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90-596: Born in Port Said , Egypt, he was educated at Cairo University in Egypt and then Purdue University in the United States, before joining Bell Labs in 1949 and later adopting the more anglicized " John " or " Martin " M. Atalla as professional names. He made several important contributions to semiconductor technology at Bell Labs, including his development of the surface passivation process and his demonstration of

180-512: A 20   μm process . Extending their work on MOS technology, Kahng and Atalla next did pioneering work on hot carrier devices, which used what would later be called a Schottky barrier . The Schottky diode , also known as the Schottky-barrier diode, was theorized for years, but was first practically realized as a result of the work of Kahng and Atalla during 1960–1961. They published their results in 1962 and called their device

270-570: A Distinguished Alumnus doctorate from Purdue University . In 2009, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for his important contributions to semiconductor technology as well as data security. He was referred to as one of the "Sultans of Silicon" along with several other semiconductor pioneers. In 2014, the 1959 invention of the MOSFET was included on the list of IEEE milestones in electronics. In 2015, Atalla

360-413: A different approach. Its security system wrapped a secure, encrypted envelope around individual pieces of information (such as a word processing file, a customer database , or e-mail) that can only be opened and deciphered with an electronic permit, allowing companies to control which users have access to this information and the necessary permits. It was considered a new approach to enterprise security at

450-521: A lower scale. Among speakers of Egyptian Arabic , the Port Saidi accent is unique. Port Said is a main summer resort and tourist attraction , due to its public and private beaches, cosmopolitan heritage, museums , and duty-free port, beside the other landmarks like Port Said Lighthouse , Port Said Martyrs Memorial that has the shape of the Pharaonic ancient obelisks , and the building of

540-467: A new Internet security technology, allowing companies to scramble and transmit secure computer files, e-mail , and digital video and audio , over the internet. As a result of these activities, he founded the company TriStrata Security in 1996. In contrast to most conventional computer security systems at the time, which built walls around a company's entire computer network to protect the information within from thieves or corporate spies, TriStrata took

630-610: A remote location for verification. This was a precursor to telephone banking , Internet security and e-commerce . At the National Association of Mutual Savings Banks (NAMSB) conference in January 1976, Atalla announced an upgrade to its Identikey system, called the Interchange Identikey. It added the capabilities of processing online transactions and dealing with network security . Designed with

720-726: A secure PIN system. A key innovation of the Atalla Box was the key block , which is required to securely interchange symmetric keys or PINs with other actors of the banking industry. This secure interchange is performed using the Atalla Key Block (AKB) format, which lies at the root of all cryptographic block formats used within the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards. Fearful that Atalla would dominate

810-501: A significant role in Egyptian history. The British entered Egypt through the city in 1882, starting their occupation of Egypt. At the start of the twentieth century, two things happened to change Port Said: in 1902, Egyptian cotton from Mataria started to be exported via Port Said; and in 1904 a standard gauge railway opened to Cairo . The result was to attract a large commercial community and to raise its social status. In particular

900-473: A sizable Greek community grew up. In 1907, the quickly growing city had about 50,000 inhabitants, among whom were 11,000 Europeans "of all nations". During the First World War, Port Said became home to an important Allied hospital. Due to the strategic location of Port Said intersecting Europe, Africa and Asia, thousands of men were sent to this hospital. This included soldiers wounded as a result from

990-407: A thickness of 10 nm on n-type germanium (n-Ge), while the point contact was n-type silicon (n-Si). Atalla resigned from BTL in 1962. Extending their work on MOS technology, Atalla and Kahng next did pioneering work on hot carrier devices, which used what would later be called a Schottky barrier . The Schottky diode , also known as the Schottky-barrier diode, was theorized for years, but

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1080-574: A wooden wharf, it served as a mooring berth for the boats. Soon after, a wooden jetty was built, connecting the departure islet, as it quickly became known, to the beach. This rock could be considered the heart of the developing city, and it was on this highly symbolic site, forty years later, that a monument to de Lesseps was erected. There were no local resources here. Everything Port Said needed had to be imported: wood, stone, supplies, machinery, equipment, housing, food and even water. Giant water storage containers were erected to supply fresh water until

