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38-544: Moby Group was founded by Afghan entrepreneur Saad Mohseni with the start-up help of United States government money and with a cash injection from News Corporation , led by his friend Rupert Murdoch . The company has partnered with Voice of America in Afghanistan, and the US government has continued funding some of its broadcasts. Saad Mohseni is an Afghan-Australian who returned to his native Afghanistan in 2002. Saad

76-464: A media company is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Afghans Afghans ( Dari : افغان‌ها ; Pashto : افغانان ) are the citizens and nationals of Afghanistan , as well as their descendants in the Afghan diaspora . The country is made up of various ethnic groups, of which Pashtuns , Tajiks , Hazaras , and Uzbeks are the largest. The three main languages spoken among

114-541: A Qizilbash wife. In the early 1800s, the Qizilbash were almost fully independent, but their participation in the succession conflict intensified racial and religious xenophobia. They were never recognized as native to the nation by the Durrani council, who referred to them as "Persians". It was claimed by the enemies of Fateh Khan and the Qizilbash that, in the event of an attack by the shah of Iran on Herat and Kandahar,

152-586: A person from the Qizilbash refused to convert, they had to pay a poll tax or wear a black turban with red marks on them. Later, Abdur Rahman Khan planned to deport the Qizilbash to Iran and India. This was never carried out, since Abdur Rahman Khan needed Qizilbash help to fight the Ghilzais, in 1886. Abdur Rahman Khan, however, dealt aggressively with the Hazaras and the Qizilbash after the Hazara rebelled. Blame for

190-570: A prominent position as provincial governors and administrators under the Safavids. During this time, some Qizilbash migrated to Herat and Kandahar since present-day western Afghanistan was a part of Safavid Iran. It is generally accepted that the garrisons established by the Iranian shah (king) Nader Shah ( r.  1736–1747 ) in Kandahar and Kabul during his 1738–1739 Indian invasion

228-525: Is due to Iran and Afghanistan being culturally close to each other for thousands of years. Afghan Qizilbash The Afghan Qizilbash ( Dari : قزلباش‌های افغان ) are a Persian-speaking ethnic group in Afghanistan , mainly residing in Herat , Kabul and Kandahar . Numbering around 30,000, they are adherents of Twelver Shia Islam . The Qizilbash were originally Turkoman tribesmen who supported

266-689: Is founder and current chief executive officer of Moby Group. Based in the capital city of Kabul , as of 2023 the company employs over 1200 staff across 16 businesses. In 2015, the Taliban labeled TOLO TV a 'propaganda network'. In 2016, its subsidiary Lapis was paid AU$ 1.6 million for promoting a "anti-refugee" film commissioned by the Australian Department of Immigration . The film was also broadcast on TOLO TV. Moby Group has offices in Afghanistan , UAE , Pakistan , and Ethiopia . The company has three divisions: This article about

304-827: Is mentioned in the Bactrian documents found in Northern Afghanistan. The word 'Afghan' is of Persian origin and refers to the Pashtun people. Some scholars suggest that the word "Afghan" is derived from the words awajan/apajan in Avestan and ava-Han/apa-Han in Sanskrit , which means "killing, striking, throwing and resisting, or defending." Under the Sasanians , and possibly the Parthian Empire ,

342-896: The Mughal Empire . The majority of Afghan historians disagree with the importance that Nader Shah had in establishing the Afghan Qizilbash, considering the Durrani kings to have played a bigger role. Aziz al-Din Fofalzai notes that in 1740, Nader Shah left only one army unit in Kabul and one in Kandahar after withdrawing the majority of his forces to western Afghanistan. He also questions whether any lasting settlements in Kabul were established by Nader Shah. He believes that in 1748 and 1755, Ahmad Shah imported large groups of "new and old Khorasanis" to Kabul and granted them property in

380-622: The Safavid dynasty in Iran. Many Qizilbash were stationed in present-day Afghanistan during the reign of the Iranian shah (king) Nader Shah in 1738–1739, when garrisons were established in Kabul and Kandahar. After the assassination of Nader Shah in 1747, the Durrani king Ahmad Shah integrated the Qizilbash into his forces and administration. He granted them land, self-governance, and religious autonomy, enabling them to maintain their Shia faith while supporting his rule. The Qizilbash formed part of

