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100-569: The city is linked by road with Tarapoto to the southeast, Rioja to the west and Bagua to the northwest. Roads connect Moyobamba to the Pacific coast by way of Bagua and Olmos to the north and Cajamarca to the southwest. The first colonies were from the Chachapoyas culture , but the modern city of Moyobamba was established by Juan Pérez de Guevara on 25 July 1540, who named it Santiago de los Ocho Valles de Moyobamba ( Santiago of

200-411: A daily basis, as well as being a stopover to other cities, such as Iquitos , Pucallpa and Chiclayo , from Lima. Lima can be reached by bus in approximately 28 hours. The route runs through Moyobamba and Pedro Ruiz before passing through the coastal city of Chiclayo . Taxis and motorized rickshaws are frequently used as an inexpensive mode of transportation throughout Tarapoto. Due to the types of

300-474: A large number of waterfalls, this gave rise to the growth of ecotourism, mainly since the mid-1990s. Currently, the Amazonian metropolis has several hypermarket chains, with all kinds of services, multiplexes, first-class hospitals , high-speed internet , hotel services, luxury resorts , hotels of all categories; The land connection in the mid-1960s brought with it enormous economic and demographic growth to

400-409: A main field azure , with three gold crowns of kings placed in a triangle and above them a gold star that touches the three crowns with its points, and in the orle some gold letters that say: Hoc signum vere regum est (This is the true sign of the kings). Outside the shield are the initials I and K (Ioana and Karolus), which are the names of Queen Joanna and her son Charles V. A star is placed above

500-601: A more dramatic warm-to-cool weather transition in later May or/and earlier June. Situated onshore from the cold ocean waters, rainfall is extremely rare in Lima. The summers, December through April, are sunny, hot, and muggy. Daily temperatures oscillate between lows of 18 to 22 °C (64 to 72 °F) and highs of 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F). Coastal fogs occur in some mornings and high clouds in some afternoons and evenings. Summer sunsets are colorful, known by locals as "cielo de brujas" (Spanish for "sky of witches"), since

600-651: A suitable cool climate. Thus, on 6 January 1535, Lima was founded with the name "City of the Kings", named in this way in honor of the epiphany , on territories that had been of the kuraka Taulichusco . The explanation of this name is due to the fact that "around the same time in January, the Spaniards were looking for the place to lay the foundation for the new city, [...] not far from the Pachacámac sanctuary, near

700-427: A thin layer of water that generally dries up by early afternoon. Winter temperatures vary little between day and night. They range from lows of 14 to 16 °C (57 to 61 °F) and highs of 16 to 19 °C (61 to 66 °F), rarely exceeding 20 °C (68 °F) except in the easternmost districts. Relative humidity is always very high, particularly in the mornings. High humidity produces brief morning fog in

800-593: A tropical climate of rainy, very warm and humid savanna . The temperature varies between 14 °C or 57.2 °F (minimum) and 30 °C or 86 °F (maximum), 22 °C or 71.6 °F being the average temperature throughout the year. On some nights in Moyobamba it is cooler. The demographics of Moyobamba is a mix of cultures and people of different origins. The european group includes people from Spain and Italy with smaller groups of people from Armenia , Syria , Germany , and Poland and forms 70 percent of

900-399: A very large group of men. The scholar John Rowe suggested that the valley had a population of about 150,000 during Inca times. Whatever the case, each recorded hunu of Pachacamac had a head town, corresponding to some of the most populated settlements in the valley: Caraguayllo ( Carabayllo ), Maranga, and Surco (or Sulco, also known as the archaeological site Armatambo). ... this valley

1000-592: Is a short dry season between June and September. Temperatures range from 21 to 33 °C (70 to 91 °F). The annual average temperature is 25.7 °C (78.3 °F). The average rainfall in Tarapoto is 1,162.2 millimetres (45.8 in) per year. Because the seasons are not sensitive in the equatorial zone, Tarapoto has only two seasons. The rainy summer arrives in October and ends in June. March and April have

1100-530: Is because its original Inca name is "Talking River" (the Incas spoke a highland variety of Quechua, in which the word for "talker" was pronounced [ˈrimɑq] ). However, the original inhabitants of the valley were not Incas. This name is an innovation arising from an effort by the Cuzco nobility in colonial times to standardize the toponym so that it would conform to the phonology of Cuzco Quechua . Later, as

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1200-570: Is considered the gastronomic capital of the Peruvian Amazon, its enormous variety of typical dishes is the result of the intense miscegenation between the native indigenous cultures of the Amazon, European immigration, Japanese and Chinese immigration (the latter brought rice at the end of the century XIX and at the beginning of the XX century, intensifying its cultivation in the agricultural zone of