1170-574: Is football , as is the case in the rest of Egypt and Africa, and Port Saidis are known for their enthusiasm in supporting the local team Al Masry SC . Al Masry Club Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Port Said. Built in 1954, it currently seats 17,988 and is used mostly for football matches, including the 1997 FIFA U-17 World Championship , 2006 African Cup of Nations , and 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup . The 2012 Port Said Stadium riot took place there. The second most popular sport in Port Said

1260-643: Is handball . The city is known for their local handball team Port Said SC that won three Egyptian Handball League titles and also was the champion of the African Handball Champions League in 1990 . Port Said Hall is an indoor hall located in the Sports City in Port Said . It hosts competitions of handball, basketball, and volleyball, and was used for the 1999 World Men's Handball Championship . It holds 5000 people. Hockey , swimming, and other sports are also practiced on

1350-513: Is a compound name which composed of two parts: the French word port (marine harbour) and Said (the name of the ruler of Egypt at that time), who granted Ferdinand de Lesseps the concession to dig the Suez Canal. Urbanized residents pronounce the name [boɾsæˈʕiːd] or [poɾsæˈʕiːd] , while unurbanized residents pronounce it [bɔɾsaˈʕɛˑd] . In Ancient Greek ,

1440-486: Is a public university that follows the Egyptian system of higher education. The most notable faculties of the university are the faculty of engineering and the faculty of science. In addition, the Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport is a semi-private educational institution that offers courses for high school, undergraduate level students, postgraduate. Sadat Academy for Management Sciences

1530-599: Is about four hours while the Alexandria – Port Said route can be covered in about six hours. Intercity passenger service is operated by Egyptian National Railways . Tickets can be reserved online using the Egyptian National Railways website. Port Said is linked by ferry to its twin city Port Fouad which is considered the Asian part of this Afro-Asian governorate "Port Said" on the eastern bank of

1620-507: Is an Egyptian Public Academy under the authorization of the Ministry of higher education. Port Said contains about 349 schools in all different educational stages between governmental, experimental, private language schools beside French historical schools. The port of Port Said is the 28th-busiest seaport for container transport, the second-busiest in the Arab world (narrowly behind

1710-529: Is best known for inventing the MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor, or MOS transistor), along with his colleague Mohamed Atalla , in 1959. Kahng and Atalla developed both the PMOS and NMOS processes for MOSFET semiconductor device fabrication . The MOSFET is the most widely used type of transistor , and the basic element in most modern electronic equipment . Kahng and Atalla later proposed

1800-500: Is drier. January and February are the coolest months while the hottest are July and August. The highest record temperature was 44 °C (111 °F), recorded on June 20, 1988, while the lowest record temperature was 0 °C (32 °F), recorded on December 25, 1979. Port Said, Kosseir , Ras El Bar , Baltim , Damietta and Alexandria have the least temperature variation in Egypt , additionally, Mersa Matruh and Port Said have

1890-636: The Internet security company TriStrata Security in the 1990s. He died in Atherton , California , on December 30, 2009. Mohamed Mohamed Atalla was born in Port Said , Kingdom of Egypt . He studied at Cairo University in Egypt, where he received his Bachelor of Science degree. He later moved to the United States to study mechanical engineering at Purdue University . There, he received his master's degree ( MSc ) in 1947 and his doctorate ( PhD ) in 1949, both in mechanical engineering . His MSc thesis

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1980-635: The Lighthouse of Port Said (the first building in the world built from reinforced concrete ). Due to its excellent geographic location, Port Said is designed to attract logistics start ups along with import and export businesses. In 2019, the city witnessed the construction of the New Suez Canal, led by the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi . The government provides a number of incentives to investors in

2070-615: The Suez Canal in 1951. The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 occurred. Then on 26 July 1956, President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal Company. The nationalisation escalated tensions with Britain and France, who colluded with Israel to invade Egypt, the invasion known in Egypt as the tripartite aggression or the Suez Crisis . On 6 November 1956, British troops violently landed in Port Said while firing on

