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65-692: Government victory The Moncada Barracks were military barracks in Santiago de Cuba , Cuba named after General Guillermo Moncada , a hero of the Cuban War of Independence . On 26 July 1953, the barracks was the site of an armed attack by a small group of revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro . That day a simultaneous attack was carried out on the Carlos M. de Cespedes Barracks in Bayamo directed by Raúl Martínez Ararás by order of Castro. The attack failed and

130-559: A .30 caliber M1 Garand rifle with a folding metal stock. Fidel Castro decided that army uniforms were needed for the Moncada attack. He discussed this with Calabazar cell leader Pedro Trigo Lopez ( es ) , who suggested approaching his relative Florentino Fernandez Leon, a 26-year-old military hospital orderly in Jaimanitas. Fernandez agreed and received $ 200 to purchase surplus uniforms, weapons, and ammunition. He then pilfered from

195-402: A Company of some sixty men, four to a room, two to a bed. Standard furnishings were provided, and each room had a grate used for heating and cooking. In England, this domestic style continued to be used through the first half of the eighteenth century; most new barracks of this period were more or less hidden within the precincts of medieval castles and Henrician forts . In Scotland, however,

260-448: A 15-year sentence. A copy of the speech was smuggled page by page out of prison (Presidio Modelo). A friend from the 26 July attack, Haydée Santamaría later published it. Two years later, in 1955, the mothers of some prisoners launched a campaign to free Castro and the other rebels imprisoned with him. As popular support for the rebels and opposition to Batista's rule mounted, a group of political leaders, editors, and intellectuals signed

325-889: A cattle ranch that was expropriated by the Dominican dictator Trujillo , and emigrated to the United States where he was a Spanish teacher. In 1963, he lived in Texas . He died of marrow cancer in the United States in 1978. References [ edit ] ^ Bonachea, Ramon. Cuban Insurrection 1952-1959 . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alberto_del_Rio_Chaviano&oldid=1252237229 " Categories : 1915 births 1978 deaths People from Villa Clara Province Cuban anti-communists 20th-century Cuban military personnel Cuban people of Spanish descent People of

390-409: A group of soldiers at the gate who had realized an attack was in progress. The men in the cars behind him jumped out of their cars, believing they were inside the barracks, and the alarm was sounded before the barracks had been infiltrated. According to Castro, this was the fatal mistake in the operation. Fifteen soldiers and three policemen were killed and 23 soldiers and five policemen wounded during

455-609: A land attack led to defensive ' lines ' being built around the dockyard towns, and infantry barracks were established within them (e.g. at Chatham, Upper and Lower Barracks, 1756, and Plymouth, six defensible square barracks, 1758–63). The newly constituted Royal Marines were also provided with accommodation in the vicinity of the Dockyards (e.g. Stonehouse Barracks , 1779) becoming the first Corps in Britain to be fully provided with its own accommodation. Large urban barracks were still

520-602: A more demonstrative style was employed following the Jacobite rising of 1715 (as at Ruthven Barracks ) and that of 1745 (as seen in the monumental Fort George ). This bolder approach gradually began to be adopted south of the border during the eighteenth century (beginning with nearby Berwick , 1717). There was much building in and around the Royal Dockyards at this time: during the Seven Years' War , fears of

585-524: A public appeal demanding liberty for the prisoners. That year, the Cuban Congress passed a bill granting general amnesty to political prisoners. After the bill was signed by Batista, the 30 imprisoned rebels were freed. They served 22 months in prison. The battle damage to the Moncada barracks was quickly repaired by the military. After the revolution, it was converted into a school on January 28, 1960. Three weeks earlier, Fidel Castro personally drove

650-472: A quadrangle around a courtyard or parade ground . A good example is Berwick Barracks , which was among the first in England to be purpose-built and begun in 1717 to the design of the distinguished architect Nicholas Hawksmoor . During the 18th century, the increasing sophistication of military life led to separate housing for different ranks (officers always had larger rooms) and married quarters; as well as