418-544: The national identity of people from Afghanistan of all ethnicities. From a more limited, ethnological point of view, " Afḡhān " is the term by which the Persian -speakers of Afghanistan (and the non-Pashtō-speaking ethnic groups generally) designate the Pashtūn. The equation Afghans = Pashtūn has been propagated all the more, both in and beyond Afghanistan, because the Pashtūn tribal confederation has maintained its hegemony in

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456-533: The Afghan people are Dari , Pashto , and Uzbek . Historically, the term "Afghan" was a Pashtun ethnonym , but later came to refer to all people in the country, regardless of their ethnicity. The earliest mention of the name Afghan ( Abgân ) is by Shapur I of the Sassanid Empire during the 3rd century CE, In the 4th century, the word "Afghans/Afghana" (αβγανανο) as reference to the Pashtun people

494-504: The Qizilbash (as well as the Iranian Kurdish Rikas) were settled in Kabul. According to Husaini, a historian of Zaman Shah Durrani ( r.  1793–1801 ), the Qizilbash were imported from Iran by Ahmad Shah so that they could serve in his personal bodyguard regiment, known as the ghulam khana . Ahmad Shah did this to keep the power of the Durrani and Ghilzai confederacy leaders in check, as they primarily constituted

532-465: The Qizilbash and Farsiwan , while a few publications has been made about the Ismailis and Hazaras . The name " Qizilbash " (meaning "red head") was first used in the late 15th-century to describe the red cap worn by Turkoman tribesmen who backed Shaykh Haydar ( d.  1488 ), the father of Ismail I ( r.  1501–1524 ), the founder of the Safavid dynasty of Iran. The Qizilbash held

570-403: The Qizilbash in the city were massacred. Like other adherents of Twelver Shia Islam , the Qizilbash in private followed their Shia faith while in public they presented themselves as Sunnis or Pashtuns in order to participate in government and society. Reliable census data is problematic to obtain since the Qizilbash still engage in taqiyya , the practice of hiding their true beliefs or having

608-657: The Qizilbash were largely autonomous, only swearing directly allegiance to their individual leaders, who was subject to the Durrani king. According to the Iranologist Christine Noelle, "This statement is borne out by the fact that the command of the entire bodyguard rested with the Qizilbash leader Mahmud Khan Bayat during Timur Shah's time." The Khorasani contingents were organized by tribal allegiance prior to Zaman Shah's reign. The Qizilbash leaders Ja'far Khan Jawansher and Khan Shirin Khan were in charge of

646-472: The Qizilbash would be support the invasion. Discrimination against Shias intensified throughout the rule of Abdur Rahman Khan ( r.  1880–1901 ) over Afghanistan. Because he thought the Twelvers were in league with Iran, Abdur Rahman Khan defended his actions against them. He used a variety of tactics to suppress the Twelvers. He first forced a large number of Twelvers to convert to Sunni Islam . If

684-575: The Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks equate the term with Pashtun hegemony and the risk of having their own ethnic identities erased by it. The term Afghanistani has been used among some refugees and diasporas, particularly among non-Pashtuns. The term Afghani refers to the unit of Afghan currency . The term is also often used in the English language (and appears in some dictionaries) for a person or thing related to Afghanistan, although some have expressed

722-487: The army and administration lost their jobs, and many, particularly those from western Afghanistan, departed for Iran. During the Third Anglo-Afghan War in the reign of Amanullah Khan , one of Amanullah's generals, 'Abd al-Quddus Khan, intended to advance into Balochistan . A religious revolt however, tied his forces down in Kandahar and after finally taming the revolt with the aid of Ali Ahmad Khan ,

760-418: The bodyguard regiment ghulam khana , recruited to balance the power of Durrani and Ghilzai tribal leaders. The Qizilbash have historically presented themselves as Sunni or Pashtun to avoid religious discrimination and participate fully in Afghan government and society. Scholarship has traditionally overlooked the numerous Shia Muslim minority communities in Afghanistan. Minimal research has been done on