2160-491: The Suez Canal Authority headquarters in Port Said. Also, Tennis island situated in lake Manzaleh is a destination that attracts tourists to enjoy visiting this ancient Islamic city which was demolished during the crusades . Dawon Kahng Dawon Kahng ( Korean : 강대원 ; May 4, 1931 – May 13, 1992) was a Korean-American electrical engineer and inventor, known for his work in solid-state electronics . He

2250-474: The Sweet Water Canal could be completed. One of the most pressing problems was the lack of stone. Early buildings were often imported in kit form and made great use of wood. A newly developed technique was used to construct the jetties called conglomerate concrete or "Beton Coignet", which was named after its inventor François Coignet. Blocks of concrete were sunk into the sea to be the foundations of

2340-565: The United States in 1955 to attend Ohio State University , where he received a doctorate in electrical engineering in 1959. He was a researcher at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey, and he invented MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor), which is the basic element in most of today's electronic equipment, with Mohamed Atalla in 1959. They fabricated both PMOS and NMOS devices with

2430-606: The fabrication problems inherent in point-contact diodes and made it possible to build practical Schottky diodes. At the Semiconductor Lab during the 1960s, he launched a material science investigation program that provided a base technology for gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) and indium arsenide (InAs) devices. These devices became the core technology used by HP's Microwave Division to develop sweepers and network analyzers that pushed 20–40 GHz frequency, giving HP more than 90% of

2520-547: The floating-gate memory cell , the foundation for many forms of semiconductor memory devices. He invented floating-gate non-volatile memory in 1967, and proposed that the floating gate of an MOS semiconductor device could be used for the cell of a reprogrammable ROM, which became the basis for EPROM (erasable programmable ROM ), EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable ROM) and flash memory technologies. He also conducted research on ferro-electric semiconductors and luminous materials, and made important contributions to

2610-614: The military communications market. Atalla helped create HP Labs in 1966. He directed its solid-state division. In 1969, he left HP and joined Fairchild Semiconductor . He was the vice president and general manager of the Microwave & Optoelectronics division, from its inception in May 1969 up until November 1971. He continued his work on light-emitting diodes (LEDs), proposing they could be used for indicator lights and optical readers in 1971. He later left Fairchild in 1972. He left

2700-438: The semiconductor industry in 1972, and began a new career as an entrepreneur in data security and cryptography . In 1972, he founded Atalla Technovation, later called Atalla Corporation , which dealt with safety problems of banking and financial institutions . He invented the first hardware security module (HSM), the so-called " Atalla Box ", a security system that secures a majority of transactions from ATMs today. At

2790-429: The semiconductor industry , and became an entrepreneur in cryptography and data security . In 1972, he founded Atalla Corporation, and filed a patent for a remote Personal Identification Number (PIN) security system. In 1973, he released the first hardware security module , the "Atalla Box", which encrypted PIN and ATM messages, and went on to secure the majority of the world's ATM transactions. He later founded

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2880-569: The "Atalla Box" in 1973. The product was released as the Identikey. It was a card reader and customer identification system , providing a terminal with plastic card and PIN capabilities. The system was designed to let banks and thrift institutions switch to a plastic card environment from a passbook program. The Identikey system consisted of a card reader console, two customer PIN pads , intelligent controller and built-in electronic interface package. The device consisted of two keypads, one for

2970-642: The "Father of the PIN" and as a father of information security technology. The Atalla Box protected over 90% of all ATM networks in operation as of 1998, and secured 85% of all ATM transactions worldwide as of 2006. Atalla products still secure the majority of the world's ATM transactions, as of 2014. In 1972, Atalla filed U.S. patent 3,938,091 for a remote PIN verification system, which utilized encryption techniques to assure telephone link security while entering personal ID information, which would be transmitted as encrypted data over telecommunications networks to

3060-438: The "hot electron" triode structure with semiconductor-metal emitter. The Schottky diode went on to assume a prominent role in mixer applications. They later conducted further research on high-frequency Schottky diodes. In 1962, Kahng and Atalla proposed and demonstrated an early metal nanolayer -base transistor . This device has a metallic layer with nanometric thickness sandwiched between two semiconducting layers, with