715-725: A rarity, though. In London there was a fair amount of barrack accommodation, but most of it was within the precincts of various royal palaces (as at Horse Guards , 1753). The prominent Royal Artillery Barracks in Woolwich (1776) was one exception (but significantly the Artillery were under the command of the Board of Ordnance rather than of the Army). In the aftermath of the French Revolution , though, things changed. The size of

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780-558: The Chartist riots three barracks were established in north-west England in the 1840s, Ladysmith Barracks at Ashton-under-Lyne, Wellington Barracks at Bury and Fulwood Barracks at Preston. A review conducted following the demise of the Board of Ordnance in 1855 noted that only seven barracks outside London had accommodation for more than 1,000. This changed with the establishment of large-scale Army Camps such as Aldershot (1854), and

845-681: The Rush–Bagot Treaty . In Poland barracks are represented usually as a complex of buildings, each consisting of a separate entity or an administrative or business premises. As an example, the Barracks Complex in Września . Each of the Portuguese Army bases is referred as a quartel (barracks). In a barracks, each of the dormitory buildings is referred as a caserna ( casern ). Most of them are regimental barracks, constituting

910-575: The U.S. Marine Corps had gender-separate basic training units. Currently, all services have training where male and female recruits share barracks, but are separated during personal time and lights out. All the services integrate male and female members following boot camp and first assignment. After training, unmarried junior enlisted members will typically reside in barracks. During unaccompanied, dependent-restricted assignments, non-commissioned and commissioned officer ranks may also be required to live in barracks. Amenities in these barracks increase with

975-606: The University of Havana and at firing ranges in Havana , disguising themselves as businessmen interested in hunting and clay pigeon shooting. The weapons included 40 12- and 16-gauge shotguns, 35 Mosberg and Remington .22 rifles , 60 handguns of various models, a malfunctioning .45 caliber submachine gun, 24 rifles of different caliber, including eight Model 1898 Krag–Jørgensen rifles , a .30-06 Model 1903 Springfield rifle , three sawed-off 1892 .44-caliber Winchester rifles , and

1040-610: The Upper Canadian period . Leading up to and during the War of 1812 , Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe and Major-General Isaac Brock oversaw the construction of Fort York on the shores of Lake Ontario in present-day Toronto . There are several surviving British Army barracks built between 1814 and 1815 at that site today. Multiple limestone barracks were built half a mile west of Fort York in 1840, only one of which survives. The British Army handed over " New Fort York ", as

1105-517: The 1790s: first at Knightsbridge (close to the royal palaces), then in several provincial towns and cities: Birmingham, Coventry, Manchester, Norwich, Nottingham and Sheffield (as well as Hounslow Barracks just west of London). Several smaller cavalry and artillery barracks were established around this time, but very little was built for the infantry; instead, a number of large camps (with wooden huts) were set up, including at Chelmsford, Colchester and Sunderland , as well as at various locations along

1170-425: The 1950s and 1960s, following a standardized architectural model, usually with an area of between 100,000 and 200,000 square metres, including a headquarters building, a guard house, a general mess building, an infirmary building, a workshop and garage building, an officer house building, a sergeant house building, three to ten rank and file caserns, fire ranges and sports facilities. In average each CANIFA type barracks

1235-621: The Army in the Oriente province (1952) Chief of the Army in the Las Villas province (1958) Battles / wars Cuban Revolution Attack on Moncada Barracks Operation Verano Awards Cruz Maceo Spouse(s) Daisy Collado Alberto Roberto del Rio Chaviano was a Cuban brigadier general who served on the side of, and during Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship of Cuba (1952–1959). He studied high school at

1300-575: The Cavalry, Wellington Barracks for the Guards, and St George's Barracks (since demolished) behind the National Gallery . In several instances elsewhere, buildings were converted rather than newly built (or a mixture of the two, as at Cambridge Barracks, Portsmouth where a new frontage, housing officers, was built in front of a range of warehouses converted to house the men). In response to

1365-491: The East" Born 12 October 1914 Vueltas , Las Villas , Cuba Died 26 April 1978 (aged 63) Miami , United States Allegiance [REDACTED] Republic of Cuba Service / branch [REDACTED] Cuban Constitutional Army Years of service 1933–1958 Rank Brigadier General (1957) Commands Chief of Regiment No.1 Antonio Maceo (Oriente province) (1952) Chief of