1300-619: Is high, rainfall is very low due to strong atmospheric stability. The severely low rainfall impacts the city's water supply, which originates from wells and from rivers that flow from the Andes . Inland districts receive anywhere between 10 and 60 mm (0.4 and 2.4 in) of rainfall per year, which accumulates mainly during the winter. Coastal districts receive only 10 to 30 mm (0.4 to 1.2 in). As previously mentioned, winter precipitation occurs as persistent morning drizzle. These are locally called 'garúa', 'llovizna' or ' camanchacas '. On

1400-576: Is historically known as "Banner of the City of the Kings of Peru". It is formed by a golden-colored silk canvas and in the center is the embroidered coat of arms of the city. The coat of arms of Lima was granted by the Spanish Crown on 7 December 1537, through a real cédula signed in Valladolid by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and his mother, Queen Joanna of Castile . It is formed by

1500-502: Is home to the Universidad Nacional de San Martín, an important center of higher education serving the professional and technical needs of a region of high biodiversity. With its active nightlife, Tarapoto offers a wide variety of hotels and restaurants in and around the city. Moreover, the area's beautiful landscapes, waterfalls and lagoons form a tempting location for adventure tourism, such as river rafting and hiking in

1600-512: Is located 15 km (9.3 mi) inland at the shore of the Rímac River, a vital resource for the city, since it carries what will become drinking water for its inhabitants and fuels the hydroelectric dams that provide electricity to the area. While no official administrative definition for the city exists, it is usually considered to be composed of the central 30 of 43 districts of Lima Province , corresponding to an urban area centered around

1700-488: Is marked by severe urban segregation between the poor pueblos jóvenes , populated in large part by immigrants from the Andean highlands, and wealthy neighbourhoods. From 1985 onwards, barriers known as "walls of shame" run across much of the city separating rich areas from the poor. Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq . It became the capital and most important city in

1800-473: Is older than these cities, in addition to having better services, paved roads, luxury hotels and comforts in the heart of the Amazon. Tarapoto is often used by tourists and local visitors as a base for excursions into the vast Amazon Rainforest . The region's main activities are tourism, commerce, agriculture, and an illicit "shadow economy" that includes production of coca leaves, lately in decline, extraction of lumber, and trading in land concessions. Tarapoto

1900-563: Is the center of a large agricultural region and one of the major trading centers for the Aguaruna Native Communities which inhabit the surrounding valley known as the Upper Mayo River Valley. The most lucrative crops grown in the region include rice , coffee , and corn . Cotton , sugarcane , tobacco and cocoa are also produced. Alcohol , liquor , wines , and straw hats are produced in

2000-542: Is the center of the terrestrial networks and areas between the mountains, the coast and eastern Peru. Tarapoto experiences a warm equatorial climate that is a Tropical rainforest climate ( Af ) under the Köppen climate classification , more subject to the Intertropical Convergence Zone than the trade winds and with no cyclones . There is constant rainfall throughout the year, however there

2100-550: Is the site of the headquarters of the National University of San Martín, and the center of the cultural activity of the San Martín region. In Tarapoto one can enjoy the most varied food typical of the jungle region. The area is famous for juane , made with rice, egg, olive and chicken, all wrapped up in leaves of bijao . Cured pork products are also common, most notably cecina and chorizo sausage. Tarapoto

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2200-763: The Ceja de selva . Native Orchids are the most famous of the Moyobamba flora . The surrounding area consists of rivers , caves , waterfalls , hot springs and lakes . These include the Tioyacu River and the subterranean river in the cave of the Huacharos ( Cueva de los Huacharos ), the natural hot springs at San Mateo , the Laguna Azul lake, the Ahuashiyacu and the Gera waterfalls. Moyobamba has

2300-661: The Museo Regional-UNSM , which is operated through FUDES (Fundación Para el Desarrollo de la Selva-Universidad Nacional de San Martín). The Regional Museum of the National University of San Martin has a notable anthropology section , which includes both ethnographic and archaeological collections from Peruvian Amazonia . There are other universities with satellite campuses in Tarapoto. The Universidad César Vallejo offers careers in Accounting, Law, Psychology, Management, Systems Engineering. Other schools include

2400-614: The Peruvian coastal plain , within the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers. The city slopes gently from the shores of the Pacific Ocean into valleys and mountain slopes located as high as 1,550 meters (5,090 ft) above sea level. Within the city are isolated hills that are not connected to the surrounding hill chains, such as El Agustino, San Cosme, El Pino, La Milla, Muleria and Pro hills. The San Cristobal hill in