3150-588: The Egyptian government to prepare for the Yom Kippur War (1973). The city was re-inhabited after the war and the reopening of the Canal. In 1976, Port Said was declared a duty-free port, attracting people from all over Egypt. Now the population of the city is 794,720. Port Said has been ranked the second among the Egyptian cities according to the Human Development Index in 2009 and 2010;

3240-623: The Egyptian military. Port Said next was bombed by the British, to terrorise the civilians, of whom hundreds died. There was also heavy fighting in the streets with again many civilian casualties, and the resulting fires destroyed much of the city. The withdrawal of the last soldier of foreign troops was on 23 December 1956. Since then, this day was chosen as Port Said's national day. It is widely celebrated annually in Port Said. The French-speaking European community had begun to emigrate to Europe, Australia, South Africa and elsewhere in 1946 and most of

3330-665: The Gallipoli campaign in 1915. Following the end of the World War I , the directors of the Suez Canal Company decided to create a new city on the Asian bank, building 300 houses for its labourers and functionaries. Port Fouad was designed by the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris . The houses follow the French model. The new city was founded in December 1926. Since its foundation people of all nationalities and religions had been moving to

3420-634: The MOSFET with Kahng in 1959. His work on MOSFET was initially overlooked at Bell, which led to his resignation from Bell and joining Hewlett-Packard (HP), founding its Semiconductor Lab in 1962 and then HP Labs in 1966, before leaving to join Fairchild Semiconductor , founding its Microwave & Optoelectronics division in 1969. His work at HP and Fairchild included research on Schottky diode , gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP), indium arsenide (InAs) and light-emitting diode (LED) technologies. He later left

3510-619: The North convoy to transit the Suez Canal to carry out stevedoring operations or to be supplied with provisions and bunkers. The dwelling area is divided into two sections: The Northern Area is allocated for vessels with deep drafts. The Southern Area is for all vessel types. Port Said is served by Port Said Airport located about 6 km (3.7 mi) away from city centre. The airport was reopened in February 2011 after being modernised to be fit for international flights. Scheduled flights from

3600-586: The Radio Engineers' Semiconductor Device Research Conference. The semiconductor industry saw the potential significance of Atalla's surface oxidation method, with RCA calling it a "milestone in the surface field." The same year, he made further refinements to the process with his colleagues Eileen Tannenbaum and Edwin Joseph Scheibner, before they published their results in May 1959. According to Fairchild Semiconductor engineer Chih-Tang Sah ,

3690-552: The Suez Canal, the ferry is used to cross the canal between the two cities, holding both people and cars as well (for free). The time between the two cities across the canal by using the ferry does not exceed 10 minutes. Public buses are operated by Port Said Governorate's Agency for Public Passenger Transport. Private Transport also are available referred to as Micro Buses (14 seat minibus ). White and blue saloon car taxicabs are comfortable, asking reasonable prices. Earlier trolleybuses existed in city. The Port Said Library at

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3780-492: The Suez Canal. Port Said acted as a global city since its establishment and flourished particularly during the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century when it was inhabited by various nationalities and religions. Most of them were from Mediterranean countries, and they coexisted in tolerance, forming a cosmopolitan community. Referring to this fact Rudyard Kipling once said "If you truly wish to find someone you have known and who travels, there are two points on

3870-562: The airport ceased in 1996. There are three main highways that connect Port Said to other cities in Egypt: The Port Said train station is on Mustafa Kamal Street and was built around 1904 when the Egyptian Railway Authority extended service in the region. There are frequent train services from Cairo, Alexandria and other main Egyptian cities to Port Said. The travel time between Cairo and Port Said

3960-516: The basis for EPROM (erasable programmable ROM ), EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable ROM) and flash memory technologies. Kahng was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2009. Dawon Kahng was born on May 4, 1931, in Keijō , Keiki-dō , Korea, Empire of Japan (now Seoul , South Korea). He studied physics at Seoul National University in South Korea, and immigrated to

4050-574: The city a distinctive look. Port Said's twin city is Port Fuad , which lies on the eastern bank of the Suez Canal. The two cities coexist, to the extent that there is hardly any town centre in Port Fuad. The cities are connected by free ferries running all through the day, and together they form a metropolitan area with over a million residents that extends both on the African and the Asian sides of