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1430-470: The First World War (when large camps such as Catterick were established), to the closure of many barracks in the interwar period . Many of those that remained were rebuilt in the 1960s, either substantially (as happened at Woolwich, behind the facade) or entirely (as at Hyde Park and at Chelsea – built 1863, demolished and rebuilt 1963, closed 2008). There has been an ongoing focus on improving

1495-634: The Instituto de Santa Clara . In November 1933, he entered the Cuban National Army as a soldier. In 1951, he was retired with the rank of captain from the Army by the government of Carlos Prío . After Batista’s coup on March 10, 1952, he was promoted from captain to colonel. He was the chief colonel of the Moncada Barracks when Fidel Castro and his group attacked the barracks on July 26, 1953. He had an essential role to play in

1560-633: The Portuguese usual practice is for the members of the Armed Forces to live outside the military bases with their families, inserted in the local civilian communities. Many of the Portuguese regimental barracks are of a model developed by the old Administrative Commission for the New Infrastructures of the Armed Forces (CANIFA). Because of this, they are commonly referred as "CANIFA type barracks". These types of barracks were built in

1625-495: The appearance of being a delegation headed by a high-ranking officer sent from western Cuba. Their plan was that a first group of 25 men led by Abel Santamaría would take the civilian hospital at the rear of the barracks, a second group of 6 men led by Lester Rodriguez, including Raúl Castro (Fidel's brother), would take the Audiencia Building (Palacio de Justicia), and a third group of 90 men, led by Castro, would take

1690-595: The army grew from 40,000 to 225,000 between 1790 and 1814 (with the Militia adding a further 100,000). Barrack accommodation at the time was provided for a mere 20,000. To deal with the situation, responsibility for building barracks was transferred in 1792 from the Board of Ordnance to a specialist Barracks Department overseen by the War Office. With a view to dealing with sedition, and perhaps quelling thoughts of revolution, several large cavalry barracks were built in

1755-402: The attack at the last moment, got three-year sentences. Dr. Melba Hernandez Rodriguez del Rey and Haydée Santamaría were given seven-month sentences since it was never proven that they handled weapons. Castro, a qualified lawyer, used his time in prison to write a speech entitled " History Will Absolve Me ", which included part of his defense statement delivered during his sentencing; he received

1820-667: The attack on the Moncada Barracks and the Bayamo Barracks) Eighteen rebels captured in the Civil Hospital were immediately executed in the Moncada small-arms target range within two hours after the attack. Their corpses were strewn throughout the garrison to simulate death in combat. Thirty-four fleeing rebels captured during the next three days were murdered after admitting their participation. A handful of rebels, including Fidel Castro, escaped into

1885-527: The attack to the Moncada Barracks. Nine rebels were killed in combat, 11 wounded, four of them by friendly fire, and 42 executed later. In the attack on Carlos M. de Cespedes Barracks, one soldier died and two were wounded. Later the Cuban Army executed ten fugitive attackers. (According to Fidel Castro five were killed in the attack on the Moncada Barracks, and 56 were executed later by the Batista regime in

1950-403: The barracks, including the radio transmitter within it. The attack began poorly. The caravan of automobiles became separated by the time it arrived at the barracks, and the car carrying the guerillas' heavy weapons got lost. Furthermore, many of the rebels who would have taken part in the attack were left behind for a lack of weapons. In Castro's autobiography, he claims that he drove his car into

2015-539: The basics of life in a military camp have remained constant for thousands of years. In the Early Modern Period , they formed part of the Military Revolution that scholars believe contributed decisively to the formation of the nation state by increasing the expense of maintaining standing armies . Large, permanent barracks were developed in the 18th century by the two dominant states of

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2080-461: The bulldozer that demolished the crenelated outer walls. In 1978, Castro ordered the massive perimeter walls rebuilt and converted half of the main building into the July 26 Historical Museum. 20°01′35″N 75°49′09″W  /  20.0263888889°N 75.8191666667°W  / 20.0263888889; -75.8191666667 Barracks The main objective of barracks is to separate soldiers from

