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58-518: Arnis is the Philippines' national martial art and sport, after President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed the Republic Act. No. 9850 in 2009. RA 9850 is a consolidation of House Bill No. 6516 authored by South Cotabato Rep. Arthur Pingoy Jr., and Senate Bill No. 1424 authored by Majority leader Juan Miguel Zubiri with the help of Richard Gialogo. RA 9850 is expected to help propagate arnis as

116-572: A bachelor's degree in physical education and taught the subject at the University of Negros Occidental-Recoletos ; because of this he was addressed as Professor Presas, and became known in martial arts circles as "the Professor". He later worked for the Philippine government in the area of physical education, spreading arnis instruction through the high schools. Presas was forced to leave

174-521: A modern martial art/sport that can compete with popular non-Filipino arts, i.e. taekwondo , karate and judo . The Act mandates the Department of Education to include the sport as a Physical Education course. Remy Presas studied his family's system from an early age. He went on to study the Japanese systems of Shotokan Karate and Judo, achieving high rank in each; but he simultaneously studied

232-625: A national hero, has not been declared officially as a national hero in any existing Philippine law according to historical experts. Although in 2003, Benigno Aquino Jr. was officially declared by the President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as a national hero by an executive order. A National Artist of the Philippines is a rank or a title given to a Filipino citizen in recognition to the recipient's contributions to Philippine arts and letters and they are not considered

290-649: A national symbol that represents traditions and ideals. Through the years, there were attempts to make those traditional symbols official. One of them is House Bill 3926, a bill proposed on February 17, 2014, by Bohol First District Representative Rene Relampagos of the Philippine House of Representatives that sought to declare, re-declare or recognize a number of national symbols. House Bill 3926 ("Philippine National Symbols Act of 2014"), aimed to encourage nationalism and unity; to guarantee respect, preservation and promotion of national symbols; and to correct

348-426: A part of the curriculum. It is said that, originally, the cane was considered sacred by practitioners (Arnisadores), and therefore an arnis practitioner was expected to hit his cane at the hand or forearm of his sparring partner and not at the latter's cane. This had the advantage of being the preferred method in actual combat, referred to as "defanging the snake", that is, making the opponent drop his weapon so that he

406-587: A variety of other Filipino systems, most notably Venancio Bacon 's Balintawak . Beginning with a small gymnasium in Bacolod in the 1950s, he attempted to spread the art to the local youth as both a cultural legacy and a form of physical development or sport. He taught the art at the University of Negros Occidental-Recoletos . His desire to reinvigorate interest in his country's traditional martial art grew over time, and he began making modifications and improvements to what he had learned. In 1969 he moved to Manila at

464-682: A week after she filed the resolution, she realized that there is no Filipino historical figure declared through law. On August 10, 2009, she cited on her privilege speech in Congress the nine Filipino heroes recommended by National Heroes Committee in 1995. She then urge Congress to sign the resolutions declaring the nine Filipinos recommended by the National Heroes Committee plus Benigno Aquino Jr. and Corazon Aquino as national heroes. Congressman Salvador Escudero interpellated Vinzons-Chato's speech and stated that heroes are made in

522-409: Is declared through a law or a proclamation. National symbols such as the cariñosa , carabao , bangus (milkfish), and anahaw (footstool palm) that are circulating through various sources have no official status and have not established by law. According to Nestor Castro, a Filipino cultural anthropologist , most of these unofficial symbols were passed on as tradition in schools every start of

580-412: Is healthy and continues to attract students. Current practitioners of Modern Arnis or arts strongly influenced by Modern Arnis who are prominent include: Bambit Dulay, Rene Tongson, Tim Hartman, Tye Botting, Chuck Gauss, Ken Smith, Kelly Worden, Rodel Dagooc and Dieter Knuettel. Modern Arnis continues to be taught worldwide. One of the characteristics of Filipino martial arts is the use of weapons from

638-478: Is less of a threat. However, it discouraged many would-be practitioners who found this training too painful and injury-inducing. The result was that the Filipino martial arts became in danger of dying out; in most areas of the Philippines, Japanese martial arts such as Karate and Judo were much more popular than the indigenous systems. Remy Presas' modernization of the training method was intended to help preserve

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696-401: Is the larger of the two. There are other notable Modern Arnis organizations, including International Modern Arnis Federation Philippines (IMAFP), based in the Philippines and led by some of the most senior Filipino masters of Modern Arnis; Arnis International founded by Bruce Chiu; a group headed by Tim Hartman (WMAA); a German group headed by Dieter Knuettel (DAV); and others. Presas earned