4140-592: The city and each community brought in its own customs, cuisine, religion and architecture. By the late 1920s the population numbered over 100,000 people. In the 1930s for example there were elegant public buildings designed by Italian architects. The old Arab Quarter was swallowed up into the thriving city. Port Said by now was a thriving, bustling international port with a multi-national population: Jewish merchants, Egyptian shopkeepers, Greek photographers, Italian architects, Swiss hoteliers, Maltese administrators, Scottish engineers, French bankers and diplomats from all around

4230-437: The city was called Πηλούσιον ( Pēloúsion ). Port Said was founded by Sa'id of Egypt on Easter Monday, April 25, 1859, when Ferdinand de Lesseps gave the first symbolic swing of the pickaxe to signal the beginning of construction. The first problem encountered was the difficulty for ships to drop anchor nearby. Luckily, a single rocky outcrop flush with the shoreline was discovered a few hundred meters away. Equipped with

4320-613: The common French. In 1936 a treaty was signed between the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Egypt called the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 . It stipulated the British pledge to withdraw all their troops from Egypt, except those necessary to protect the Suez Canal and its surroundings. Following World War II , Egypt denounced the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 , leading to skirmishes with British troops guarding

4410-504: The concept of the MOS integrated circuit , and they did pioneering work on Schottky diodes and nanolayer -base transistors in the early 1960s. Kahng then invented the floating-gate MOSFET (FGMOS) with Simon Min Sze in 1967. Kahng and Sze proposed that FGMOS could be used as floating-gate memory cells for non-volatile memory (NVM) and reprogrammable read-only memory (ROM), which became

4500-443: The coolest summer days of any other cities or resorts, although not significantly cooler than other northern coastal places. Modern Port Said is divided into seven districts: Port Said's districts are further subdivided in to eight qism (police ward) which had a total estimated population as of January 2023 of 680,375 people: (January 2023 Est.) Port Said has a number of higher education institutions. Port Said University

4590-467: The customer and one for the teller. It allowed the customer to type in a secret code, which is transformed by the device, using a microprocessor , into another code for the teller. During a transaction , the customer's account number was read by the card reader . This process replaced manual entry and avoided possible key stroke errors. It allowed users to replace traditional customer verification methods such as signature verification and test questions with

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4680-404: The economic base of the city is fishing and industries, like chemicals , ultra-processed food , and cigarettes . Port Said is also an important harbour for exports of Egyptian products like cotton and rice , and additionally a fueling station for ships that pass through the Suez Canal. It thrives on being a duty-free port, as well as a tourist resort especially during summer. It is home to

4770-502: The emergence of transistors , Atalla was moved to the Murray Hill lab, where he began leading a small transistor research team in 1956. Despite coming from a mechanical engineering background and having no formal education in physical chemistry , he proved himself to be a quick learner in physical chemistry and semiconductor physics , eventually demonstrating a high level of skill in these fields. He researched, among other things,

4860-434: The emitter being a crystalline semiconductor piece with a top or a blunt corner pressed against the metallic layer (the point contact). They deposited gold (Au) thin films with a thickness of 10 nm on n-type germanium (n-Ge), while the point contact was n-type silicon (n-Si). Along with his colleague Simon Min Sze , he invented the floating-gate MOSFET , which they first reported in 1967. They also invented

4950-1016: The field of electroluminescence . After retiring from Bell Laboratories, he became the founding president of the NEC Research Institute in New Jersey. He was a fellow of the IEEE and a fellow of the Bell Laboratories. He was also a recipient of the Stuart Ballantine Medal of the Franklin Institute and the Distinguished Alumnus Award of the Ohio State University College of Engineering . He died of complications following emergency surgery for

5040-472: The first MOSFET with a gate oxide thickness of 100 nm , along with a gate length of 20   μm . In 1962, Atalla and Kahng fabricated a nanolayer -base metal–semiconductor junction (M–S junction) transistor. This device has a metallic layer with nanometric thickness sandwiched between two semiconducting layers, with the metal forming the base and the semiconductors forming the emitter and collector. With its low resistance and short transit times in