2145-605: The civilian population and reinforce discipline, training, and esprit de corps . They have been called "discipline factories for soldiers". Like industrial factories, some are considered to be shoddy or dull buildings, although others are known for their magnificent architecture such as Collins Barracks in Dublin and others in Paris, Berlin, Madrid, Vienna, or London. From the rough barracks of 19th-century conscript armies, filled with hazing and illness and barely differentiated from

2210-508: The cleanliness of the barracks. The term " Garrison town" is a common expression for any town that has military barracks, i.e., a permanent military presence nearby. Prison cell blocks often are built and arranged like barracks, and some military prisons may have barracks in their name, such as the United States Disciplinary Barracks of Leavenworth . Barracks were used to house troops in forts during

2275-442: The early 18th century. The British Army built Aldershot camps from 1854. By the First World War, infantry , artillery , and cavalry regiments had separate barracks. The first naval barracks were hulks , old wooden sailing vessels; but these insanitary lodgings were replaced with large naval barracks at the major dockyard towns of Europe and the United States, usually with hammocks instead of beds. These were inadequate for

2340-626: The end of 1882, the money collected for exemption from billet was transferred to the military ministry. This has made it possible to step up the construction of barracks for the army. By 1 January 1900, 19,015 barracks had been built, which accommodated 94% of the troops. In the 17th and 18th centuries there were concerns around the idea of a standing army housed in barracks; instead, the law provided for troops routinely to be billeted in small groups in inns and other locations. (The concerns were various: political, ideological and constitutional, provoked by memories of Cromwell 's New Model Army and of

2405-591: The enormous armies mobilized after 1914. Hut camps were developed using variations of the eponymous Nissen hut , made from timber or corrugated iron. In many military forces, both NCO and SNCO personnel will frequently be housed in barracks for service or training. Officers are often charged with ensuring the barracks and personnel are maintained in an orderly fashion. Junior enlisted and sometimes junior NCOs will often receive less space and may be housed in bays, while senior NCOs and officers may share or have their own room. Junior enlisted personnel are typically tasked with

2470-530: The establishment of a number of Naval barracks (an innovation long resisted by the Royal Navy, which had tended to accommodate its sailors afloat either on their ships or else in hulks moored in its harbours). The first of these, Keyham Barracks in Devonport (later HMS Drake ), was begun in 1879, and only completed in 1907. During the 20th century, activity ranged from the need for speedy expansion during

2535-482: The expansion of Garrison towns such as Colchester ; over time in these locations temporary huts were replaced with more permanent barracks buildings. Large-scale camps were not the only way forward, however; from the 1870s, the localisation agenda of the Cardwell Reforms saw new and old barracks established as depots for regional or County brigades and regiments. The latter part of the 19th century also saw

2600-415: The fixed component of the Army system of forces and being responsible for the training, sustenance and general support to the Army. In addition to the regimental administrative, logistic and training bodies, each barracks can lodge one or more operational units (operational battalions, independent companies or equivalent units). Although there are housing blocks within the perimeter of some regimental barracks,

2665-410: The formation of a proper combat army. Emperor Paul understood that the organization of military accommodations has its own task not only to provide a soldier with a house, but also to adapt him to the purpose and conditions of life of the soldier. Only a barracks cohabitation, concentrated in more or less significant masses, seemed to Paul the only purposeful approach for the development and maintenance of

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2730-1117: The 💕 Cuban general (1914–1978) [REDACTED] This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these messages ) [REDACTED] This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources:   "Alberto del Rio Chaviano"  –  news   · newspapers   · books   · scholar   · JSTOR ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) [REDACTED] Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Alberto del Rio Chaviano Nickname(s) "Jackal of

2795-530: The livestock pens that housed the draft animals , to the clean and Internet-connected barracks of modern all-volunteer militaries , the word can have a variety of connotations. Early barracks such as those of the Roman Praetorian Guard were built to maintain elite forces. There are a number of remains of Roman army barracks in frontier forts such as Vercovicium and Vindolanda . From these and from contemporary Roman sources we can see that