754-597: Is the modern Arnis but showed the different ways of the traditional and modern. In 1966 Remy Presas began developing his own system which he called "Modern Arnis" by identifying the basic concepts of the numerous systems he had learned and merging them. By 1969 Modern Arnis had been approved by the Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation as a regular subject to be taught at the National College of Physical education. Presas

812-404: Is traditionally bordered with red; however, some groups use a plain black belt. In addition to rank, titles such as Datu , Commissioner, Master of Tapi-Tapi, Senior Master, Punong Guro , etc., have occasionally been granted to certain high-ranking individuals. The title Guro is typically given to all Lakans and Dayangs . Modern Arnis is perpetuated worldwide and some of the countries where

870-669: The Commonwealth era , Governor-General Frank Murphy declared sampaguita and narra as national flower and national tree, respectively, through Proclamation No. 652. Philippine President Fidel Ramos proclaimed the Philippine eagle as the national bird in 1995 through Proclamation No. 615. Ramos also declared the South Sea Pearl or Philippine Pearl as the national gem in 1996 through Proclamation No. 905. In 2009, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo declared arnis as

928-647: The Constitution of the Philippines , the Filipino language is stated as the national language of the Philippines. Aside from those stated symbols in the Constitution and in Republic Act 8491, there are only six official national symbols of the Philippines enacted through law, namely sampaguita as national flower, narra as national tree, the Philippine eagle as national bird, Philippine pearl as national gem, arnis as national martial art and sport and

986-493: The Filipino Sign Language as the national sign language . Thus, there is a total of twelve official national symbols passed through Philippine laws. There are symbols such as the carabao (national animal), mango (national fruit) and anahaw (national leaf) that are widely known as national symbols but have no laws recognizing them as official national symbols. Even Jose Rizal , who is widely considered

1044-633: The Philippine Revolution against Spain. Another measure filed by Congressman Rene Relampagos from Bohol in February 2014 sought to declare Jose Rizal as the sole Filipino national hero. According to the bill, he was a nationalist and well known for his Philippine reforms advocacy during the Spanish colonial era . Filipinos awarded with the rank or title National Artist of the Philippines are not considered to be national symbols because

1102-486: The "unofficial" status of the symbols. Among the national symbols listed in the measure are Jose Rizal as the only historical Filipino to be recognized as national hero, adobo as national food and jeepney as national vehicle. It also includes the previous official national symbols, which were eleven during the filing of the bill. As of February 2014, the bill is still pending with the Committee on Revision Laws of

1160-460: The "unofficial" status of the symbols. It listed 26 symbols including the previous eleven official national symbols. The bill is not yet a law that would make those symbols official because it is still pending with the House of Representatives' Committee on Revision Laws as of February 2014. In February 2016, the House of Representatives approved on final reading of House Bill 6366, which declared

1218-510: The Filipino martial arts. He taught the method of hitting cane-on-cane during practice, which attracted more newcomers to the art and allowed the art to be taught in the Philippines' school system. "Defanging the snake" remains a principle of Modern Arnis, however, and in practical application, one would typically strike the hand or arm. The technique can be used empty-handed, where it is known as "limb destruction". Training covers empty-hand self-defense (striking, locking, throwing, etc.) as well as

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1276-414: The House of Representatives and is not yet a law that would make the proposed symbols as official national symbols. The Republic Act (RA) 8491, also known as Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines, stipulates the code for national flag , anthem , motto , coat-of-arms and other heraldic items and devices of the Philippines. According to Article XIV Section 6 of the Constitution of the Philippines ,

1334-539: The IMAF and operates independently worldwide. In many ways, the situation is analogous to what occurred in the Jeet Kune Do and American Kenpo communities following the deaths of their popular and charismatic founders. In particular, the question of how high-ranking arnisadors should test for higher rank has been settled by different organizations in different ways. In some cases this has caused controversy. The art

1392-558: The NHCP Section Chief Teodoro Atienza, and Filipino historian Ambeth Ocampo , there is no Filipino historical figure officially declared national hero through law or executive order. Although, there were laws and proclamations honoring Filipino heroes. In the Rizal Law principally sponsored by Claro M. Recto and enacted in 1956, Jose Rizal is mentioned as a national hero in the "whereas" clause of

