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72-452: Monster Mini Golf is a franchised chain of entertainment centers. The locations feature an indoor, 18-hole glow-in-the-dark mini golf course, video and redemption arcade games, three-dimensional animatronic props, an in-house radio station , party rooms for hosting birthday parties and other special events, as well as laser-tag, laser-maze, and bowling in some of the newer, larger facilities. The parent company , Monster Entertainment, LLC

144-401: A substitutional defect occurs, while an interstitial defect occurs when a much smaller atom gets trapped in the "interstices", or the spaces between atoms. In contrast, amorphous materials have no "long-range order" (beyond the space of a few atoms in any direction), thus by definition are filled with defects. When a defect occurs, depending on the type and material, it can create a hole, or

216-457: A " lapis solaris " near Bologna, Italy. Once heated in an oxygen-rich furnace , it thereafter absorbed sunlight and glowed in the dark. In 1677, Hennig Brand isolated a new element that glowed due to a chemiluminescent reaction when exposed to air, and named it " phosphorus ". In contrast, the term luminescence (from the Latin lumen for "light"), was coined by Eilhardt Wiedemann in 1888 as

288-441: A "trap". For example, a missing oxygen atom from a zinc oxide compound creates a hole in the lattice, surrounded by unbound zinc-atoms. This creates a net force or attraction that can be measured in electron-volts . When a high-energy photon strikes one of the zinc atoms, its electron absorbs the photon and is thrown out into a higher orbit. The electron may then enter the trap and be held in place (out of its normal orbit) by

360-719: A Taiwanese distributor file its trademark in the region, which led to the distributor continuing to sell products under the Monster brand after their agreement with Monster was terminated. This led to a lengthy legal battle and eventually a settlement. Monster acquired the Entec in-car audio brand in 1998. Monster's program for retailers was formalized in 1993 as the M4 Dealer Success Program. The "M4" stands for four "M"s: Mix (product mix), Merchandising (displays), Monsterization (training) and Management commitment. In

432-541: A bright light such as in any normal reading or room light. Typically, the glow slowly fades out, sometimes within a few minutes or up to a few hours in a dark room. The study of phosphorescent materials led to the discovery of radioactive decay . The term phosphorescence comes from the Ancient Greek word φῶς ( phos ), meaning "light", and the Greek suffix -φόρος ( -phoros ), meaning "to bear", combined with

504-414: A brighter yet short-lived emission, while lower temperatures produce a dimmer but longer-lasting glow. Temperatures that are too hot or cold, depending on the substance, may not allow the accumulation or release of energy at all. The ideal depth of trap for persistent phosphorescence at room temperature is typically between 0.6 and 0.7 electron-volts. If the phosphorescent quantum yield is high, that is, if

576-456: A corporation, and a ballot was passed ensuring that the name of the park reverted to Candlestick Park in 2008. Monster's first wireless products, a receiver and transmitter for connecting televisions and devices, were introduced in 2008. In 2012, the company changed its name from "Monster Cable Products" to "Monster Inc.". Following the collapse of the Beats deal with Apple, Monster has sought

648-407: A difference in audio or video quality when compared to generic cables. Instead of advertising, Monster offers incentives to retailers and their salespeople to sell the cables. Retailers bundle high profit-margin cables with larger purchases that have smaller margins in order to improve profitability. Monster was founded in 1979 by Noel Lee as Monster Cable Products. Lee, an audiophile and engineer,

720-584: A difference in the sound. Monster is credited with creating the market for high-end audio cables in the 1980s through Lee's "marketing prowess". He did demonstrations comparing the audio of standard cables to Monster cables for retailers and trained their salespeople to do the same for customers. In 1980, Monster Cable Products moved out of Lee's garage and into a San Francisco facility. It also introduced its second audio cable, Interlink. The company grew through word-of-mouth and an increasing number of retailers that carried Monster products. It attempted to enter

792-405: A few microseconds to many hours after the excitation is removed. There are two separate mechanisms that may produce phosphorescence, called triplet phosphorescence (or simply phosphorescence) and persistent phosphorescence (or persistent luminescence ). Everyday examples of phosphorescent materials are the glow-in-the-dark toys, stickers, paint, and clock dials that glow after being charged with

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864-592: A mineral instead of a solution), albeit it was later discovered that fluorspar glows due to phosphorescence. There was much confusion between the meanings of these terms throughout the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. Whereas the term "fluorescence" tended to refer to luminescence that ceased immediately (by human-eye standards) when removed from excitation, "phosphorescence" referred to virtually any substance that glowed for appreciable periods in darkness, sometimes to include even chemiluminescence (which occasionally produced substantial amounts of heat). Only after

936-404: A modern, scientific sense, the phenomena can usually be classified by the three different mechanisms that produce the light, and the typical timescales during which those mechanisms emit light. Whereas fluorescent materials stop emitting light within nanoseconds (billionths of a second) after the excitation radiation is removed, phosphorescent materials may continue to emit an afterglow ranging from

