Victimisation ( or victimization ) is the state or process of being victimised or becoming a victim . The field that studies the process, rates, incidence, effects, and prevalence of victimisation is called victimology .
73-488: Sexual abuse or sex abuse is abusive sexual behavior by one person upon another. It is often perpetrated using physical force, or by taking advantage of another. Sexual abuse is a term used for a persistent pattern of sexual assaults . The offender is referred to as a sexual abuser . Live streaming sexual abuse involves trafficking and coerced sexual acts , and/or rape , in real time on webcam . Molestation often refers to an instance of sexual assault against
146-465: A boyfriend or romantic partner in a sexual context and then proceed to euphemistically describe bad experiences. The use of such code language can also lead to confusion and embarrassment for those who are unfamiliar with the intended meaning. Sexual abuse has been identified among animals as well, for example, among the Adélie penguins . Abusive Abuse is the improper usage or treatment of
219-416: A breach of confidence or plagiarism, or extending the confidence of information beyond those authorised. In the financial world, Insider trading can also be considered a misuse of internal information that gives an unfair advantage in investment. Abuse of power, in the form of "malfeasance in office" or "official misconduct", is the commission of an unlawful act, done in an official capacity, which affects
292-484: A child to produce child pornography. Effects of child sexual abuse include shame, self-blame , depression , anxiety , post-traumatic stress disorder , self-esteem issues, sexual dysfunction , chronic pelvic pain , addiction, self-injury , suicidal ideation , borderline personality disorder , and propensity to re-victimization in adulthood. Child sexual abuse is a risk factor for attempting suicide. Additionally, some studies have shown childhood sexual abuse to be
365-508: A dead body is considered abuse. An abuse of discretion is a failure to take into proper consideration, the facts and laws relating to a particular matter; an arbitrary or unreasonable departure from precedent and settled judicial custom. Market dominance by companies is regulated by public and private enforcement of competition law, also known as antitrust or anti-monopoly law. These laws stop companies from doing things that hurt customers or block fair competition. For example, Article 102 of
438-405: A desired outcome. Gaslighting is manipulation through persistent denial , misdirection, contradiction, and lying in an attempt to destabilize and delegitimize a target. Its intent is to sow seeds of doubt in the targets, hoping to make them question their own memory, perception, and sanity. Instances may range from the denial by an abuser that previous abusive incidents ever occurred up to
511-470: A family member is a form of incest , which can result in severe long-term psychological trauma , especially in the case of parental incest. Globally, approximately 18–19% of women and 8% of men disclose being sexually abused during their childhood. The gender gap may be caused by higher victimization of girls, lower willingness of men to disclose abuse, or both. Most sexual abuse offenders are acquainted with their victims; approximately 30% are relatives of
584-559: A living victim of sexual abuse or assault. For example, there are the Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests and The Survivors Trust . Sexual misconduct can occur where one person uses a position of authority to compel another person to engage in an otherwise unwanted sexual activity. For example, sexual harassment in the workplace might involve an employee being coerced into a sexual situation out of fear of being dismissed. Sexual harassment in education might involve
657-615: A negative image. It is usually – but not always, a requirement that this claim be false and that the publication be communicated to someone other than the person defamed (termed the claimant ). It has been noted that disabled people are disproportionately affected by disability abuse and bullying , and such activity has been cited as a hate crime . The bullying is not limited to those who are visibly disabled – such as wheelchair-users or individuals with physical differences (e.g., cleft lip ) – but also those with learning disabilities , autism or developmental coordination disorder . In
730-634: A number of Hispanic victims were included in the settlement of a massive sexual abuse case involving the Los Angeles archdiocese of the Catholic Church . A qualitative study by Kim et al. discusses the experiences of sexual abuse in the US population of Mexican immigrant women, citing immigration, acculturation, and several other social elements as risk factors for abuse. Captive breeding activities are sometimes described as sexual abuse. People for
803-432: A pattern wherein the victim of abuse and/or crime has a statistically higher tendency to be victimised again, either shortly thereafter or much later in adulthood in the case of abuse as a child. This latter pattern is particularly notable in cases of sexual abuse. While an exact percentage is almost impossible to obtain, samples from many studies suggest the rate of revictimisation for people with histories of sexual abuse
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#1732782744276876-554: A person or thing, often to unfairly or improperly gain benefit. Abuse can come in many forms, such as: physical or verbal maltreatment, injury, assault, violation, rape, unjust practices, crimes, or other types of aggression . To these descriptions, one can also add the Kantian notion of the wrongness of using another human being as means to an end rather than as ends in themselves. Some sources describe abuse as "socially constructed", which means there may be more or less recognition of