798-521: The city's environs based on their tribal affiliations. In Autumn 1747, Ahmad Shah began a campaign against the Mughals, seizing Ghazni , before advancing on Kabul. Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi , a former officer of Nader Shah, joined Ahmad Shah and gained the support of the Qizilbash garrison in the Bala Hissar . The Qizilbash opened the gates of Kabul to Ahmad Shah as a result when he arrived at

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836-564: The city. The two sides exchanged many terms, with Ahmad Shah granting the Qizilbash a share in loot gained from war, self-governance, and protection to practice their Shia faith. The Qizilbash were further given districts in Chindawol and Murad Khani to have under Afghan suzerainty. Since the majority of Durrani leaders were unable to read and write, the Qizilbash controlled the civil service nearly entirely. Under Ahmad Shah's successor Timur Shah Durrani ( r.  1772–1793 ), more of

874-405: The core of his strength. The ghulam khana , made up primarily of Qizilbash but also included Tajiks , Hazaras, Firozkohis , Jamshidis , Taymanis , Kalmyks , and Habashis, was composed of cavalry and artillery. The exact proportion of Qizilbash in the ghulam khana is to some extend disputed. The Indian historian Ganda Singh claimed that during Ahmad Shah's reign, one-third of the regiment

912-402: The country, numerically and politically. The less common Afghanistani (افغانستانی) is an alternative identity marker for citizens of Afghanistan. The term "Afghanistani" refers to someone who is a citizen of Afghanistan, regardless of race, ethnicity or religion. In multiethnic Afghanistan, the term "Afghan" has always been associated with the Pashtun people. Some non-Pashtun citizens such as

950-407: The elite royal guard of kashikchis . However, Zaman Shah also gave non-Qizilbash figures like his Pashtun father-in-law Nur Muhammad Babar Amin al-Mulk and the treasurer Iltifat Khan command of several ghulam khana contingents. Possibly in response to an attempt by the Durrani rulers to challenge the independent structure of the Qizilbash cavalry, Ja'far Khan sent a petition to Zaman Shah just before

988-641: The latters coronation, insisting on the need to preserve tribal distinctions within the army. Similar concerns about Zaman Shah's intended consolidation of government agencies may have led Ja'far Khan and Arsalan Khan to join Payinda Khan and Muhammad Azim Khan Alakozai's conspiracy to overthrow Zaman Shah in the winter of 1799/1800. This conspiracy was also supported by Nur Muhammad Khan Baburi and several Durrani and Ghilzai leaders. They planned to assassinate Zaman Shah and his vizier Wafadar Khan, and install Zaman Shah's younger full-brother Shuja al-Mulk on

1026-467: The leader of the Afghan Abdali tribe and formerly part of the Afghan cadre of Nader Shah's army, fled to the city of Naderabad in Kandahar. There he assumed the title of Durr-i Durran ("Pearl of Pearls") and thus changed the name of his Abdali tribe to "Durrani." Ahmad Khan (now titled Ahmad Shah) then went on to conquer what had originally served as the frontier region between Safavid Iran and

1064-538: The new Durrani ruler largely due to support by the Qizilbash, who now viewed themselves as kingmakers. Marriage links with the descendants of Hajji Jamal Khan Barakzai also contributed to the Qizilbash's increased dominance. Musa Khan Jawansher's daughter was also the wife of Payinda Khan, with whom she had Dost Muhammad Khan , who would later become the ruler of the Emirate of Afghanistan (1823–1926). Two of Payinda Khan's sons, as well as several of his grandsons, also had

1102-465: The non-Pashtun ethnicities of Afghanistan that reject the term Afghan being applied to them, and there are Pashtuns in Pakistan that wish to have the term Afghan applied to them. The pre-nation state, historical ethnonym Afghan was used to refer to a member of the Pashtun ethnic group. Due to the changing political nature of the state, the meaning has changed, and the term has shifted to refer to