2500-689: The Rímac river . However, as had happened with the region, initially called New Castile and later Peru , the City of the Kings soon lost its name in favor of "Lima". Pizarro, with the collaboration of Nicolás de Ribera , Diego de Agüero and Francisco Quintero personally traced the Plaza Mayor and the rest of the city grid, building the Viceroyalty Palace (today transformed into the Government Palace of Peru , which hence retains

2600-642: The Supreme Court of Peru . The Palace of Justice in Lima is seat of the Supreme Court of Justice the highest judicial court in Peru with jurisdiction over the entire territory of Peru. Lima is seat of two of the 28-second highest or Superior Courts of Justice . The first and oldest Superior Court in Lima is the Superior Court of Justice, belonging to the Judicial District and . Due to

2700-831: The Universidad Peruana Union , the Universidad Alas Peruanas , the Instituto Superior Público de Tarapoto , the Instituto Superior Tecnológico Nororiental de la Selva , and numerous private vocational education centers. For special education, Tarapoto has the Education Centre No. 001 for children with Mental Retardation and/or physical limitations and Education Centre No. 002 or Blind Rehabilitation Center (CREC) for

2800-574: The Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru (República del Perú). Around one-third of the national population now lives in its metropolitan area . In October 2013, Lima was chosen to host the 2019 Pan American Games ; these games were held at venues in and around Lima, and were the largest sporting event ever hosted by

2900-734: The Wari Empire during the height of its imperial expansion. It is during this time that the ceremonial center of Cajamarquilla was built. As Wari importance declined, local cultures regained autonomy, highlighting the Chancay culture . Later, in the 15th century, these territories were incorporated into the Inca Empire . From this time we can find a great variety of huacas throughout the city, some of which are under investigation. The most important or well-known huacas are those of Huallamarca , Pucllana , and Mateo Salado, all located in

3000-565: The province of Lima and in a smaller portion, to the west, within the Constitutional Province of Callao , where the seaport and the Jorge Chávez Airport are located. Both provinces have regional autonomy since 2002. The 2023 census projection indicates that the city of Lima has an estimated population of 10,092,000 inhabitants, making it the most populated city in the country, and the second most populous in

3100-539: The "Pandilla" around wooden poles dug into the ground before chopping them down with an axe and collecting the treasures from the top. 6°02′S 76°58′W  /  6.033°S 76.967°W  / -6.033; -76.967 Tarapoto Tarapoto is a commercial hub town in the San Martín Province of the Department of San Martín of northern Peru . It is an hour by plane from Lima, in

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3200-413: The 1940s, Lima started a period of rapid growth spurred by migration from the Andean region, as rural people sought opportunities for work and education. The population, estimated at 600,000 in 1940, reached 1.9 million by 1960 and 4.8 million by 1980. At the start of this period, the urban area was confined to a triangular area bounded by the city's historic center , Callao and Chorrillos ; in

3300-541: The Americas after São Paulo. Together with the seaside city of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area , which encompasses a total of 10,151,200 inhabitants. When considering the constitutional province of Callao , the total agglomeration reaches a population of 11,342,100 inhabitants, one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world . The city

3400-790: The Central Market, the General Slaughterhouse, the Mental Asylum, the Penitentiary and the Hospital Dos de Mayo. There were also improvements in communications; in 1850 a railway line between Lima and Callao was completed and in 1870 an iron bridge was inaugurated over the Rímac River, baptized as Puente Balta. In 1872 the colonial City Walls were demolished by the US engineer Henry Meiggs under contract with

3500-577: The Lima area was once called Itchyma , after its original inhabitants. However, even before the Inca occupation of the area in the 15th century, a famous oracle in the Rímac Valley had come to be known by visitors as Limaq ( Limaq , pronounced [ˈli.mɑq] , which means "talker" or "speaker" in the coastal Quechua that was the area's primary language before the Spanish arrival). This oracle

3600-803: The Mayo River, abseiling, jungle expeditions and treks). Tarapoto is also one of the access points to the remote, but spectacular Rio Abiseo National Park . For the top level university, Tarapoto has the Universidad Nacional de San Martín (National University of General San Martín) with 15 professional careers: Accounting, Agroindustrial Engineering (Juanjui), Agroindustry, Agronomy, Architecture , Civil Engineering, Ecology ( Moyobamba ), Education-Primary and Secondary (Rioja), Economics, Languages, Management, Medicine, Midwifery, Nursing, Systems Engineering, and Tourism Management. The National University of San Martín includes an important museum,

3700-695: The Peruvian government, in anticipation of further urban growth in the future. However, this period of economic expansion also widened the gap between rich and poor, producing widespread social unrest. During the War of the Pacific (1879–1883), the Chilean army occupied Lima after defeating Peruvian troops and reserves in the battles of San Juan and Miraflores . The city suffered from the invaders, who looted museums, public libraries and educational institutions. At