949-637: A primary or exclusive sexual interest in prepubescent children. People with developmental disabilities are often victims of sexual abuse. According to research, people with disabilities are at a greater risk for victimization of sexual assault or sexual abuse because of lack of understanding (Sobsey & Varnhagen, 1989). Elderly people, especially those with dementia, can be at risk of abuse. There were over 6,000 "safeguarding concerns and alerts" at UK care homes from 2013 to 2015. These included alleged inappropriate touching and worse allegations. Offenders were most often other residents but staff also offended. It
1022-439: A result of coercion ; particularly when physical force, threats, trickery, or emotional manipulation are used to elicit co-operation. Clandestine abuse is sexual , psychological , or physical abuse "that is kept secret for a purpose, concealed, or underhanded." Cyberbullying "involves the use of information and communication technologies to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior by an individual or group, that
1095-433: A risk factor of the perpetration of intimate partner violence in men. Much of the harm caused to victims becomes apparent years after the abuse happens. With specific regard to addiction, a study by Reiger et al. supports previous findings that adverse life events increase sensitivity to drug rewards and bolster drug reward signaling by exposing an association between heightened limbic response to cocaine cues. Sexual abuse by
1168-461: A small child. The perpetrator is called (often pejoratively ) a molester . The term also covers behavior by an adult or older adolescent towards a child to sexually stimulate any of the involved. The use of a child for sexual stimulation is referred to as child sexual abuse and, for pubescent or post-pubescent individuals younger than the age of consent , statutory rape . Sexual abuse can be perpetrated against other vulnerable populations like
1241-596: A student submitting to the sexual advances of a person in authority in fear of being punished, for example by being given a failing grade. Several sexual abuse scandals have involved religious abuse or religious settings and often cover-up among non-abusers, including cases in the Southern Baptist Convention , Catholic Church , Episcopalian religion, Islam , Jehovah's Witnesses , Lutheran church, Methodist Church, Anabaptist/Mennonite Church , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ,
1314-474: A target of the aggressive behaviour of other children, who are not siblings and not necessarily age-mates. Peer victimisation is correlated with an increased risk of depression and decreased well-being in adulthood. Secondary victimization (also known as post crime victimization or double victimization ) refers to further victim-blaming from criminal justice authorities following a report of an original victimization. The term revictimisation refers to
1387-403: A wide range of offensive behaviour. It is commonly understood as behaviour intended to disturb or upset. In the legal sense, it is behaviour which is found threatening or disturbing. Power harassment is harassment or unwelcome attention of a political nature, often occurring in the environment of a workplace. Sexual harassment refers to persistent and unwanted sexual advances, typically in
1460-407: Is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent abuses a child for sexual stimulation. Different forms of this include: asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities (regardless of the outcome), some types of indecent exposure of genitalia to a child, displaying pornography to a child, actual sexual contact against a child, viewing or engaging in physical contact with
1533-414: Is abused for the sexual gratification of an adult or older adolescent. It includes direct sexual contact , the adult or otherwise older person engaging indecent exposure (of the genitals, female nipples, etc.) to a child with intent to gratify their own sexual desires or to intimidate or groom the child, asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities, displaying pornography to a child, or using
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#17327827442761606-532: Is an absence of consensus as to the precise definition of emotional abuse, it is classified by the U.S. federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act as a form of mental injury. The typical legal definition, particularly in the area of child welfare, accepted by the majority of U.S. states describes it as injury to the psychological capacity or emotional stability as evidenced by an observable or substantial change in behavior, emotional response or cognition. False accusations (or false allegations) can be in any of
1679-604: Is another form of alcohol use disorder. Frequent binge drinking or getting severely drunk more than twice is classed as alcohol misuse. According to research done through international surveys, the heaviest drinkers happen to be the United Kingdom's adolescent generation. Animal abuse is the infliction of suffering or harm upon animals, other than humans, for purposes other than self-defense. More narrowly, it can be harm for specific gain, such as killing animals for fur. Diverging viewpoints are held by jurisdictions throughout