1450-597: The Philippine Islands to learn from other masters and to compete in stick-fighting competitions and many street fights. Presas eventually focused on Balintawak Eskrima , but earned a 6th degree black belt in Shotokan Karate and a black belt in judo . He had brothers who also trained Arnis since a young age, Ernesto A Presas, the younger brother of Remy, studied in Japan and learned several martial arts

1508-508: The Philippines consist of symbols that represent Philippine traditions and ideals and convey the principles of sovereignty and national solidarity of the Filipino people . Some of these symbols namely the national flag , the Great Seal , the coat of arms and the national motto are stated in the Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines, which is also known as Republic Act 8491. In

1566-415: The ability level of each student: likas (green belt), likha (brown belt), and lakan (black belt). Lakan encompassed ten degrees. He issued certificates of rank, and began using the title Guro which became widespread throughout all Filipino Martial Arts Circles. Presas developed what came to be known as the "Arnis Uniform" consisting of loose fitting cotton trousers and a karategi style top low cut at

1624-490: The ancient boat balangay as the national boat of the Philippines. In April 2018, the House Committee on Basic Education and Culture approved House Bill 1022, seeking to declare baybayin , a pre-Hispanic writing system used in the Philippines, as the country's national writing system. As of 2019, both legislation are still unresolved as Senate concurrence and a presidential signature is pending. According to

1682-615: The art (as opposed to titles such as guro ("teacher") or Punong Guro ("Head teacher") that recognized teaching and/or technical ability). Most prominent among these titles were Datu , meaning a chieftain or leader, awarded in this order to Shishir Inocalla , Kelly Worden and Ric "Bong" Jornales (of Arnis Sikaran) (all in the 1980s), Dieter Knuettel (1996), Tim Hartman and David Hoffman (both in 2000); and Master of Tapi-Tapi, awarded to Jeff Delaney, Chuck Gauss, Jim Ladis, Gaby Roloff, Randi Schea , Ken Smith, and Brian Zawilinski. The title of Master of Tapi Tapi denotes those who have attained

1740-425: The art in with a student's previous training ("the art within your art"), smoothly reacting to changing situations in the fight ("the flow"), and countering the opponent's attempt to counter strikes directed at him ("tapi-tapi"). Practitioners are called arnisadors or Modern Arnis players. In addition to its Filipino influences, elements of Judo , Shotokan Karate , and Wally Jay 's Small Circle Jujutsu appear in

1798-600: The art is most popular are the Philippines, the United States, Canada , and Germany, but there are practitioners in many other nations as well. There are numerous organizations that continue to spread the art of Modern Arnis, to include (in alphabetical order) DAV (Germany), IMAF (US & Germany), IMAFP (Philippines) and the WMAA (Global). National symbols of the Philippines The national symbols of

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1856-471: The art of Modern Arnis. In particular, many locks from Small Circle Jujitsu were added to Modern Arnis. The art continued to grow and change, in technique and in emphasis, though it always retained a focus on the single stick and on general self-defense. Those who trained with Remy Presas in the United States in the 1970s and early 1980s experienced the art differently from those who began training in

1914-703: The art. The International Modern Arnis Federation Philippines would come to be the lead Modern Arnis organization in the Philippines, and the Deutscher Arnis Verband of Germany would be the lead organization in Europe . In the United States, the International Modern Arnis Federation (IMAF) was the principal organization as far as certification was concerned, but the founder created a variety of titles that indicated some level of organizational or leadership authority in

1972-760: The country in 1974 because of pressure from certain government officials. He moved to the United States, first staying in the home of his student, Dean Stockwell and spent the rest of his life living in North America , but traveled worldwide to conduct seminars. Presas died on August 28, 2001, in Victoria, British Columbia , Canada from brain cancer . Since his death, several groups have emerged to carry on instruction in his art. His younger brothers Ernesto Presas and Roberto Presas, as well as several of his children (most notably his eldest son, Remy P. Presas who heads his own Modern Arnis organization), are active in

2030-539: The founders death in 2001, these duties have since been past on to (MARPPIO)—operated by the Professors eldest son Remy P. Presas Jr with the aid of the founders other children, and the rest of the Presas Family. There are two other bifurcated groups, one headed by Jeff Delaney and often referred to as IMAF-Delaney, and the other formerly headed by Randi Schea, often referred to as IMAF-Schea. The latter group