1008-661: A new sales strategy, forgoing traditional retail chains in favor of experiential sales at non-traditional spaces. Company founder Lee said [We're looking at] “alternative venues – like Barclays’ Center, stadiums where players can wear the headphone when they go in, and talk about how great the headphones sound. [We can] bring great-sounding music to a sports venue. We’re looking at cruise ships, stadiums, EDM concerts." Monster changed their business model from selling high end audiophile products to licensing their name starting in 2018. After years of sales declines, Kevin Lee (son of Noel Lee) took

1080-551: A person or object in front of a phosphorescent screen which temporarily captures the shadow. The screen or wall is painted with a glow-in-the-dark product that contains phosphorescent compounds. Publicly, these shadow walls can be found at certain science museums. Monster Cable Monster Inc. is an American company that manufactures and markets about 6,000 products, but is best known for audio and video cables. It also produces speakers, headphones, power strips, mobile accessories and audio devices for automobiles. The company

1152-412: A positive reception at CES, he quit his job at Lawrence Berkeley Lab and started Monster Cable Products with $ 250,000 in bank financing. Monster's first cables were manufactured by Lee by hand and sold door-to-door . Initial sales were slow, because at the time electronics retailers provided low-cost lamp cords to consumers for free or at low prices and audiophiles didn't believe audio cables made

1224-712: A public response letter to Monster Cable. Monster established a partnership with rap mogul Dr. Dre and Interscope Records in 2007 to design and manufacture the Beats Electronics line of headphones called " Beats by Dr. Dre ". This led to a trend among headphone manufacturers to create celebrity-endorsed products. Monster created similar partnerships with Lady Gaga for the Heartbeats brand of headphones in 2009, P. Diddy 's Diddybeats in May 2010 and LeBron James later that year. In 2010, Monster began developing

1296-800: A reporter from SoundStage Network, it "has retained a huge lead" for high-end audio cables ever since. Monster also makes cables for TVs, DVD players , computers, printers, gaming consoles, and cameras, and for audio equipment in cars. As high-definition televisions grew in popularity, the company expanded into HDMI and high-def cables, including a lower-cost HDMI Basic and HDMI cables with five different speed ratings. It also produces cables intended for specific gaming consoles and Apple products. Monster began manufacturing and marketing USB and Ethernet cables as well as power strips and power management products in 2009. It's been producing its own line of headphones since 2012 and also manufactures celebrity-branded headphones. Monster sells speakers under

1368-423: A second after the illumination is switched off. Conversely, when the stored energy is due to persistent phosphorescence, an entirely different process occurs without a fluorescence precursor. When electrons become trapped within a defect in the atomic or molecular lattice, light is prevented from reemitting until the electron can escape. To escape, the electron needs a boost of thermal energy to help spring it out of

1440-574: A series of products for the Chinese market that were co-branded with basketball player Yao Ming . According to analyst firm NPD Group , the Beats brand that Monster distributed exclusively grew to own 53 percent of a $ 1 billion headphones market. A 51 percent interest in Beats was sold to HTC in August 2011. At the end of the five-year agreement between Monster and Dr. Dre in 2012, Dre decided not to renew. According to Bloomberg , both parties said

1512-583: A suit against Monster Mini Golf , a company selling franchise Mini Golf locations throughout the US and Canada. After an unsuccessful legal mediation, Monster Mini Golf launched a grassroots campaign against Monster Cable on the Internet. As a result, Monster received more than 200 complaints from the public. Monster Cable dropped the lawsuit and agreed to pay up to $ 200,000 of Monster Mini Golf's legal fees. In 2009, Monster Cable CEO Noel Lee said on Fox Business that

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1584-426: A term to refer to "light without heat", while "fluorescence" by Sir George Stokes in 1852, when he noticed that, when exposing a solution of quinine sulfate to light refracted through a prism , the solution glowed when exposed to the mysterious invisible-light (now known to be UV light) beyond the violet end of the spectrum. Stokes formed the term from a combination of fluorspar and opalescence (preferring to use

1656-437: Is created via a chemical reaction. The light emission tracks the kinetic progress of the underlying chemical reaction. The excited state will then transfer to a dye molecule, also known as a sensitizer or fluorophor , and subsequently fluoresce back to the ground state. Common pigments used in phosphorescent materials include zinc sulfide and strontium aluminate . Use of zinc sulfide for safety related products dates back to

1728-412: Is decoration. Stars made of glow-in-the-dark plastic are placed on walls, ceilings, or hanging from strings make a room look like the night sky. Other objects like figurines, cups, posters, lamp fixtures, toys and bracelet beads may also glow. Using blacklights makes these things glow brightly, common at raves , bedrooms, theme parks, and festivals. A shadow wall is created when a light flashes upon

1800-706: Is headquartered in Providence, Rhode Island , United States , and Las Vegas. As of January 2023 the chain has 31 locations, either open or under construction, across the United States and Canada. Founders Christina and Patrick Vitagliano opened the first Monster Mini Golf in the small community of Danielson, Connecticut , on Memorial Day weekend in 2004. By 2005, they had made the decision to franchise, and were legal to offer franchises by November of that year. Monster Mini Golf has grown organically since inception, and as of January 2023, has grown to 31 locations in