1752-633: Is different; for example concerning: Discriminatory laws such as redlining have existed in many countries. In some countries, controversial attempts such as racial quotas have been used to redress negative effects of discrimination. Other acts of discrimination include political libel , defamation of groups and stereotypes based on exaggerations . Domestic abuse can be broadly defined as any form of abusive behaviours by one or both partners in an intimate relationship , such as marriage, cohabitation, family, dating, or even friends. Domestic violence has many forms, including: Depending on local statues,
1825-756: Is highly competitive and has a well defined hierarchy, with junior staff being particularly vulnerable. Adult abuse refers to the abuse of vulnerable adults. Alcohol use disorder, as described in the DSM-IV , is a psychiatric diagnosis describing the recurring use of alcoholic beverages despite its negative consequences. Alcohol use disorder is sometimes referred to by the less specific term alcoholism. There are two types of people with alcohol use disorder: those who have anti-social and pleasure-seeking tendencies, and those who are anxiety-ridden- people who are able to go without drinking for long periods of time but are unable to control themselves once they start. Binge drinking
1898-458: Is intended to harm others." -Bill Belsey Dating abuse is a pattern of abusive behaviour exhibited by one or both partners in a dating relationship. The behaviour may include, but is not limited to; physical abuse ; psychological abuse ; and sexual abuse . Defamation is the communication of a statement that makes a claim, expressly stated or implied to be factual, that may give an individual , business, product , group , government or nation
1971-427: Is it destiny." Revictimisation of adults who were previously sexually abused as children is more complex. Multiple theories exist as to how this functions. Some scientists propose a maladaptive form of learning ; the initial abuse teaches inappropriate beliefs and behaviours that persist into adulthood. The victim believes that abusive behaviour is "normal" and comes to expect, or feel they deserve it from others in
2044-534: Is repeated acts over time that involves a real or perceived imbalance of power with the more powerful individual or group attacking those who are less powerful. Bullying may consist of three basic types of abuse – verbal , physical and emotional . It typically involves subtle methods of coercion such as intimidation . Bullying can be defined in many different ways. Although the UK currently has no legal definition of bullying, some US states have laws against it. Bullying
2117-433: Is suspected some care homes may deliberately overlook these offenses. People in poverty , including those from developing countries , are vulnerable to forced prostitution , live streaming sexual abuse , and other forms of molestation. Victims who come from families in poverty often have less connections, power, protection, and education about sex crimes . Sexual abuse is a problem in some minority communities. In 2007,
2190-559: Is the United States ' primary source of information on crime victimisation. Each year, data is obtained from a nationally represented sample of 77,200 households comprising nearly 134,000 persons on the frequency, characteristics and consequences of criminal victimisation in the United States. This survey enables the (government) to estimate the likelihood of victimisation by rape (more valid estimates were calculated after
2263-500: Is the contemporaneity of fear, affirming the theses on eternal hatred thus strengthening ethnonationalism even more. Victims of abuse and manipulation sometimes get trapped into a self-image of victimisation. The psychological profile of victimisation includes a pervasive sense of helplessness, passivity, loss of control, pessimism , negative thinking, strong feelings of guilt , shame , self-blame and depression . This way of thinking can lead to hopelessness and despair. At
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2336-431: Is treating people of a lower rank in an abusive, discriminatory, or exploitative way. Robert W. Fuller claims that rankism includes the abuse of the power inherent in superior rank, with the view that rank-based abuse underlies many other phenomena such as bullying, racism, sexism , and homophobia . Abusive supervision is most commonly studied in the context of the workplace, although can arise in other areas such as in
2409-413: Is usually done to coerce others by fear or threat . Character assassination is an attempt to tarnish a person's reputation. It may involve exaggeration or manipulation of facts to present an untrue picture of the targeted person. It is a form of defamation and can be a form of an ad hominem (to the person) argument. Child abuse is the physical or psychological/emotional mistreatment of children. In
2482-426: Is very high. The vulnerability to victimisation experienced as an adult is also not limited to sexual assault, and may include physical abuse as well. Reasons as to why revictimisation occurs vary by event type, and some mechanisms are unknown. Revictimisation in the short term is often the result of risk factors that were already present, which were not changed or mitigated after the first victimisation; sometimes
2555-670: The Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints , Orthodox Judaism , other branches of Judaism , various buddhist schools such as Zen and Tibetan , Yoga classes , and various cults . In October 2020, a powerful member of the United Arab Emirates ' royal family, Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan , was accused of exploiting his authority by a British citizen, Caitlin McNamara, who
2628-407: The 1970s and originally delivered to children. Programmes delivered to parents were developed in the 1980s and took the form of one-off meetings, two to three hours long. In the last 15 years, web-based programmes have been developed. The term survivor is sometimes used for a living victim, including victims of non-fatal harm, to honor and empower the strength of an individual to heal, in particular
