Modern Dutch ( Dutch : Nieuwnederlands ) is the term for variety of Dutch spoken and written since around the 1500s, this is to distinguish it from the previous phases of the languages, Middle Dutch and Old Dutch . The term Early Modern Dutch has been applied to the Dutch spoken in the 16th and 17th centuries.
24-516: The vocabulary of Modern Dutch up to 1920 is best documented in the book on the shelf Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal . In short, WNT is a project that began in the 19th century and was only completed in the early 21st century. This dictionary is the largest dictionary in the world. Besides lemmas (word entries) it also contains the sources (first use) of words. Modern Dutch differs from Middle Dutch in its gradual standardization , grammatical simplification , and different sound developments. In
48-691: A conference of linguists from the Netherlands and Belgium. The conference, which was held alternately south and north of the border, ran from 1849 to 1912; its goal was to (re-)establish contacts between Netherlanders and Belgians (after Belgium split off from the Netherlands in 1830) and to lend strength to the Flemish movement in Belgium (which was up against the widespread influence of French). At that first conference, in August 1849 at Ghent University , it
72-428: A higher tendency toward isolation generally exhibit a morpheme-per-word ratio close to 1:1. In an ideal isolating language, visible morphology would be entirely absent, as words would lack any internal structure in terms of smaller, meaningful units called morphemes. Such a language would not use bound morphemes like affixes . The morpheme-to-word ratio operates on a spectrum, ranging from lower ratios that skew toward
96-470: A testament to the isolation experienced by villages and towns. Only through the Flemish emancipation , the implementation of language laws, secondary and higher education in the Netherlands, the progress of industrialization and the rise of radio and television gradually changed this. Most of the Flemish population can now easily use Standard Dutch as a written and spoken language. Dutch language in Belgium
120-574: Is credited with supporting the "integrationist" movement in Flanders, that is, those who sought a rapprochement between the speakers of Dutch in the Netherlands and Belgium. The De Vries-Te Winkel orthography was made mandatory by the Belgian government in 1864, and shortly thereafter by the Dutch government. It still underlies the rules for orthography and has thus contributed to orthographic unity between
144-464: Is no longer used only by a small elite. This has several consequences: In Flanders , the development of the position of Dutch did not run parallel. The nobility, the business community and the bourgeoisie used it there for centuries, until after the World War II , French as the leading standard and administrative language is said to have influenced written and spoken Dutch in Flanders. In 1785,
168-610: Is perfectly possible for a language to have one inflectional morpheme yet more than one unit of meaning. For example, the Russian word vídyat /видят "they see" has a morpheme per word ratio of 2:1 since it has two morphemes. The root vid- /вид- conveys the imperfective aspect meaning, and the inflectional morpheme -yat /-ят inflects for four units of meaning (third- person subject, plural subject, present/future tense , indicative mood ). Effectively, it has four units of meaning in one inseparable morpheme: -yat /-ят. Languages with
192-527: Is slightly different from the standard language spoken in the Netherlands. Until recently, this standard form of the language was often called " Schoon Vlaams ", and was mainly influenced by Brabant , especially the Antwerp city dialect as in the 16th century, with many more gallicisms and sentence structures influenced by French. Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal ( WNT ; lit. ' Dictionary of
216-405: Is that of an analytic language , which uses unbound morphemes or syntactical constructions to indicate grammatical relationships. Isolating and analytic languages tend to overlap in linguistic scholarship. Isolating languages contrast with synthetic languages , also called inflectional languages , where words often consist of multiple morphemes. That linguistic classification is subdivided into
240-618: The Statenbijbel ) was written and distributed. This Statenvertaling is said to be very important for the standardization of the Dutch language. Following the Synod of Dordrecht , they wanted to make a new translation of the Bible which should be very closely related to the original text. Various translators from different Dutch-speaking regions were called in to produce a supra-regional translation that everyone could understand. This resulted in
264-508: The 16th century, economic and political power shifted forever from the first and second estates to the third estate, the bourgeoisie . This shift and some other socio-political, cultural and religious factors promote the position of the vernacular. Here are some of the factors: The concern for one's own language that began in the 16th century continued into the 17th century, and this concern was manifested in all areas. Linguistically conscious writers such as Hooft and Vondel spoke freely about