2088-417: The hearts and minds of people and not through legislation. After the interpellation, it was moved by House of Representatives to refer the privilege speech of Vinzons-Chato to the Committee of Basic Education and Culture. In 2013, Bayan Muna Congressmen Neri Colmenares and Carlos Isagani Zarate filed House Bill 3431 aiming to declare Andres Bonifacio as National Hero due to his actual participation in

2146-610: The high level of proficiency in Modern Arnis' Tapi - Tapi. The Datus were expected to take leadership roles that might see them move in different, and perhaps less conventional, directions. Through 2001, however, the art remained largely united under the founder. In the wake of the 2001 death of Remy Presas, there was a splintering of the remaining leadership of Modern Arnis. The IMAF, the organization of record for North American Modern Arnis practitioners, split into two subgroups, one headed by Randi Schea and one headed by Jeff Delaney;

2204-624: The late 1990s. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s he traveled extensively for seminars – the principal form of instruction in the system was through weekend training camps held around the world but especially in the U.S. – and produced books and videos. During the 1990s Wally Jay, Remy Presas (Modern Arnis), and George Dillman (Kyusho Jitsu) traveled together throughout the United States and worldwide promulgating small-circle jujitsu. At that time many elements of Small Circle JuJitsu were well integrated into Modern Arnis. During this time he experimented with different forms of titles and leadership in

2262-664: The law. Although, "whereas" clauses function as a preamble or introduction and it is not part of the provisions. On November 15, 1995, the Technical Committee of the National Heroes Committee, created through Executive Order No. 5 by former President Fidel Ramos, recommended nine Filipino historical figures to be National Heroes : Jose Rizal , Andres Bonifacio , Emilio Aguinaldo , Apolinario Mabini , Marcelo H. del Pilar , Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat , Juan Luna , Melchora Aquino , and Gabriela Silang . No action has been taken for these recommended National Heroes until it

2320-605: The list of official national symbols. In February 2013, the Philippine Senate passed a bill declaring waling-waling ( Vanda sanderiana ) as the national flower alongside Sampaguita. A similar bill in the House of Representatives had already been passed in 2012. Normally, the bill would become law after being signed by the President . However, it was vetoed by President Benigno Aquino III . The veto did not grant

2378-546: The national heroes according to a news report by The Philippine Star . The recognition of Rizal and Bonifactio as national heroes is considered implied due to laws declaring their heroism according to NHCP. Here is the list of official national symbols recognized with legal foundation. Blue #0038A8 Red #CE1126 White #FFFFFF Golden yellow #FCD116 Here are the lists of symbols that have no official status, or legal basis. Remy P. Presas Remy Amador Presas (December 19, 1936 – August 28, 2001)

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2436-416: The national language of the Philippines is Filipino . Apart from RA 8491 and the Constitution, the Philippines has only six official national symbols enacted either through a proclamation by the executive department or through a Republic Act by the legislative department, namely sampaguita , narra , the Philippine eagle , the Philippine pearl , arnis and the Filipino Sign Language . In 1934, during

2494-478: The national sport and martial art through Republic Act 9850. On October 30, 2018, President Rodrigo Duterte signed Republic Act No. 11106, a law declaring the Filipino Sign Language as the national sign language of the Filipino deaf and the official sign language of the Philippine government involving communications to the deaf. A Philippine national symbol will be considered official once it

2552-408: The ranks is gender-specific. For men the rank is referred to as Lakan ( Tagalog for nobleman ) while for women it is referred to as Dayang (Tagalog for lady ). Thus, a first degree black belt in Modern Arnis would be referred to as either a Lakan Isa or a Dayang Isa , depending on his or her gender. The "zero-degree" rank, if used, is referred to as simply Lakan or Dayang . The black belt

2610-438: The remaining five Masters of Tapi-Tapi associated with the group led by Randi Schea. Remy Presas' son Remy P. Presas and his siblings formed a group following his father's death, and Tim Hartman and Dieter Knuettel increased the independence of their organizations (the WMAA and DAV, respectively). In 2012 Randi Schea and Jim Ladis retired from the IMAF. In 2018, Brian Zawilinski, the senior-most Master of Tapi Tapi, resigned from

2668-726: The request of a government official, and formed the Modern Arnis Federation of the Philippines. He was assisted by individuals such as those who now are on the Modern Arnis Senior Masters Council: Rodel Dagooc, Jerry dela Cruz, Roland Dantes , Vicente Sanchez , Rene Tongson , and Cristino Vasquez. He continued to develop and spread his art, including via books, until political considerations forced him to relocate to North America . There he met Wally Jay , George Dillman , and other artists who influenced his development of