2701-619: The Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has specifically objected, for example, to SeaWorld 's breeding of orcas ( Orcinus orca ). Captive breeding of animals led to the idea of capturing and enslaving women for involuntary breeding according to Charles Patterson . In the emergency department , contraceptive medications are offered to women raped by men because about 5% of such rapes result in pregnancy. Preventative medication against sexually transmitted infections are given to victims of all types of sexual abuse (especially for
2774-620: The NCVS reveals that, from 1994 to 2005, violent crime rates have declined, reaching the lowest levels ever recorded. Property crimes continue to decline. In 2010, the National Institute of Justice reported that American adolescents were the age group most likely to be victims of violent crime, while American men were more likely than American women to be victims of violent crime, and blacks were more likely than Americans of other races to be victims of violent crime. With Black men being
2847-769: The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) prohibits companies in a dominant market position from abusing their power, such as through unfair pricing, limiting production, or refusing to deal with others. In the Catholic Church, an indulgence is a way to reduce punishment for sin, often by prayer, pilgrimage or good works. In the Middle Ages, some Church officials demanded money in exchange both for forgiveness of sins and for other rewards such as future salvation. Abuse of information typically involves
2920-529: The United States and Canada, hazing is often associated with Greek-letter organisations ( fraternities and sororities ). Hazing is often prohibited by law and may be either physical (possibly violent ) or mental (possibly degrading ) practices. It may also include nudity or sexually oriented activities. Human rights are "basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled." Examples of rights and freedoms which have come to be commonly thought of as human rights include civil and political rights , such as
2993-609: The United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child. Most child abuse occurs in a child's home, with a smaller amount occurring in the organisations, schools or communities the child interacts with. There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect , physical abuse , psychological/emotional abuse , and sexual abuse . Child sexual abuse
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3066-450: The assault to the authorities. Self-victimisation (or victim playing) is the fabrication of victimhood for a variety of reasons, such as to justify real or perceived abuse of others, to manipulate others, as a coping strategy , or for attention seeking . In a political context, self-victimisation could also be seen as an important political tool within post-conflict, nation-building societies. While failing to produce any affirmative values,
3139-546: The bribe-seeker was a police officer . Taking only the adult population of Kazakhstan into account, the ICVS police bribery figures suggest around 400,000 incidents of police bribery every year in Kazakhstan. These calculations are most likely very conservative in that they only capture when a bribe has been solicited and exclude instances of citizen-initiated bribery. The ICVS revealed extremely low levels of reporting crime to
3212-409: The child's genitals for sexual purposes, or using a child to produce child pornography . Child-on-child sexual abuse refers to a form of child sexual abuse in which a prepubescent child is sexually abused by one or more other children or adolescent youths, and in which no adult is directly involved. This includes sexual activity between children that occurs without consent, without equality, or as
3285-440: The child, most often fathers, uncles or cousins; around 60% are other acquaintances such as friends of the family, babysitters, or neighbors; strangers are the offenders in approximately 10% of child sexual abuse cases. Most child sexual abuse is committed by men; women commit approximately 14% of offenses reported against boys and 6% of offenses reported against girls. Child sexual abuse offenders are not pedophiles unless they have
3358-462: The children feeling, or being as if they were, raped all over again. In adulthood, the freeze response can remain, and some professionals have noted that victimisers sometimes seem to pick up subtle clues of this when choosing a victim. This behaviour can make the victim an easier target, as they sometimes make less effort to fight back or vocalise. Afterwards, they often make excuses and minimise what happened to them, sometimes never reporting
3431-411: The context of relationships, and thus may unconsciously seek out abusive partners or cling to abusive relationships. Another theory draws on the principle of learned helplessness . As children, they are put in situations that they have little to no hope of escaping, especially when the abuse comes from a caregiver. One theory goes that this state of being unable to fight back or flee the danger leaves
3504-404: The country's own national flag and flags of other countries. Countries may have laws protecting the right to burn a flag as free speech. Gaming the system (also called bending the rules, gaming the rules, playing the system, abusing the system, milking the system, or working the system) can be defined as using the rules and procedures meant to protect a system to instead manipulate the system for