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#1732765828315288-452: The Dutch language ' ) is a dictionary of the Dutch language . It contains between 350,000 and 400,000 entries describing Dutch words from 1500 to 1976. The paper edition consists of 43 volumes (including three supplements) on 49,255 pages. It is believed to be the largest dictionary in the world in number of pages. The dictionary was nearly 150 years in the making from 1849; the first volume
312-437: The classifications fusional , agglutinative , and polysynthetic , which are based on how the morphemes are combined. Although historically, languages were divided into three basic types ( isolating , inflectional , agglutinative ), the traditional morphological types can be categorized by two distinct parameters: A language is said to be more isolating than another if it has a lower morpheme per word ratio. To illustrate
336-405: The creation of a new standard language (a mixture of all dialects). Rules were made for written language to promote standardization. On the other hand, regional dialects continue to develop so that standardization does not occur. Standardization initially increased in the north. On the other hand, in the south, this was slowed down due to the importance of French on the one hand, but also due to
360-419: The fact that Protestants were related to Dutch and wanted to recruit people to the detriment of Catholics . Where the latter they opposed Protestants to maintain their identity by rejecting the Dutch language. During the 19th century, due to increasing participation in education and increasing (social) mobility, the standard language is becoming increasingly used as a spoken language by the entire nation and
384-469: The relationship between words and morphemes, the English term "rice" is a single word, consisting of only one morpheme ( rice ). This word has a 1:1 morpheme per word ratio. In contrast, "handshakes" is a single word consisting of three morphemes ( hand , shake , -s ). This word has a 3:1 morpheme per word ratio. On average, words in English have a morpheme per word ratio substantially greater than one. It
408-556: The southern Dutch lawyer and politician Jan Baptist Verlooy wrote to Emperor Joseph II in Vienna to expose the weaknesses of the Dutch language. Two years later his most influential work on this subject was published in the Verhandeling op d’onacht der moederlyke tael in de Nederlanden . The Dutch dialects in Flanders, where the majority of the population is agricultural, often differ markedly, sometimes even over short distances,
432-757: The standardization of Dutch. In 1648, the Peace of Münster was concluded. This meant the end of the Eighty Years' War between the Netherlands and the Spanish , but also the separation of the Northern and Southern Netherlands . Therefore, Dutch would later develop in the north. However, it is known that Dutch originated in Brabant (see 16th century migration). In 1637, the Statenvertaling (also called
456-563: The state of the Dutch language. Although deflection in spoken language can already be observed in the late Middle Ages , Hooft, for example, still seems to promote the Latin model. At the same time he attempted to purify the Dutch language from words that he thought sounded too strange. For words like ingenieur , controleur , parlement , conciërge , he suggested as alternative Dutch words such as vernufteling , tegenrolhouder , pleithof , stadhuisavenaar . Other events have encouraged or hindered
480-568: The system is named for both. Another project related to the WNT was the development of a dictionary of Middle Dutch , the Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek [ nl ] (1885–1927), by two students of De Vries, Jacob Verdam [ nl ] and Eelco Verwijs [ nl ] . De Vries published the first fascicle ( A-Aanhaling ) in 1864; the first volume ( A-Ajuin ) in 1882. The last ( Zuid - Zythum )
504-566: The two countries. Isolating language An isolating language is a type of language with a morpheme per word ratio close to one, and with no inflectional morphology whatsoever. In the extreme case, each word contains a single morpheme. Examples of widely spoken isolating languages are Yoruba in West Africa and Vietnamese (especially its colloquial register ) in Southeast Asia. A closely related concept
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#1732765828315528-415: Was proposed that a dictionary be written "for our common tongue". Dutch linguist Matthias de Vries [ nl ] (1820–1892) was given the task of writing it. Financial support for the project came from the Dutch and Belgian governments. Also part of the project was spelling reform; De Vries's coauthor Lammert Allard te Winkel [ nl ] (1809–1868) designed the new orthography, though
552-550: Was published in 1864, and the final volume was presented to Albert II of Belgium and Beatrix of the Netherlands in 1998. The WNT follows the formula of the Oxford English Dictionary and the Deutsches Wörterbuch in being a historical dictionary whose entries are based on primary sources of actual usage. Its impetus was the inaugural 1849 Nederlandsch Congres ("Dutch Congress"),
576-528: Was published in 1998; afterward, three supplements to the original dictionary text containing modern-day Dutch words were published, in 2001. It is published by the Instituut voor Nederlandse Lexicologie ("Institute for Dutch Lexicology"), which works under the supervision of the Dutch Language Union , and is available for free online. Besides its sheer size and its historical value, the WNT
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