3800-555: The Rímac District, which lies directly north of the downtown area, is the local extreme of an Andean hill outgrowth. Metropolitan Lima covers 2,672.28 km (1,031.77 sq mi), of which 825.88 km (318.87 sq mi) (31%) comprise the actual city and 1,846.40 km (712.90 sq mi) (69%) the city outskirts. The urban area extends around 60 km (37 mi) from north to south and around 30 km (19 mi) from west to east. The city center

3900-574: The South Pacific anticyclone. Lima's climate (like most of coastal Peru) gets severely disrupted in El Niño events. Coastal waters usually average around 17–19 °C (63–66 °F), but get much warmer (as in 1998 when the water reached 26 °C (79 °F)). Air temperatures rise accordingly. Lima is the capital city of the Republic of Peru and Lima Province . As such, it is home to

4000-566: The Spanish conquered their empire . The Spanish Crown named Francisco Pizarro governor of the lands he had conquered. Pizarro decided to found the capital in the Rímac river valley, after a failed attempt to establish it in Jauja . He considered that Lima was strategically located, close to a favorable coast for the construction of a port but prudently far from it in order to prevent attacks by pirates and foreign powers, on fertile lands and with

4100-582: The Spanish. The army arrived personally led by Contarhuancho (Kuntur-Wanchu), a secondary wife of the deceased Emperor Wayna Qhapaq and now a respected kuraka of half the province of Huaylas, the Hanan Huaylas or Upper Huaylas moiety. Contarhuancho came to Lima after receiving a plea for help in a quipu message from her daughter, the Huaylas-Inca princess Doña Inés Huaylas Yupanqui . In the following years, Lima gained prestige by being designated

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4200-467: The capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru and the seat of a Real Audiencia in 1543. Since the location of the coastal city was conditioned by the ease of communications with Spain , a close bond with the port of Callao was soon established. For the next century, it prospered as the center of an extensive trade network that integrated the viceroyalty with the Americas , Europe , and East Asia . But

4300-726: The cause of independence. The greatest political-economic impact that the city experienced at that time occurred with the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776, which changed the course and orientations imposed by the new mercantile traffic. Among the buildings built during this period there is the Coliseo de Gallos, the Acho Bullring and the General Cemetery. The first two were erected to regulate these popular activities, centralizing them in one place, while

4400-405: The cemetery put an end to the practice of burying the dead in churches, considered unhealthy by public authorities. A combined expedition of Argentine and Chilean independence fighters led by General Don José de San Martín landed in southern Lima in 1820, but did not attack the city. Faced with a naval blockade and guerrilla action on the mainland, Viceroy José de la Serna was forced to evacuate

4500-568: The city in July 1821 to save the Royalist army . Fearing a popular uprising and lacking the means to impose the order, the City Council invited San Martín to enter the city, signing a Declaration of Independence at his request. Proclaimed the independence of Peru in 1821 by General San Martín , Lima became the capital of the new Republic of Peru . Thus, it was the seat of the government of

4600-519: The city is articulated around its neighborhoods. Another threat was the presence of pirates and corsairs in the Pacific Ocean , which motivated the construction of the Walls of Lima between 1684 and 1687. The 1687 earthquake marked a turning point in the history of Lima , since it coincided with a recession in trade due to economic competition with other cities such as Buenos Aires . With

4700-410: The city was not without its dangers; violent earthquakes destroyed a large part of it between 1586 and 1687, leading to a great deal of construction activity. It is then when aqueducts , starlings and retaining walls appear before the flooding of the rivers, the bridge over the Rímac is finished, the cathedral is built, and numerous hospitals, convents and monasteries are built. Then we can see that

4800-503: The city), for which Tarapoto is the cradle of the Amazon gastronomy of Peru for being much older than the cities of Iquitos and Pucallpa, in the city you can enjoy the most varied typical foods of the jungle. Its shrimps are famous, those that are enjoyed in the ninajuanes; the well-known juane, made from rice, eggs, olives and chicken meat, wrapped in bijao leaves, as well as the exquisite chorizo and cecina that have been industrialized and are currently exported to large supermarkets throughout

4900-478: The city, as a result of the construction and paving of access roads, from the capital city, Lima , connecting to the central highway in the central highlands and /or with the Fernando Belaunde Terry highway through Pasco and Huanuco ; and in the north interconnected to the cities of Bagua, Chachapoyas , Chiclayo , Piura and Trujillo , and with proximity to the largest port in northern Peru,