2860-415: The lower middle class and working class. Of the 137 insurgents whose ages are known, the average age was 26, the same as that of Castro. Nine rebels were in their teens, 96 were in their twenties, 27 in their thirties, and five over 40. The Afro-Cuban composition of the group was limited to two Africans and 12 Cubans of partial African ancestry, partly because most biracial Cubans identified with Batista, who

2925-457: The meantime, the weapons would be removed and hidden throughout the city to use in the continuing struggle, and Santiago's radio station would be taken to broadcast the speeches of Eduardo Chibás , in order to mobilize the public with the ultimate aim of bringing down the Batista government. The men left the farm at 4:45 am on 26 July 1953, planning to attack at dawn. The date of the attack

2990-581: The military during Operation Verano . He played an important role in the defense of the Batista regime during the Cuban Revolution . During the dictatorship of Batista, he was put in charge of the Cuban Army in the region of Oriente in which Raúl Castro 's guerrilla unit operated, and later in the Las Villas province Batista ordered his arrest for treason and he fled to the Dominican Republic on December 27, 1958. In that country he had

3055-466: The military hospital laundry most of the blue uniforms needed to attire the rebels. The night before the attack, the men gathered at a farm in Siboney , where they learned what the objective was. The plan was to secure the barracks and gain possession of the weapons stored within, and to use the building's army communications equipment to spread false messages for several hours to confuse the military. In

3120-433: The military spirit and discipline, for the study of the soldier's personality and qualities, for the convenience of training and military exercises. Barrack is not only the home of a soldier, but also the school where he is brought up. This idea was fully grasped by Paul, and the construction of barracks for the army everywhere became his main objective, to the achievement of which he put all his strength, all his energy. From

3185-643: The murder of prisoners by the military. In consequence, Moncada chief Col. Alberto del Rio Chaviano, impeded Castro from returning to court by claiming that he could not attend due to illness. The tribunal then separated Castro from the proceedings and granted him a separate trial. Nineteen rebels were found not guilty based on lack of evidence and their false testimony. Confessed leaders Raúl Castro , Oscar Alcalde , Pedro Miret , and Ernesto Tizol received 13-year prison sentences. Twenty other rebels received 10-year sentences. Rebels Manuel Lorenzo, Eduardo Rodriguez, and Orlando Cortez Gallardo, who refused to participate in

3250-485: The nearby countryside but were apprehended shortly thereafter. The Santiago de Cuba Urgency Tribunal indicted 122 defendants in Case 37 of 1953 to stand trial for 26 July insurrection. Fifty-one of the 99 rebel survivors who were captured were remanded for trial. Six indicted rebels remained in hiding. The other 65 defendants implicated throughout the island were mostly political leaders and opposition activists not involved in

3315-637: The period, France the "caserne" and Spain the "cuartel". The English term 'barrack', on the other hand, derives from the Spanish word for a temporary shelter erected by soldiers on campaign , barraca ; (because of fears that a standing army in barracks would be a threat to the constitution, barracks were not generally built in Great Britain until 1790, on the eve of the Napoleonic Wars ). Early barracks were multi-story blocks, often grouped in

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3380-579: The provision of specialized buildings such as dining rooms and cook houses, bath houses, mess rooms, schools, hospitals, armories, gymnasia, riding schools and stables. The pavilion plan concept of hospital design was influential in barrack planning after the Crimean War . The first large-scale training camps were built in the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire (Germany) during

3445-493: The quality of barracks accommodation; since the 1970s several former RAF bases have been converted to serve as Army barracks, in place of some of the more cramped urban sites. Today, generally, only single and unmarried personnel or those who choose not to move their families nearby live in barracks. Most British military barracks are named after battles, military figures or the locality. In basic training, and sometimes follow-on training, service members live in barracks. Formerly,

3510-405: The rank of the occupant. Unlike the other services, the U.S. Air Force officially uses the term " dormitory " to refer to its unaccompanied housing. During World War II, many U.S. barracks were made of inexpensive, sturdy and easy to assemble Quonset huts that resembled Native American long houses (having a rounded roof but made out of metal). Alberto del Rio Chaviano From Misplaced Pages,