3577-400: The development of psychotic symptoms in abused children. Treatment for psychotic symptoms may also be involved in sexual abuse treatment. In regards to long term psychological treatment, prolonged exposure therapy has been tested as a method of long-term PTSD treatment for victims of sexual abuse. Child sexual abuse prevention programmes were developed in the United States of America during
3650-450: The domestic violence may or may not constitute a crime, also depending on the severity and duration of specific acts, and other variables. Alcohol consumption and mental illness have frequently been associated with abuse. Economic abuse is a form of abuse when one intimate partner has control over the other partner's access to economic resources, which diminishes the victim's capacity to support him/herself and forces him/her to depend on
3723-405: The elderly, a form of elder abuse , or those with developmental disabilities . Spousal sexual abuse is a form of domestic violence . When the abuse involves threats of unwanted sexual contact or forced sex by a woman's husband or ex-husband, it may constitute rape , depending on the jurisdiction, and may also constitute an assault. Child sexual abuse is a form of child abuse in which a child
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#17327827442763796-549: The end of 2012, a first-ever victimisation survey of 219,500 households (356,000 respondents) was conducted by the State Statistics Agency at the request of Marat Tazhin , the head of the Security Council and a sociologist by training. According to the survey, 3.5% of respondents reported being a victim of crime in the previous 12 months, and only half of those said that they had reported the crime to
3869-519: The fetishistic lack of future is masked up by an excess of confirmation of its own status of victimhood, as noted by the Bosnian political theoretician Jasmin Hasanović, seeing it in the post- Yugoslav context as a form of auto-colonialism , where reproducing the narrative of victimhood corresponds with the balkanization stereotypes, being the very narrative of the colonizer where the permanence of war
3942-478: The following contexts: Flag abuse (or flag desecration) is a term applied to various acts that intentionally destroy, damage or mutilate a flag in public, most often a national flag. Often, such action is intended to make a political point against a country or its policies. Some countries have laws forbidding methods of destruction (such as burning in public) or forbidding particular uses (such as for commercial purposes); such laws may distinguish between desecration of
4015-467: The household and at school. "Abusive supervision has been investigated as an antecedent to negative subordinate workplace outcome". " Workplace violence has combination of situational and personal factors". The study that was conducted looked at the link between abusive supervision and different workplace events. Academic abuse is a form of workplace bullying which takes place in institutions of higher education, such as colleges and universities. Academia
4088-437: The last primitive option: freeze, an offshoot of death-feigning . Revictimization has also been characterized as a phenomenon whereby the children depicted in child pornography have a feeling of the depicted event reoccurring every single time the image is viewed. Each time the image is viewed, the children relive the experience as if it were happening all over again. As the images are viewed over and over again, this leaves
4161-597: The latter case, this is linked to a poor ability in physical education, and this behaviour can be encouraged by an ignorant physical education teacher. Abuse of disabled people is not limited to schools; there are many known cases in which disabled people have been abused by staff of a "care institution", such as the case revealed in a BBC Panorama programme on a Castlebeck care home ( Winterbourne View ) near Bristol , leading to its closure and suspension or firing of staff members. Discriminatory abuse involves picking on or treating someone unfairly because something about them
4234-473: The listed conditions. Incidents may involve physical assault , damage to property, bullying , harassment , verbal abuse or insults , or offensive graffiti or inflammatory letters (hate mail). Hazing is considered any activity involving harassment , abuse, or humiliation as a way of initiating a person into a group . Hazing is seen in many different types of groups; including within gangs , clubs, sports teams , military units , and workplaces . In
4307-497: The most common diseases like chlamydia , gonorrhea , trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis ) and a blood serum is collected to test for STIs (such as HIV , hepatitis B and syphilis ). Any survivor with abrasions are immunized for tetanus if 5 years have elapsed since the last immunization. Short-term treatment with a benzodiazepine may help with acute anxiety and antidepressants may be helpful for symptoms of PTSD , depression and panic attacks. Sexual abuse has been linked to
4380-427: The offender and the criminal offense; information on the victim is only included so far as his/her relationship to the offender, and perhaps a superficial overview of his/her injuries. The NCVS is a tool used to measure the existence of actual, rather than only those reported, crimes—the victimisation rate —by asking individuals about incidents in which they may have been victimised. The National Crime Victimization Survey
4453-404: The performance of official duties. Malfeasance in office is often grounds for a for cause removal of an elected official by statute or recall election . A cause of action in tort arising from one party making a malicious and deliberate misuse or perversion of regularly issued court process (civil or criminal) not justified by the underlying legal action. Rankism (also called abuse of rank)
