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44-617: Moldemarka is a 30-square-kilometre (12 sq mi) hilly and mostly wooded recreational area north of Molde in Molde Municipality , Møre og Romsdal county , Norway . The area is known for the Molde panorama , with views of more than 222 rugged and partly snow-clad peaks, mountainous islands, green hills, and the North Atlantic Ocean to the north and west. Moldemarka and Varden grew to international fame at

88-471: A maritime , temperate climate , with cool-to-warm summers, and relatively mild winters. It is nicknamed The Town of Roses . The settlement emerged as a shipping port for lumber to the Netherlands in the late 1500s. Formal trading rights were granted at some point before 1604, and the town was incorporated through a royal charter in 1742. Bolsøy Municipality, which later merged with Molde town,

132-416: A combination of a good harbour, proximity to the sea routes, vast timber resources, and a river capable of supporting mills. In 1909, the river housed the first hydro electric power plant capable of providing sufficient electricity for the city, and the upper reaches of the river still provide drinking water for most of the city. Its panoramic view of some 222 partly snow-clad peaks, usually referred to as

176-472: A good view of the city, the fjord with the Molde archipelago and the Molde panorama . The town of Molde has a maritime , temperate climate , with cool-to-warm summers, and relatively mild winters. The annual precipitation is medium high, with an average of 1,640 millimetres (65 in) per year. The warmest season is late summer. Molde holds the national high for the month of October, with 25.6 °C or 78.1 °F (on 11 October 2005). The driest season

220-692: A landform or the surrounding terrain, such as rivers and other geographic features. Some petroglyph maps, depicting trails, as well as containing symbols communicating the time and distances travelled along those trails, exist; other petroglyph maps act as astronomical markers. As well as holding geographic and astronomical importance, other petroglyphs may also have been a by-product of various rituals: sites in India, for example, have seen some petroglyphs identified as musical instruments or " rock gongs ". Some petroglyphs likely formed types of symbolic communication, such as types of proto-writing . Later glyphs from

264-585: A much larger municipality called Molde. Molde proper consists of a 10-kilometre-long (6.2 mi) and 1-to-2-kilometre-wide (0.6 to 1.2 mi) strip of urban land running east–west along the north shore of the Moldefjord , an arm of the Romsdalsfjord , on the Romsdal peninsula . The city is sheltered by the island of Bolsøya and the Molde archipelago , a chain of low-lying islands and islets, to

308-474: A number of peaks, with Frænavarden (588 metres or 1,929 feet) as the more popular destination, and to numerous lakes and rivers, including the lake Moldevatnet and the river Moldeelva . A national fishing permit is required. The eastern part of Moldemarka is accessible from the Nordbyen neighborhood in the city of Molde , while access to the western parts, is easier from Kvam, Kringstad, and Bjørset. During

352-851: A temporary rock shelter were noticed adjacent to a Murugan temple which is in ruins on top of the Kothaiyurumbu hill. During recent years a large number of rock carvings has been identified in different parts of Iran. The vast majority depict the ibex . Rock drawings were found in December 2016 near Golpayegan , Iran , which may be the oldest drawings discovered, with one cluster possibly 40,000 years old. Accurate estimations were unavailable due to US sanctions. The oldest pictographs in Iran are seen in Yafteh cave in Lorestan that date back 40,000 and

396-451: A wide range of academic opportunities, from nursing and health-related studies, to economics and administrative courses. The school is Norway's leading college in logistics, and well established as a centre for research and academic programmes in information technology, with degrees up to and including PhD. The Hurtigruta ship stops at Molde every day, on its journey between the cities of Bergen and Kirkenes . The nearest railway station

440-572: Is Åndalsnes , the terminus for the Rauma Line . The city's airport at Årø has several daily flights to Oslo and Bergen, as well as irregular flights to other domestic and international destinations. The Moldejazz jazz festival is held in Molde every July. Moldejazz is one of the largest and oldest jazz festivals in Europe, and one of the most important. An estimated 40,000 tickets are sold for

484-570: Is May–June. Due to its geographic location, Molde experiences frequent snowfalls in winter, but this snow is usually wet as the winters tend to be mild. Due to the effects of the Gulf Stream , the city rarely experiences lasting cold spells, and the average temperature is well above the average for its latitude. A natural phenomenon occurring in Molde and the adjacent areas, are frequent winter days with temperatures above 10 °C (50 °F), sometimes even above 15 °C (59 °F). This