3575-682: The rebellion. Fifteen of them, including deposed President Carlos Prío Socarrás , Aureliano Sánchez Arango , José Pardo Llada , and Communist leader Blas Roca , were underground or in exile and never went to court. The trial in the Santiago de Cuba Palace of Justice began on 21 September 1953 and ended on 6 October 1953, after 11 sessions. The Cuban Civil Code of Justice, based on the Napoleonic Code practiced in Europe and Latin America, has

3640-549: The second fort was called, to the Canadian Militia in 1870 after Confederation . The Stone Frigate , completed in 1820, served as barracks briefly in 1837–38, and was refitted as a dormitory and classrooms to house the Royal Military College of Canada by 1876. The Stone frigate is a large stone building originally designed to hold gear and rigging from British warships dismantled to comply with

3705-634: The south coast. Barrack-masters were appointed, one such was Captain George Manby at the Royal Barracks, Great Yarmouth . Coincidentally his father, Captain Matthew Manby, had been barrack-master at Limerick . It was not until some years after the end of the Napoleonic Wars (and post-war recession ) that barrack-building began again. John Nash built four as part of his London improvements: Regent's Park and St John's Wood for

3770-462: The surviving revolutionaries were imprisoned. This armed attack is widely accepted as the beginning of the Cuban Revolution . The date on which the attack took place, 26 July, was adopted by Castro as the name for his revolutionary movement, Movimiento 26 Julio (abbreviated as M-26-7), which eventually toppled the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista on 1 January 1959. Almost all of Fidel Castro's followers were Partido Ortodoxo Youth rank and file of

3835-511: The use of troops in reign of James II to intimidate areas of civil society. Furthermore, grand urban barracks were associated with absolutist monarchies, where they could be seen as emblematic of power sustained through military might; and there was an ongoing suspicion that gathering soldiers together in barracks might encourage sedition.) Nevertheless, some "soldiers' lodgings" were built in Britain at this time, usually attached to coastal fortifications or royal palaces. The first recorded use of

3900-463: The verdict determined by a panel of three judges rather than by a jury of peers as under "common law" in the U.S. and Great Britain. In accordance, after the accused heard the charges against them, they were called to testify on their own behalf. The defendants were represented by 24 attorneys. Fidel Castro assumed his own defense and lied under oath to avoid implicating rebels on trial. During the questioning of rebel witnesses, Castro raised accusations of

3965-672: The word 'barracks' in this context was for the Irish Barracks, built in the precinct of the Tower of London in 1669. At the Ordnance Office (responsible for construction and upkeep of barracks) Bernard de Gomme played a key role in developing a 'domestic' style of barrack design in the latter half of the 17th century: he provided barrack blocks for such locations as Plymouth Citadel and Tilbury Fort , each with rows of square rooms arranged in pairs on two stories, accommodating

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4030-516: Was intended to lodge around 1000 soldiers and their respective armament, vehicles and other equipment. Until the end of the 18th century personnel of the Imperial Russian Army were billeted with civilians homes or accommodated in slobodas in a countryside. First barracks were built during the reign of Emperor Paul I . For these purposes, Paul I established a one-time land tax based on the amount of land owned by citizen. This tax

4095-403: Was not mandatory, but person who paid it was permanently exempted from billets. He considered as unquestionably harmful for the combat development of the soldier not only a constant participation in the home life of civilians, caused by the billet system, — Paul believed that even an accommodation in the slobodas, which did not cut soldier off from a household concerns and chores, is unsuited to

4160-421: Was of mixed blood. Only two of the group were women, Haydée Santamaría and Melba Hernández , both of whom went on to become politicians. After Batista's military coup on 10 March 1952, Fidel Castro and his group began to train young men to engage in the struggle, along with other anti-Batista groups, against an illegitimate government. Castro claimed that they trained 1,200 men within a few months, training at

4225-414: Was specifically chosen because the fiestas in Santiago are held on 25 July. On 26 July 1953, at 5:15 am, Fidel Castro led a group of 136 rebels (with an additional 24 intending to take the barracks at Bayamo ), including his brother Raúl , in an attack on the second largest military garrison; commanded by Colonel Alberto del Rio Chaviano . The group formed a 16-automobile caravan in order to give

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