5000-415: The city. Hot springs , gold , and some petroleum are found nearby. After the slow demise of its airport, this regional capital began to fall behind the faster-developing Tarapoto , a neighboring city further down-river. Farmers and regional government workers often clash in a geopolitical battle over local control and access to outside markets. "Moyobambinos" (residents of Moyobamba) celebrate

5100-421: The cloud forest. It was founded in 1782 by Baltasar Jaime Martínez Compañón . According to the 2017 census Tarapoto has a population of 180,073 within the city limits, and over 200,000 inhabitants including the outlying Morales and Banda de Shilcayo districts, which makes it the most populated city in the department and the third largest and most populated Amazonian city after Pucallpa and Iquitos , Tarapoto

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5200-441: The colonial period. In addition to Aymara and Quechua, the inhabitants of the northern part of the valley, specifically in the hunu of Carabayllo, spoke an additional language believed to be Quingnam . Regarding the pre-Hispanic settlement of Lima, it is recorded that this part of the valley, near the Rimac river, was administered by a curaca, or local lord, named Taulichusco. He was a former yana , or servant, of Mama Vilo, one of

5300-402: The country's economic stagnation and political disorder paralyzed its urban development. This situation was reversed in the 1850s, when the growing public and private income derived from the export of guano allowed a rapid expansion of the city. In the following twenty years, the State financed the construction of large public buildings to replace the old viceregal establishments, among these are

5400-411: The country. In the province of San Martín, especially Tarapoto and in almost the entire Peruvian jungle, there is a wide variety of typical dishes and drinks, which enjoy great national and international prestige, due to the proper preparation, the enormous variety of fruits of pleasant flavors, the ingredients used and because of their exotic nature. Traditional food: The animal rescue Centre Urku ,

5500-407: The country. It also hosted the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Meetings of 2008 and 2016, the Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group in October 2015, the United Nations Climate Change Conference in December 2014, and the Miss Universe 1982 contest. In November 2024, it hosted the APEC summit for the third time. According to early Spanish articles,

5600-467: The creation of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717, the political demarcations were reorganized, and Lima only lost some territories that actually already enjoyed their autonomy. In 1746 a strong earthquake severely damaged the city and destroyed Callao , forcing a massive reconstruction effort by Viceroy José Antonio Manso de Velasco . In the second half of the 18th century, Enlightenment ideas about public health and social control influenced

5700-412: The development of the city. During this period, the Peruvian capital was affected by the Bourbon reforms as it lost its monopoly on foreign trade and its control over the important mining region of Upper Peru . This economic weakening led the elite of the city to depend on the positions granted by the viceregal government and the Church , which contributed to keeping them more linked to the Crown than to

5800-449: The driest months, they have some periods of downpours . Sunny days and good weather are common, with high temperatures reaching 30 °C (86 °F) and an average of 32 °C (90 °F). Tarapoto is one hour by air from Lima and is served by the Cad. FAP Guillermo del Castillo Paredes Airport . This airport is the third-most important in the Peruvian rainforest in flow of passengers and cargo. It operates flights to and from Lima on

5900-622: The early summer and a usually persistent low cloud deck during the winter (generally develops in late May and persists until mid-November or even early December). The predominantly onshore flow makes the Lima area one of the cloudiest among the entire Peruvian coast. Lima has only 1284 hours of sunshine a year, 27.9 hours in August and 183 hours in April, which is exceptionally little for its latitude. By comparison, London has an average of 1653 hours, and Moscow 1731. Winter cloudiness prompts locals to seek sunshine in Andean valleys above 500 meters (1,600 ft) above sea level . While relative humidity

6000-401: The eight Moyobamba Valleys). It was founded on the site of an Inca settlement and was the first city founded by the Spanish in the Peruvian Amazon . It is the second oldest Spanish town east of the Andes . During the Spanish Conquest , Moyobamba was a base from which incursions were made into the surrounding areas. The city was the seat of the first religious missions established in

6100-429: The engines used in many taxis, main intersections in Tarapoto are extremely noisy, especially at times of busy traffic. However recently there has been an attempt to certify rickshaws that abide by noise pollution standards. Tarapoto offers a variety of hotels and guesthouses for tourists and businessmen, both within the city and its surrounding area. A number of resorts also provide for more upmarket tourists. Tarapoto

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6200-426: The explorations of the Pocras and Chancas (old cultures of the Ayacucho region) who, when being conquered by the Inca Empire , headed a revolution led by the commander Ancohallo; a revolt that, when defeated, forced their tribal members to escape from terrible Inca vengeance. Eventually settling down in the valleys of the Mayo and Cumbaza rivers, in what is now the Department of San Martín , they possibly formed