5130-528: The first language of children born to parents from different communities. Italian was also widely spoken and was the mother tongue of part of the Maltese community, since the ancestors of the latter had come to Egypt before the Anglicization of Malta in the 1920s. Multilingualism was a characteristic of the foreign population of Port Said, with most people continuing to speak community languages as well as

5220-422: The first products designed to deal with online transactions, along with Bunker Ramo Corporation products unveiled at the same NAMSB conference. In 1979, Atalla introduced the first network security processor (NSP). In 1987, Atalla Corporation merged with Tandem Computers . Atalla went into retirement in 1990. As of 2013, 250   million card transactions are protected by Atalla products every day. It

5310-461: The focus of taking bank transactions online , the Identikey system was extended to shared-facility operations. It was consistent and compatible with various switching networks , and was capable of resetting itself electronically to any one of 64,000 irreversible nonlinear algorithms as directed by card data information. The Interchange Identikey device was released in March 1976. It was one of

5400-482: The globe you have but to sit and wait, sooner or later your man will come there: the docks of London and Port Said". Port Said is an important city in Egypt for trade and business, due to its location on the coastal region. The name of Port Said first appeared in 1855. It was chosen by an international committee composed of Great Britain , France , the Russian Empire , Austria , Spain and Piedmont . It

5490-481: The invention of the MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) by Atalla and Kahng, in November 1959. Atalla and Kahng first demonstrated the MOSFET in early 1960. With its high scalability , and much lower power consumption and higher density than bipolar junction transistors , the MOSFET made it possible to build high-density integrated circuit (IC) chips. In 1960, Atalla and Kahng fabricated

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5580-462: The jetties. Still more innovative was the use of the same concrete for the lighthouse of Port Said , the only original building still standing in Port Said. In 1859 the first 150 laborers camped in tents around a wooden shed. A year later, the number of inhabitants had risen to 2000 — with the European contingent housed in wooden bungalows imported from northern Europe. By 1869, when the canal opened,

5670-516: The late 1950s. He discovered that the formation of a thermally grown silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) layer greatly reduced the concentration of electronic states at the silicon surface , and discovered the important quality of SiO 2 films to preserve the electrical characteristics of p–n junctions and prevent these electrical characteristics from deteriorating by the gaseous ambient environment. He found that silicon oxide layers could be used to electrically stabilize silicon surfaces. He developed

5760-505: The market, banks and credit card companies began working on an international standard. Its PIN verification process was similar to the later IBM 3624 . Atalla was an early competitor to IBM in the banking market, and was cited as an influence by IBM employees who worked on the Data Encryption Standard (DES). In recognition of his work on the PIN system of information security management , Atalla has been referred to as

5850-399: The metal forming the base and the semiconductors forming the emitter and collector. With its low resistance and short transit times in the thin metallic nanolayer base, the device was capable of high operation frequency compared to bipolar transistors . Their pioneering work involved depositing metal layers (the base) on top of single crystal semiconductor substrates (the collector), with

5940-500: The permanent population had reached 10,000. The European district, clustered around the waterfront, was separated from the Arab district, Gemalia, 400 m (1,300 ft) to the west, by a wide strip of sandy beach where a tongue of Lake Manzala reached towards the sea. This inlet soon dried out and was replaced by buildings; over time there was no division between the European and Arab quarters. Since its establishment, Port Said played

6030-524: The port of Salalah in Oman ), and the busiest container seaport in Egypt, with 3,470,000 TEU transported in 2009. The port is part of the Maritime Silk Road . It is divided into: The port is bordered, seaward, by an imaginary line from the western breakwater boundary till the eastern breakwater end. And from the Suez Canal area, it is bordered by an imaginary line extending transversely from

6120-592: The remainder left Egypt in the wake of the Suez Crisis, paralleling the contemporary exodus of French-speaking Europeans from Tunisia. Most of the Greek community was also expelled or left the town under the rule of Gamal Abdel Nasser. After the 1967 Arab-Israeli war, also called the Six-Day War , the Suez Canal was closed by an Egyptian blockade until 5 June 1975, and the residents of Port Said were evacuated by