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528-785: Is due to the foehn wind from south and south-east. Combined with a steady influx of warm, moist south-westerly winds from the Atlantic Ocean , warmed by the North Atlantic Current , it gives Molde a climate much warmer than its latitude would indicate. The sheltered location of the city, facing south with hills to the north, mountains to the east and mountainous islands to the west, contributes to Molde's climate and unusually rich plant life, especially among species naturally growing on far lower latitudes, like maple , chestnut , oak , tilia ( lime or linden ), beech , yew , and others. Molde University College offers

572-689: Is first mentioned in the sagas by Snorri Sturluson as the location of the Battle of Sekken in 1162, where king Håkon the Broad-shouldered was killed fighting the aristocrat Erling Skakke , during the Norwegian civil wars . During this time, Veøya was the region's commercial and administrative hub. Veøya's influence was abruptly stopped during the Black Death , and the island was eventually deserted. As Dutch demand for lumber grew in

616-771: Is harder to explain the common styles. This could be mere coincidence, an indication that certain groups of people migrated widely from some initial common area, or indication of a common origin. In 1853, George Tate presented a paper to the Berwick Naturalists' Club, at which a John Collingwood Bruce agreed that the carvings had "... a common origin, and indicate a symbolic meaning, representing some popular thought." In his cataloguing of Scottish rock art, Ronald Morris summarized 104 different theories on their interpretation. Other theories suggest that petroglyphs were carved by spiritual leaders, such as shamans , in an altered state of consciousness , perhaps induced by

660-519: The Molde panorama , is one of Molde's main attractions, and has drawn tourists to the city since the 19th century. Molde is nicknamed the Town of Roses , a name which originated during Molde's era as a tourist destination of international fame in the late 19th century. Moldemarka, the hilly woodland area located immediately north of the town, is public land . The area has an extensive network of paths, walking trails and skiing tracks. Forest roads enter

704-645: The Nordic Bronze Age in Scandinavia seem to refer to some form of territorial boundary between tribes , in addition to holding possible religious meanings. Petroglyph styles have been recognised as having local or regional "dialects" from similar or neighboring peoples. Siberian inscriptions loosely resemble an early form of runes , although no direct relationship has been established. Petroglyphs from different continents show similarities. While people would be inspired by their direct surroundings, it

748-527: The Sekken , Veøya , and Nesjestranda parts of municipality of Veøy (population: 756), all of Bolsøy municipality (population: 7,996), and the Mordal area of Nord-Aukra municipality (population: 77) to form the present day municipality of Molde , making the municipality much larger than the town. On 1 January 2020, the neighbouring municipalities of Midsund and Nesset will be merged with Molde to form

792-509: The UEFA Champions League . The club was founded in 1911, during Molde's period of great British and Continental influx, and was first named "International", since it predominantly played teams made up from crews of foreign vessels visiting the city. In addition to a number of international players, the city has also produced several ski jumpers, cross-country skiers and alpine skiers of international merit. Other sports include

836-400: The 16th century, a minor trading port named Moldefjæra ( Molde Landing ) emerged on the shore of Molde farm. Trading rights were granted at some point before 1604. In 1672, Molde became the administrative centre of Romsdalen Amt and was incorporated as a kjøpstad through a royal charter in 1742. Molde continued to grow throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, becoming a centre for

880-621: The Norwegian textile and garment industry. Tourism later became a major industry, and Molde saw notables such as the German emperor Wilhelm II of Germany and the Prince of Wales as regular summer visitors. Molde consisted of luxurious hotels surrounding an idyllic township with quaint, wooden houses, lush gardens and parks, esplanades and pavilions, earning it the nickname the Town of Roses . This

924-676: The Witwatersrand studies present-day links between religion and rock art among the San people of the Kalahari Desert . Though the San people's artworks are predominantly paintings, the beliefs behind them can perhaps be used as a basis for understanding other types of rock art, including petroglyphs. To quote from the RARI website: Using knowledge of San beliefs, researchers have shown that