2726-435: The school year when students were asked to buy posters containing the supposed national symbols. While official national symbols are declared through law, Castro and National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) Section Chief Teodoro Atienza considered that the public must be consulted first before declaration of national symbol. Throughout the history of legislation in the Philippines, attempts were made to expand

2784-596: The system. Modern Arnis uses a ranking system similar to the Dan ranks used in Karate and other Japanese systems. There are some minor variations between organizations as to the exact number of belts. There are 10 or 11 black belt ranks in Modern Arnis, depending on the organization. They are numbered in Tagalog : Many groups use a "zero-degree" black belt rank as a probationary stage that comes before Isa . The actual name of

2842-452: The title is given in recognition to the recipient's contributions to Philippine arts and letters and not as a symbol that represents traditions and ideals and convey the principles of sovereignty and national solidarity. Despite declaration from historical experts that there is no historical person declared as a national hero, in 2003, an executive order by then President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo officially declared Beningno Aquino Jr. as one of

2900-399: The town of Hinigaran , Negros Occidental , Philippines , the son of Jose B. Presas, a businessman, and the former Lucia Amador. He began studying arnis with his father then with his grandfather, Leon Presas, and uncle at the age of six. By the age of fourteen he had his first stick fighting match with a Sinawali master that Presas knocked out with one stick hit. He continued to travel across

2958-404: The trademark single and double stick techniques of the Filipino martial arts. Other aspects of the art include espada y daga (sword and dagger fighting), sinawali (double stick weaving patterns), and tapi-tapi (locking drills with the stick). In addition to partner drills, Modern Arnis includes the use of anyo ( kata ), solo forms both with and without the stick. Emphasis is placed on fitting

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3016-535: The two brothers had learned from their father Jose Bonce Presas and grandfather and other relatives called "family style", which some elements in "Modern Arnis" and in "Arnis Presas style", despite similar methods and development, through the joint efforts of the brothers, the went different routes. Remy moved to the USA, Ernesto stayed in the PH, but travelled extensive teaching Arnis, he spoke highly of Remy and not only told this

3074-423: The very beginning of training and Modern Arnis is no exception. The primary weapon is the rattan stick, called a cane or baston ( baton ), which varies in size, but is usually about 28 inches (71 cm) in length. Both single and double stick techniques are taught, with an emphasis on the former; unarmed defenses against the stick and against bladed weapons (which the stick is sometimes taken to represent) are

3132-739: The waist. In 1982 Presas was inducted into the Black Belt Hall of Fame as Instructor of the Year. In 1994 he was again honored by Black Belt as Weapons Instructor of the Year. Presas formed the International Modern Arnis Federation (IMAF) in 1970 as the principal organization for the promotion and administration of Modern Arnis in North America. The organization was responsible for maintaining records of promotions and other administrative tasks. After

3190-618: The waling-waling as the second national flower due to the confusion that it would create. A year later, on February 17, 2014, Representative Rene Relampagos, a congressman from the First District of Bohol , introduced a legislation in the Philippine House of Representatives that sought to declare, re-declare or recognize a number of national symbols. House Bill 3926 or the "Philippine National Symbols Act of 2014" aimed to encourage nationalism and unity; to guarantee respect, preservation and promotion of national symbols; and to correct

3248-401: Was revisited in one of the proceedings of the 14th Congress in 2009. On August 3, 2009, shortly after the death of former President Corazon Aquino , widow of Benigno Aquino Jr. , legislative measures have been filed calling for her official recognition as a national hero. Congresswoman Liwayway Vinzons-Chato filed a house resolution declaring Corazon Aquino a national hero. Although,

3306-535: Was the Arnis consultant in the 1974 Philippines produced film The Pacific Connection . While working on this film he instructed and became friends with US actor Dean Stockwell . Beginning with a small gymnasium in Bacolod in the 1950s, he attempted to spread the art to the local youth as both a cultural legacy and a form of physical development or sport. Presas instituted a ranking system with Modern Arnis to identify

3364-463: Was the founder of Modern Arnis , a popular Filipino martial art . Born in the Philippines , he moved to the United States in 1974, where he taught his art via seminars and camps. In 1982 he was inducted into the Black Belt Hall of Fame as Instructor of the Year. He published several books and videos on Modern Arnis and is recognised as the "Father of Modern Arnis". Presas was born in

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