6210-459: The same time, Atalla contributed to the development of the personal identification number (PIN) system, which has developed among others in the banking industry as the standard for identification. The work of Atalla in the early 1970s led to the use of hardware security modules . His "Atalla Box", a security system which encrypts PIN and ATM messages, and protected offline devices with an un-guessable PIN-generating key. He commercially released

6300-650: The scheme including zero tax and duties on tools, machines and raw materials related to the production of goods for export. Port Said has a hot desert climate (BWh) according to Köppen climate classification , but blowing winds from the Mediterranean Sea greatly moderates the temperatures, typical to the northern coast of Egypt , making its summers moderately hot and humid while its winters mild and moderately wet when sleet and hail are also common, yet less common than in Alexandria because Port Said

6390-535: The semiconducting layer. His surface passivation method was a critical step that made possible the ubiquity of silicon integrated circuits , and later became critical to the semiconductor industry. For the surface passivation process, he developed the method of thermal oxidation , which was a breakthrough in silicon semiconductor technology. Atalla first published his findings in BTL memos during 1957, before presenting his work at an Electrochemical Society meeting in 1958,

6480-479: The southern bank of the Canal connected to Manzala Lake, and the railways arcade livestock. Two breakwaters protect the port entrance channel: the western breakwater is about 3.5 mi (5.6 km) long, and the eastern breakwater is approximately 1.5 mi (2.4 km). The Suez Canal Dwelling Area is situated between latitudes 31° 21' N and 31° 25' N and longitudes 32° 16.2°' E and 32° 20.6' E. where vessels awaiting to accede Port Said port stay whether to join

6570-455: The surface passivation and thermal oxidation processes, Atalla developed the metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) process. Atalla then proposed that a field effect transistor –a concept first envisioned in the 1920s and confirmed experimentally in the 1940s, but not achieved as a practical device—be built of metal-oxide-silicon. Atalla assigned the task of assisting him to Dawon Kahng , a Korean scientist who had recently joined his group. That led to

6660-460: The surface passivation process developed by Atalla and his team "blazed the trail" that led to the development of the silicon integrated circuit. Atalla's silicon transistor passivation technique by thermal oxide was the basis for several important inventions in 1959: the MOSFET (MOS transistor) by Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs, the planar process by Jean Hoerni at Fairchild Semiconductor . Building on his earlier pioneering research on

6750-400: The surface passivation process, a new method of semiconductor device fabrication that involves coating a silicon wafer with an insulating layer of silicon oxide so that electricity could reliably penetrate to the conducting silicon below. By growing a layer of silicon dioxide on top of a silicon wafer, Atalla was able to overcome the surface states that prevented electricity from reaching

6840-470: The surface properties of silicon semiconductors and the use of silica as a protective layer of silicon semiconductor devices . He eventually adopted the alias pseudonyms "Martin" M. Atalla or "John" M. Atalla for his professional career. Between 1956 and 1960, Atalla led a small team of several BTL researchers, including Eileen Tannenbaum, Edwin Joseph Scheibner and Dawon Kahng . They were new recruits at BTL, like himself, with no senior researchers on

6930-411: The surface, due to dangling bonds that occur because unsaturated bonds are present at the surface. This prevented electricity from reliably penetrating the surface to reach the semiconducting silicon layer. Due to the surface state problem, germanium was the dominant semiconductor material of choice for transistors and other semiconductor devices in the early semiconductor industry , as germanium

7020-621: The team. Their work was initially not taken seriously by senior management at BTL and its owner AT&T , due to the team consisting of new recruits, and due to the team leader Atalla himself coming from a mechanical engineering background, in contrast to the physicists , physical chemists and mathematicians who were taken more seriously, despite Atalla demonstrating advanced skills in physical chemistry and semiconductor physics. Despite working mostly on their own, Atalla and his team made significant advances in semiconductor technology. According to Fairchild Semiconductor engineer Chih-Tang Sah ,

7110-447: The thin metallic nanolayer base, the device was capable of high operation frequency compared to bipolar transistors . Their pioneering work involved depositing metal layers (the base) on top of single crystal semiconductor substrates (the collector), with the emitter being a crystalline semiconductor piece with a top or a blunt corner pressed against the metallic layer (the point contact). They deposited gold (Au) thin films with