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968-425: The accomplished team handball clubs ( SK Træff , SK Rival ), athletics teams ( IL Molde-Olymp ), skiing clubs, basketball and volleyball teams. Petroglyphs A petroglyph is an image created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, or abrading , as a form of rock art . Outside North America , scholars often use terms such as "carving", "engraving", or other descriptions of

1012-470: The area can be traced to at least 3000-4500 BC, the age of two petroglyphs found at Bjørset, west of the city centre. The town's current location dates from the lumber trade of the late 1500s, but is preceded by the early medieval settlement on the nearby island of Veøya , an island to the south of present-day town of Molde. The settlement at Veøya probably dates from the Migration Period , but

1056-401: The area from several directions. Bulletin boards and maps provide information regarding local plants and wildlife, as well as signposts along the trails. Marked trails lead to a number of peaks, sites and fishing lakes and rivers. A national fishing license is required to fish in the lakes and streams. Varden, 407 metres (1,335 ft) above sea level is a viewpoint directly above Molde, with

1100-686: The art played a fundamental part in the religious lives of its painters. The art captured things from the San's world behind the rock-face: the other world inhabited by spirit creatures, to which dancers could travel in animal form, and where people of ecstasy could draw power and bring it back for healing, rain-making and capturing the game. Tunisia Eight sites in Hong Kong : Kethaiyurumpu, Tamil Nadu. Situated 28 km north west of Dindigal, Tamil Nadu nearby Idaiyakottai and six km south west of Oddanchartam has revealed several petroglyphs mostly represent abstract symbols on two rocks, which looks like

1144-587: The ground, are also quite different. Inuksuit are not petroglyphs, but human-made rock forms found in Arctic regions. Petroglyphs have been found in all parts of the globe except Antarctica , with highest concentrations in parts of Africa, Scandinavia and Siberia, many examples of petroglyphs found globally are dated to approximately the Neolithic and late Upper Paleolithic boundary (roughly 10,000 to 12,000 years ago). Around 7,000 to 9,000 years ago, following

1188-459: The introduction of a number of precursors of writing systems , the existence and creation of petroglyphs began to suffer and tail off, with different forms of art, such as pictographs and ideograms , taking their place. However, petroglyphs continued to be created and remained somewhat common, with various cultures continuing to use them for differing lengths of time, including cultures who continued to create them until contact with Western culture

1232-540: The modernisation of the Norwegian society accelerated in the post-reconstruction years, Molde became a centre for not only administrative and public services, but also academic resources and industrial output. After the consolidation of the town itself and its adjacent communities in 1964, Molde became a modern city, encompassing most branches of employment, from farming and fisheries, to industrial production, banking, higher education, tourism, commerce, health care, and civil administration. The city of Molde, chartered in 1742,

1276-474: The more than a hundred events during the festival. Between 80,000 and 100,000 visitors visit the city during the one-week-long festival. Byfest, the city's celebration of incorporation, is an arrangement by local artists, coinciding with the anniversary of the royal charter of 29 June 1742. Molde hosts a variety of sports teams, most notably the football team, Molde FK , which plays in the Eliteserien ,

1320-408: The municipality much larger than the urban area of the town of Molde. On 1 January 2020, the municipality was expanded again through the incorporation of the neighboring municipalities of Midsund and Nesset . The 9.08-square-kilometre (2,240-acre) town has a population (2019) of 21,103 and a population density of 2,324 inhabitants per square kilometre (6,020/sq mi). The town is named after

1364-467: The oldest petroglyph discovered belongs to Timareh dating back to 40,800 years ago. Iran provides demonstrations of script formation from pictogram, ideogram, linear (2300 BC) or proto Elamite, geometric old Elamite script, Pahlevi script, Arabic script (906 years ago), Kufi script, and Farsi script back to at least 250 years ago. More than 50000 petroglyphs have been discovered, extended over all Iran's states. The oldest reliably dated rock art in

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1408-482: The original settlement on the farmstead of Molde ( Old Norse : Moldar ). The name is the plural form of either mold which means "fertile soil" or moldr which means "skull" or "mold" (thus in reference to the rounded peaks in Moldemarka ). Pronunciation varies between the standard Molde and the rural Molle . A person from Molde will refer to him/herself as a Moldenser or Moldensar . Human presence in