1140-579: The opinion that this usage is incorrect. The reason for this usage might be because the term "Afghani" (افغانی) is in fact a valid demonym for Afghans in the overall Persian language , whereas "Afghan" is derived from Pashto. Thus, "Afghan" is the anglicized form of "Afghani" when translating from Dari Persian, but not from Pashto. Another variant is Afghanese , which has been seldom used in place of Afghan. Afghans come from various ethnic backgrounds. The largest ethnic groups are Pashtuns , Tajiks , Hazaras , and Uzbeks , who make up approximately 95% of

1178-603: The population of Afghanistan. They are of diverse origins including of Iranic , Turkic or Mongolic ethnolinguistic roots. The Afghan people of all ethnicities are predominantly and traditionally followers of Islam , of whom around 90% are of Sunni and 10% the Shia branch. Other religious minorities include the Afghan Hindus , Afghan Sikhs , Afghan Zoroastrians , Afghan Jews and Afghan Christians . Afghan culture has existed for over three millennia, dating back to

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1216-408: The start of the Hazara rebellion fell on the clerics in the Iranian city of Mashhad and Qizilbash, who where accused of telling Shia Muslims to disregard the authority of Sunni rulers. Abdur Rahman Khan used the Hazara rebellion as a justification to persecute the Hazaras and Shia Muslims. A number of Shia Muslims received sentences of stoning, with some even burned alive. The majority of Qizilbash in

1254-511: The throne. Wafadar Khan eventually discovered the plans of the conspirators, who were beheaded and publicly displayed in Kandahar. Payinda Khan's sons (including his eldest, Fateh Khan Barakzai ) fled to Iran, where they swore allegiance to Zaman Shah's brother Mahmud Mirza . Due to the execution of Ja'far Khan and Arsalan Khan, the Qizilbash of Kabul and Kandahar also declared their allegiance to Mahmud Mirza. Mahmud Mirza (now known as Shah Mahmud) eventually emerged victorious in 1801, becoming

1292-639: The time of the Achaemenid Empire in 500 BCE. Afghans have both common cultural features and those that differ between regions with each of the 34 provinces having its own unique distinctive cultures partly as a result of geographic obstacles that divide the country. Afghanistan's culture is historically linked to nearby Persia , including both countries following the Islamic religion , the Solar Hijri calendar and speaking similar languages, this

1330-723: The word Afghan also means "of or relating to Afghanistan or its people, language or culture". According to the 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan , all Afghans citizens are equal in rights and obligations before the law. The fourth article of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan , which was valid until 2021, states that citizens of Afghanistan consist of Pashtun, Tajik, Uzbek, Turkmen, Baloch, Pashayi, Nuristani, Aimaq, Arab, Kyrgyz , Qizilbash , Gurjar , Brahui , and members of other ethnicities. There are political disputes regarding this: there are members of

1368-724: The word was used to refer to men of a certain Persian sect. In the past, several scholars sought a connection with "horse", Skt.aśva-, Av.aspa-, i.e. the Aśvaka or Aśvakayana, the name of the Aśvakan or Assakan , the ancient inhabitants of the Hindu Kush region. Some have theorized that the name of the Aśvakan or Assakan has been preserved in that of the modern Pashtun , with the name Afghan being derived from Asvakan . As an adjective,

1406-470: Was composed of Qizilbash. The Qizilbash played a crucial role in Timur Shah's local expeditions as mercenaries and bureaucrats. To counterbalance the Durrani cavalry, the ghulam khana was increased to 12,000 troops under his reign. Husaini reported that out of Zaman Shah's cavalry of 100,000, 15,000 belonged to the ghulam khana . The Scottish explorer and military officer Alexander Burnes observed that

1444-549: Was when the Qizilbash became a large community in Afghanistan. 12,000 families were reported to have made up the garrison in Kabul. Referred to as "Khorasani" or "Persian", the Qizilbash was the biggest group from Iran to live near Kabul, with the Javanshir tribe forming the biggest part of their group. Nader Shah was murdered by mutinous officers on 21 June 1747. His death led to a power vacuum, which resulted in his vast empire being divided by various sovereigns. Ahmad Khan ,

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