6300-406: The exponential growth of the capital's population and the consequent urban expansion. The new populations were settling on land near the center which was used as an agricultural area. The current districts of Lince , La Victoria to the south were populated; Breña and Pueblo Libre to the west; El Agustino , Ate and San Juan de Lurigancho to the east and San Martín de Porres and Comas to

6400-426: The following decades settlements spread to the north, beyond the Rímac River, to the east, along the Central Highway and to the south. The new migrants, at first confined to slums in downtown Lima, led this expansion through large-scale land invasions, which evolved into shanty towns, known as pueblos jóvenes . The urban area covers about 800 km (310 sq mi). It is located on mostly flat terrain in

6500-428: The heaviest rains and humidity, with precipitation between 135 and 137 millimetres (5 and 5 in), respectively. In May, the Amazon River, one of the rivers surrounding the city, reaches its highest levels. It falls around 9 to 12 metres (30 to 39 ft) at its lowest point in October, and then steadily rises again cyclically according to rainfall. Winter offers a drier, sunnier climate. Although June and July are

6600-431: The high jungle plateau to the east of what is known as the selva baja (low jungle). Although Moyobamba is the capital of the region, Tarapoto is the region's largest city and is linked to the Upper Amazon and the historic city of Yurimaguas by a relatively well-maintained transandean highway, paved in 2008–9. Tarapoto is approximately 356 metres (1,168 ft) above sea level on the high jungle plateau, also called

6700-410: The historic Cercado de Lima district. The city is the core of the Lima Metro Area , one of the ten largest metro areas in the Americas . Lima is the world's third largest desert city, after Karachi , Pakistan, and Cairo , Egypt. Lima has a mild climate, despite its location in the tropics and in a desert . Lima's proximity to the waters of the Pacific Ocean leads to intense maritime moderation of

6800-410: The letters and two crowned sabre -faced eagles embracing them, which hold the coat of arms. The anthem of Lima was heard for the first time on 18 January 2008, in a solemn session that was attended by the then President of Peru Alan García , the mayor of the city Luis Castañeda Lossio and various authorities. Those in charge of creating the anthem were the councillors Luis Enrique Tord (author of

6900-420: The liberator and also the seat of the first Constituent Congress that the country had. The war lasted for two more years, during which the city changed hands many times and suffered abuses from both sides. By the time the war was decided, on 9 December 1824, at the Battle of Ayacucho , Lima had been considerably impoverished. After the War of Independence, Lima became the capital of the Republic of Peru , but

7000-409: The lyrics), Euding Maeshiro (composer of the melody) and the musical producer Ricardo Núñez (arranger). Although the history of the city of Lima began with its Spanish foundation in 1535, the territory formed by the valleys of the Rímac , Chillón and Lurín rivers was occupied by pre-Inca settlements, which were grouped under the Lordship of Ichma . The Maranga culture and the Lima culture were

7100-420: The middle of Lima districts with very high urban growth, so they are surrounded by business and residential buildings; however, that does not prevent its perfect state of conservation. During the time of the Incas, the valley of Lima was highly populated and organized into an Inca province, or huamani (wamani), called Pachacamac. The colonial Spanish historian Bernabé Cobo mentions that the huamani of Pachacamac

7200-417: The north. As an emblematic point of this expansion, in 1973 the self-managed community of Villa El Salvador (current district of Villa El Salvador ) was created, located 30 km south of the city center and currently integrated into the metropolitan area . In the 1980s, terrorist violence added to the disorderly growth of the city the increase of settlers who arrived as internally displaced persons. In

7300-515: The ones that established and forged an identity in these territories. During those times, the sanctuaries of Lati (current Puruchuco ) and Pachacámac (the main pilgrimage sanctuary during the time of the Incas) were built, it was built from 3rd century to 15th century by several civilizations, and which was used even until the time the Spanish conquistadors arrived. These cultures were conquered by

7400-462: The original inhabitants died out and the local Quechua became extinct, the Cuzco pronunciation prevailed. Nowadays, Spanish-speaking locals do not see the connection between the name of their city and the name of the river that runs through it. They often assume that the valley is named after the river; however, Spanish documents from the colonial period show the opposite to be true. The Flag of Lima

7500-448: The other hand, summer rain is infrequent and occurs in the form of isolated light and brief showers. These generally occur during afternoons and evenings when leftovers from Andean storms arrive from the east. The lack of heavy rainfall arises from high atmospheric stability caused, in turn, by the combination of cool waters from semi-permanent coastal upwelling and the presence of the cold Humboldt Current and warm air aloft associated with

