizing committee included the president of the Yugoslav Olympic committee and representatives of the Federal Executive Council , the League of Communists and the Socialist Alliance of the Working People. According to the financial results of

16244-593: Was controversy over player eligibility in advance of the Games. The IOC regulations stated that players who had signed a professional contract could not participate, while the International Ice Hockey Federation ruled that only players who had played a professional match were deemed ineligible. Finally, all players who had signed a contract or played a game in the National Hockey League were ineligible to take part in

16375-478: Was convened. The conference gathered more than a hundred NGOs from the nations ratifying the Dayton Agreement . The participating organizations agreed to formally join their efforts to stimulate the normalization of relations among the three countries. At the second session of the conference, held in Novi Sad, 2001, the Igman Initiative was established and a Council was appointed. The new institution would speed up

16506-535: Was created on 23 November 1977. Two other candidates for the Games were Gothenburg in Sweden and Sapporo in Japan. The Gothenburg project was considered expensive and if it were the winner, the logistics expenses would be gigantic, because the competition places would be decentralized. Sapporo had previously hosted the Games in 1972, only twelve years before the proposed 1984 Games and Japan presented Nagoya to bid to

16637-533: Was developed for the Games. Roads with a total length of 160 kilometers were constructed to improve access to mountain sites from Sarajevo or to link the sites to each other. The city's train station and the Sarajevo International Airport were renovated, and an international terminal was built. Most of the athletes, accompanying persons, officials and visitors arrived in Yugoslavia by regular international flights to Zagreb and Belgrade and reached Sarajevo by trains, buses or charter flights that landed directly on

16768-470: Was eventually routed by the Bosnian army. By this time, Izetbegović's government controlled only about 25% of the country and represented principally the Bosniak community. For three and a half years, Izetbegović lived precariously in a besieged Sarajevo surrounded by Serb forces. He denounced the failure of Western countries to reverse Serbian aggression and turned instead to the Muslim world, with which he had already established relations during his days as

16899-570: Was in particular picked out by his opponents during the trial was, "There can be no peace or coexistence between the Islamic faith and non-Islamic social and political institutions...the state should be an expression of religion and should support its moral concepts." The declaration remains a source of controversy. Serbs, who were opposed to Izetbegović, often quoted the declaration as indicative of an intent to create an Iranian-style Islamic republic in Bosnia. He himself later insisted many times that

17030-452: Was this time ahead of Gustafson. The East German René Schöfisch finished third in the two events. East Germany dominated the women's events, winning all of the gold and silver medals as well as a bronze medal, taking nine medals out of the twelve available. Karin Enke , who had won several world titles since winning the 500 meters Olympic gold in 1980, was the favorite in all four races. In

17161-578: Was unexpected: the American Debbie Armstrong , who had never won a World Cup race, won gold ahead of her compatriot Christin Cooper . The Frenchwoman Perrine Pelen was third while another American, Tamara McKinney , finished in fourth place. Only 21 of the 45 starters completed the two heats of the slalom. The Frenchwoman Christelle Guignard won the first round but did not complete the second. The Italian Paoletta Magoni , fourth in

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