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#17327827442764526-606: The perpetrator financially. Elder abuse is a type of harm to older adults involving abuse by trusted individuals in a manner that "causes harm or distress to an older person". This definition has been adopted by the World Health Organization from a definition put forward by Action on Elder Abuse in the UK. The abuse includes violence, neglect , and other crimes committed against an elderly person and their forms include physical, mental, and financial abuses as well as passive and active neglect. While there
4599-660: The police. Only one in five crimes were reported to the police in Kazakhstan, down from the 46% reporting rate recorded in the government-conducted 2012 survey. Levels of criminal activity are measured through three major data sources: the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), self-report surveys of criminal offenders, and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). However, the UCR and self-report surveys generally report details regarding
4672-459: The police. The presidential administration chose not to release any further details from this survey to the public. In May–June 2018, the first International Crime Victims Survey (ICVS) of nationally representative sample of 4,000 persons was conducted in Kazakhstan . It showed low levels of victimisation. The overall violent crime victimization rate among the population in a one-year period
4745-412: The right to life and liberty , freedom of expression , and equality before the law ; and economic, social and cultural rights , including the right to participate in culture, the right to be treated with respect and dignity, the right to food , the right to work , and – in certain countries – the right to education . Victimization Peer victimisation is the experience among children of being
4818-479: The staging of bizarre events by the abuser with the intention of disorienting the victim. The term owes its origin to Gaslight , a 1938 play and 1944 film, and has been used in clinical and research literature. Gay bashing and gay bullying are verbal or physical abuse against a person perceived by the aggressor to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual , including people who are actually heterosexual, or of non-specific or unknown sexual orientation . Harassment covers
4891-400: The suffering of a victim at different times and societies. Abuse of authority includes harassment, interference, pressure, and inappropriate requests or favors. Necrophilia involves possessing a physical attraction to dead bodies that may led to acting upon sexual urges. As corpses are dead and cannot give consent, any manipulation, removal of parts, mutilation, or sexual acts performed on
4964-456: The surveys redesign in 1992 that better tapped instances of sexual assault, particularly of date rape ), robbery , assault , theft , household burglary, and motor vehicle theft for the population as a whole as well as for segments of the population such as women, the elderly, members of various racial groups, city dwellers, or other groups. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS),
5037-417: The victim cannot control these factors. Examples of these risk factors include living or working in dangerous areas, chaotic familial relations, having an aggressive temperament, drug or alcohol usage and unemployment. Revictimisation may be "facilitated, tolerated, and even produced by particular institutional contexts, illustrating how the risk of revictimization is not a characteristic of the individual, nor
5110-536: The workplace, where the consequences of refusing sexual requests are potentially very disadvantageous to the victim. Hate crimes occur when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her perceived membership in a certain social group ; usually defined by racial group , religion, sexual orientation , disability , ethnicity , nationality, age , gender , gender identity , or political affiliation . "Hate crime" generally refers to criminal acts which are seen to have been motivated by hatred of one or more of
5183-496: The world. Anti-social behavior is often seen as public behavior that lacks judgement and consideration for others and may damage them or their property. It may be intentional, as with vandalism or graffiti , or the result of negligence. Persistent anti-social behavior may be a manifestation of an antisocial personality disorder . The counterpart of anti-social behavior is pro-social behavior , namely any behavior intended to help or benefit another person, group or society. Bullying
5256-515: Was 3.7%. Rates of violent victimization by strangers were somewhat higher among females (2.1%) than among males (1.8%). The rates of violence by persons known to them were as much as three times higher for women than for men (2.8% for females and 0.8% for males). In a one-year period, the highest rates of victimisation were consumer fraud (13.5% of respondents), theft from the car and personal theft (6.3% of respondents), and official bribe-seeking (5.2% of respondents). In almost half of bribe-seeking cases
5329-466: Was working on Abu Dhabi Hay Festival . On February 14 that year, the UAE's Minister of Tolerance called McNamara for a dinner at his villa on private island and sexually abused the woman, who was organizing the literary festival for the country. Due to social media censorship algorithms, people wishing to discuss sex and particular sexual assault have adopted the ' algospeak ' code word 'mascara' to refer to
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