7600-605: The population; the "mixed people" (amerindian with european) form 25 percent of total population. The remaining 5 percent of the population includes Chinese , Japanese , Quechua and other amerindians (amazonian groups), and people of black origins. One small group people, descendants of Armenians, Jews, and Germans have the higher education and economic rate in the city; many of their members emigrated from Moyobamba to other areas and are very active in politics, economy, trade and education in largest cities of Peru (like Lima , Trujillo , Arequipa , Ica and Chiclayo ). Moyobamba

7700-745: The port of Paita on the Pacific Ocean and the port of Salaverry in La Libertad, in addition to a connection to Brazil through the river port of Yurimaguas , just 3 hours away by road, and its exit to the Atlantic through the Huallaga River , a tributary of the Marañón River and this of the Amazon River . Tarapoto was founded on August 20, 1782, by the Spanish bishop Baltasar Jaime Martínez Compañón . Its beginnings date back to

7800-460: The region's patron saint ( San Juan - Saint John ) every year on June 24. Locals celebrate with traditional dances and dishes, most notably Juane, a dish that is meant to resemble the head of John the Baptist on a platter before Herod Antipas . It is made by stuffing a ball of sticky green rice with chicken and wrapping it in bijao ( Heliconia bihai ) leaves for cooking. Then celebrants dance

7900-495: The region. The Roman Catholic Church used the city as a base, where it began the task of converting the natives to Christianity . It was an important commercial center during the colonial era (1533–1821) and it was given city status in 1857. The historic "Puerto de Tahuishco" was once a vibrant port along the Mayo River , but has since become one of the last waning vestiges of the river trade route. On 7 June 1897, Moyobamba

8000-465: The same time, angry mobs attacked wealthy citizens and the Asian colony, looting their properties and businesses. At the beginning of the 20th century, the construction of avenues that would serve as a matrix for the development of the city began. The avenues Paseo de la República , Leguía (today called Arequipa), Brasil and the landscaping Salaverry that headed south and Venezuela and Colonial avenues to

8100-703: The seat of the Superior Court of Justice of Lima ), the Ministry of Health , the Ministry of Labor and the Hospitals of the Workers' Insurance and of the Employee as well as the National Stadium and several large housing units. Also in those years a phenomenon began that changed the configuration of the city, which was the massive immigration of inhabitants from the interior of the country, producing

8200-530: The site where the Cathedral of Lima is now, and the Municipal Theatre of Lima is situated where a pre-Columbian structure, referred to as Huaca El Cabildo by the Spaniards, once stood. These buildings were centered around a plaza, which was later expanded to become the Plaza Mayor . The Huaca de Aliaga and Huaca Riquelme were other major buildings near the plaza. Other nearby constructions included

8300-409: The sky commonly turns shades of orange, pink, and red around 7 pm. During winter, June through October, the weather is dramatically different. Grey skies, breezy conditions, higher humidity, and cooler temperatures prevail. Long 10 to 15-day stretches of dark overcast skies are not uncommon. Persistent morning drizzle ( garúa ) frequently occurs from June through September, coating the streets with

8400-486: The south by a fertile valley with crops of rice , corn , coffee , cocoa , tobacco and various agricultural products, with seasonally dry forests. The city is a nerve center of agricultural products, the surroundings concentrate a wide endemic biodiversity , originating from the last foothills of the eastern Andes , these give rise to an enormous botanical and biological wealth, of an incredible variety of amphibian and bird species. ideal for birdwatching, in addition to

8500-420: The spa of Cumbaza, the archaeological remains of the petroglyphs of Polish (Bello Horizonte) [1] , abundant plant and animal life, the waterfalls of: It is close to the largest lake of incredible beauty called Sauce or Laguna Azul (Blue Lagoon) Visitors can enjoy a landscape blessed with a wide variety of flora and fauna, numerous waterfalls and opportunities for adventure tourism (such as white water rafting on

8600-495: The temperatures, thereby making the climate much milder than those to be expected for a tropical desert, and thus Lima can be classified as a desert climate ( Köppen : BWh ) with subtropical temperature ranges. Temperatures rarely fall below 12 °C (54 °F) or rise above 30 °C (86 °F). Two distinct seasons can be identified: summer, December through April, and winter from June through September/October. May and October/November are generally transition months, with

8700-529: The temple-oracle of Rímac, one of the main places of worship in the valley, also known as the so-called "huaca grande" that once stood in Barrios Altos . In 1532, the Spanish and their indigenous allies (from the ethnic groups subdued by the Incas) under the command of Francisco Pizarro took monarch Atahualpa prisoner in the city of Cajamarca . Although a ransom was paid, he was sentenced to death for political and strategic reasons. After some battles,