1452-462: The south, and the wood-clad hills of Moldemarka to the north. The city centre is located just west of the river Moldeelva , which runs into the city from the north, originating in the Moldevatnet lake, through the valley Moldedalen. Despite the river being minor and seasonal, it supported several sawmills in the 16th- and 17th centuries. This gave rise to the original town itself through

1496-483: The technique to refer to such images. Petroglyphs, estimated to be 20,000 years old are classified as protected monuments and have been added to the tentative list of UNESCO 's World Heritage Sites . Petroglyphs are found worldwide, and are often associated with prehistoric peoples. The word comes from the Greek prefix petro- , from πέτρα petra meaning " stone ", and γλύφω glýphō meaning "carve", and

1540-464: The top division in the Norwegian football league system . Their home matches are played at Aker stadion , inaugurated in 1998, which holds a record attendance of 13,308. The team are five-time league champions ( 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2019 and 2022 ), five-time Norwegian Cup winners ( 1994 , 2005 , 2013 , 2014 and 2021-22 ), and has made numerous appearances in European tournaments, including

1584-486: The turn of the 20th century, with the German Kaiser Wilhelm II and the Prince of Wales as regular visitors. Moldemarka, which is protected public land, is an all-year recreational area with a network of paths, walking trails and skiing tracks. Forest roads access the area from several directions, with bulletin boards with maps and information about local plants and wildlife. Marked trails lead to

1628-461: The use of natural hallucinogens . Many of the geometric patterns (known as form constants ) which recur in petroglyphs and cave paintings have been shown by David Lewis-Williams to be hardwired into the human brain. They frequently occur in visual disturbances and hallucinations brought on by drugs, migraine , and other stimuli. The Rock Art Research Institute (RARI) of the University of

1672-617: The winter, there are approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) of prepared skiing tracks, with about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) of lighted tracks. The "classic" route starts at the Romsdal Museum , runs by Storlihytta, and ends on the top of the hill, at the restaurant on Varden (407 metres or 1,335 feet). The walk takes about one hour. Walking maps for Moldemarka are also available in local book stores. 62°44′54″N 7°07′34″E  /  62.7484°N 7.1261°E  / 62.7484; 7.1261 Molde (town) Molde has

1716-500: Was established on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). The town continued to grow throughout the 17th to 19th centuries, becoming a centre for the Norwegian textile and garment industry, as well as the administrative centre for the region, and was a major tourist destination until World War I . After World War II , Molde experienced accelerated growth, merging with Bolsøy Municipality and parts of Veøy Municipality and Nord-Aukra Municipality on 1 January 1964, making

1760-474: Was in effect the capital of Norway for a week after King Haakon , Crown Prince Olav , and members of the government and parliament arrived at Molde on April 23, after a dramatic flight from Oslo. They were put up at Glomstua, then at the western outskirts of the town, and experienced the bombing raids personally. The Norwegian gold reserve was also conveyed to Molde, and was hidden in a clothing factory. After World War II, Molde experienced tremendous growth. As

1804-538: Was interrupted when one third of the city was destroyed in a fire on 21 January 1916. However, Molde recovered and continued to grow in the economically difficult interbellum period. During WWII, Molde was bombed by the Luftwaffe in order to deny recently landed British forces a foothold in Central Norway. 217 buildings, two thirds of the town, was destroyed and a further 240 were partially damaged. Molde

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1848-485: Was made in the 19th and 20th centuries. Many hypotheses exist as to the purpose of petroglyphs, depending on their location, age, and subject matter. Some petroglyph images most likely held a deep cultural and religious significance for the societies that created them. Many petroglyphs are thought to represent a type of symbolic or ritualistic language or communication style that remains not fully understood. Others, such as geocontourglyphs , more clearly depict or represent

1892-470: Was originally coined in French as pétroglyphe . In scholarly texts, a petroglyph is a rock engraving, whereas a petrograph (or pictograph ) is a rock painting. In common usage, the words are sometimes used interchangeably. Both types of image belong to the wider and more general category of rock art or parietal art . Petroforms , or patterns and shapes made by many large rocks and boulders over

1936-502: Was surrounded by Bolsøy parish which was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law) and gradually merged with the town of Molde on 1 July 1915, (population: 183), 1 January 1952 (population: 1,913) and finally in 1964. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee . On 1 January 1964, the town of Molde (population: 8,289) merged with

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