7200-648: The time of its inauguration reached about 14,000 books and was supplied by encyclopedias and modern references. Port Said has about 11 theatres. [1] Port Said has 23 parks which includes the Ferial Park (21,904 square meters ), the Farma Park (12,469.4 square meters), the Khazanat Park (2,000 square meters), and the Aldawlia Park (8 Hektars ). [2] The main sport that interests Port Saidis

7290-611: The time. Atalla was the chairman of A4 System, as of 2003. He lived in Atherton , California . Atalla died on December 30, 2009, in Atherton. Atalla was awarded the Stuart Ballantine Medal (now the Benjamin Franklin Medal in physics) at the 1975 Franklin Institute Awards , for his important contributions to silicon semiconductor technology and his invention of the MOSFET. In 2003, Atalla received

7380-446: The west bank of the northern mouth of the Suez Canal . The city is the capital of the Port Said governorate and it forms the majority of the governorate, where its seven districts comprise seven of the governorate's eight regions. At the beginning of 2023 had a population of 680,375 people. The city was established in 1859 during the building of the Suez Canal. There are numerous old houses with grand balconies on all floors, giving

7470-429: The work of Atalla and his team during 1956–1960 was "the most important and significant technology advance" in silicon semiconductor technology. An initial focus of Atalla's research was to solve the problem of silicon surface states . At the time, the electrical conductivity of semiconductor materials such as germanium and silicon were limited by unstable quantum surface states, where electrons are trapped at

7560-476: The world. All lived and worked alongside the large local Egyptian community. And always passing through were international travelers to and from Africa, India and the Far East. Intermarriage between French, Italian and Maltese was particularly common, resulting in a local Latin and Catholic community like those of Alexandria and Cairo. French was the common language of the European and non-Arab population, and often

7650-418: Was capable of higher carrier mobility . He made a breakthrough with his development of the surface passivation process. This is the process by which a semiconductor surface is rendered inert , and does not change semiconductor properties as a result of interaction with air or other materials in contact with the surface or edge of the crystal . The surface passivation process was first developed by Atalla in

7740-543: Was first practically realized as a result of the work of Atalla and Kahng during 1960–1961. They published their results in 1962 and called their device the "hot electron" triode structure with semiconductor-metal emitter. It was one of the first metal -base transistors. The Schottky diode went on to assume a prominent role in mixer applications. In 1962, Atalla joined Hewlett-Packard , where he co-founded Hewlett-Packard and Associates (HP Associates), which provided Hewlett-Packard with fundamental solid-state capabilities. He

7830-501: Was inducted into the IT History Society 's IT Honor Roll for his important contributions to information technology . Port Said Port Said ( / s aɪ d / , Egyptian Arabic : بورسعيد , romanized:  Bōrsaʿīd , pronounced [boɾsæˈʕiːd, poɾ-] ) is a port city that lies in the northeast Egypt extending about 30 km (19 mi) along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea , straddling

7920-419: Was not long until several executives of large banks persuaded him to develop security systems for the Internet to work. They were worried about the fact that no useful framework for electronic commerce would have been possible at that time without innovation in the computer and network security industry. Following a request from former Wells Fargo Bank president William Zuendt in 1993, Atalla began developing

8010-554: Was the Director of Semiconductor Research at HP Associates, and the first manager of HP's Semiconductor Lab. He continued research on Schottky diodes , while working with Robert J. Archer, at HP Associates. They developed high vacuum metal film deposition technology, and fabricated stable evaporated / sputtered contacts , publishing their results in January 1963. Their work was a breakthrough in metal–semiconductor junction and Schottky barrier research, as it overcame most of

8100-526: Was titled "High Speed Flow in Square Diffusers" and his PhD thesis was titled "High Speed Compressible Flow in Square Diffusers". After completing his PhD at Purdue University , Atalla was employed at Bell Telephone Laboratories (BTL) in 1949. In 1950, he began working at Bell's New York City operations, where he worked on problems related to the reliability of electromechanical relays , and worked on circuit-switched telephone networks . With

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