8800-632: The three branches of the Government of Peru . The executive branch is headquartered in the Government Palace , located in the Plaza Mayor . All ministries are located in the city. The legislative branch is headquartered in the Legislative Palace and is home to the Congress of the Republic of Peru . The Judicial branch is headquartered in the Palace of Justice and is home to

8900-530: The town of Lamas , before establishing a satellite in the valley of the rivers Cumbaza and Shilcayo, having as a central nucleus the Suchiche Lagoon (dried up in the colony). In this lagoon grew abundant Taraputus palms, a name that the Spanish bishop would later use when founding the city in this area of hunters and fishermen. The city is located in the valleys of the Cumbaza and Shilcayo rivers, and

9000-526: The traditional name of Casa de Pizarro ) and the Cathedral , whose first stone Pizarro laid with his own hands. In August 1536, the flourishing city was besieged by the troops of the Inca general Quizu Yupanqui under orders from the monarch Manco Inca Yupanqui who was in Cusco, but the Spanish and their indigenous allies managed to defeat them. The Huaylas (Wayllas) army's assistance was of special importance to

9100-545: The tropical Andes, and attract numerous visitors to the "City of Palms". The City of Palm Trees, concentrates a large part of the tourist and commercial activity in the region, being the third most sought after and visited city by Peruvians, after Lima and Cusco; It is surrounded to the north by the regional conservation area of the Cordillera Escalera within the South American tropical rainforest and to

9200-489: The valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín Rivers , in the desert zone of the central coastal part of the country, overlooking the Pacific Ocean. The city is considered the political, cultural, financial and commercial center of Peru. Due to its geostrategic importance, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network has categorized it as a "beta" tier city. Jurisdictionally, the metropolis extends mainly within

9300-463: The visually impaired. 6°29′S 76°22′W  /  6.483°S 76.367°W  / -6.483; -76.367 Lima Lima ( / ˈ l iː m ə / LEE -mə ; locally [ˈlima] ), founded in 1535 as the Ciudad de los Reyes ( locally [sjuˈdat de los ˈreʝes] , Spanish for "City of Kings "), is the capital and largest city of Peru . It is located in

9400-529: The west joining the port of Callao . In the 1930s the great constructions began with the remodeling of the Government Palace of Peru and the Palacio Municipal . These constructions reached their peak in the 1950s, during the government of Manuel A. Odría , when the great buildings of the Ministry of Economy and the Ministry of Education were built ( Javier Alzamora Valdez Building , currently

9500-403: The wives of Emperor Huayna Capac. Lima was awarded to Taulichusco in recognition of his services to the Inca royalty. Some of Peru's most important buildings were erected on the sites of major constructions of the pre-Hispanic settlement. For example, the residential palace of Taulichusco was located where the modern Palacio de Gobierno of Peru stands today. A temple called Puma Inti once occupied

9600-448: Was divided, according to the government of the Inca kings, into three 'unos' or governorships of ten thousand families each; the town of Caraguayllo was the head of the first; that of Maranga, which is situated in the middle of the valley, of the second, and the third, that of Surco; this last town was the largest of all ... The inhabitants of the pre-Columbian town of Surco were relocated to the modern district of Santiago de Surco early in

9700-428: Was eventually destroyed by the Spanish and replaced with a church, but the name persisted: the chronicles show "Límac" replacing "Ychma" as the common name for the area. Modern scholars speculate that the word "Lima" originated as the Spanish pronunciation of the native name Limaq. Linguistic evidence seems to support this theory, as spoken Spanish consistently rejects stop consonants in word-final position. The city

9800-499: Was founded in 1535 under the name City of Kings (Spanish: Ciudad de los Reyes ), because its foundation was decided on January 6, date of the feast of the Epiphany . This name quickly fell into disuse, and Lima became the city's name of choice; on the oldest Spanish maps of Peru, both Lima and Ciudad de los Reyes can be seen together. The river that feeds Lima is called Rímac , and many people erroneously assume that this

9900-619: Was made the capital of the Loreto Region . On 4 September 1906, it became the capital of the San Martín Region . It was named the seat of the Territorial Prelature of Moyobamba in 1948. On September 25, 2005, Moyobamba was affected by the 2005 northern Peru earthquake . The city sits on a bluff overlooking the Mayo River , at 2,820 feet (860 m) above sea level , in the humid, tropical region known as

10000-502: Was subdivided into three hunu of tributary men, rather than the conventional four hunu. It has also been argued that a fourth hunu may have existed but was not recorded. The primary meaning of the word hunu in Quechua is 10,000, leading to the assumption that 30,000 families lived in the valley. This assumption has been criticized, including by the historian Åke Wedin, because hunu can also mean countless, and therefore could simply refer to

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