1872-416: Is too aggressive in pursuing trademark protections against companies that do not have confusingly similar products and that it is trying to own a common word, not protect a brand. Monster representatives say they are doing what most "premium" brands do to protect their marks and that their products include things like clothes, mints and music. In the 2000s, Monster had legal disputes over its trademarks with

1944-582: The Discovery Channel for its show Monster Garage . Monster also had trademark disputes with Bally Gaming International over its slot machines, Monster Slots, with Hansen Beverage Co. for its Monster Energy drink, and the Chicago Bears, who use the nickname "Monsters of the Midway". Other trademark disputes include a 2001 lawsuit against The Walt Disney Company for products related to

2016-542: The Latin suffix -escentem , meaning "becoming of", "having a tendency towards", or "with the essence of". Thus, phosphorescence literally means "having a tendency to bear light". It was first recorded in 1766. The term phosphor had been used since the Middle Ages to describe minerals that glowed in the dark. One of the most famous, but not the first, was Bolognian phosphor. Around 1604, Vincenzo Casciarolo discovered

2088-547: The San Francisco 49ers and the city of San Francisco to rename the football team's home stadium from Candlestick Park to Monster Park for four years. $ 3 million of it was given to the football team and the other $ 3 million to the San Francisco Recreation and Parks Department. Critics of local politician Matt Gonzales said it was inappropriate for the city to sell the name of a public facility to

2160-677: The cast-iron gated entrance to the "cemetery," a hole featuring a mole hill with the cup inside the mole hill, a hole with a tricky path (hole in the middle of a hill followed by an animatronic organ player at the top of the hill), and the trademark clown statue that escorts customers out after the last hole (parody of the movie Happy Gilmore it laughs at some locations, but it does not block the ball as it did in movie). Locations typically include two party rooms and an arcade with games such as glow-in-the-dark air hockey tables, custom-made glow-in-the-dark pool tables and arcade games as well as ticket redemption games such as glow Skee Ball . In 2012,

2232-492: The online gambling space were revealed in an exclusive story by Digital Trends . Citing a new sales strategy for alternative retail venues such as concert stadiums and sports arenas, Lee said a casino would generate revenue while allowing the company a place to sell its electronics. The casino deal connects Monster to the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma and was signed June 20, 2017, bringing controversial figure Fred Khalilian to

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2304-484: The 1930s. The development of strontium aluminate pigments in 1993 was spurred on by the need to find a substitute for glow-in-the-dark materials with high luminance and long phosphorescence, especially those that used promethium . This led to the discovery by Yasumitsu Aoki (Nemoto & Co.) of materials with luminance approximately 10 times greater than zinc sulfide and phosphorescence approximately 10 times longer. This has relegated most zinc sulfide based products to

2376-407: The 1950s and 1960s did advances in quantum electronics , spectroscopy , and lasers provide a measure to distinguish between the various processes that emit the light, although in common speech the distinctions are still often rather vague. In simple terms, phosphorescence is a process in which energy absorbed by a substance is released relatively slowly in the form of light. This is in some cases

2448-521: The 1990s, the business grew from $ 20 million in annual revenues to $ 100 million. By 1998, Monster was producing 1,000 different products out of a distribution and manufacturing center in Brisbane, California, that was established that year. It had created a record label company, Monster Music, in 1989, which was followed by Monster Power for power products such as power cords and surge protectors, in 1998, Monster Game for video game accessories in 2000 and

2520-752: The 2000s, Monster had legal trademark disputes regarding other companies or products that have "Monster" in their name, such as Monster.com and the Pixar film Monsters, Inc. Monster said it needed to defend its premium brand, while critics said it was pursuing litigation against companies that did not have confusingly similar products. It began manufacturing headphones in a partnership with Dr. Dre in 2008, which ended in 2012, and it created other celebrity branded or Monster-branded headphone products. Tests done by audiophile publications, news reporters and academics reached conflicting conclusions on whether more expensive audio or video cables like those from Monster make

2592-536: The Clarity and Katana brands and mobile accessories like an iPod dock and a line-up of Tron-branded products. In the 2000s, it entered into markets for "lifestyle products" like amplifiers, speakers and furniture with electronics built-in, as well as wireless products. Tests by Stereo Review Magazine in 1983 concluded that Monster cables did not make a difference in the sound and were "indistinguishable" from 16-gauge lamp cord. Whether someone claims they can hear

2664-498: The Monster Mobile division, which markets cell phone and digital camera accessories, in 2001. A Monster Photo product line was created in 2003 that includes power cells, cables and bags for digital cameras, followed by Monster Signature Series Power. In 2004, it created a spin-off called M-Design, run by Lee's son, which sells furniture with electronics built in. In September 2004, Monster paid $ 6 million in an agreement with

2736-499: The US and Canada. Monster Cable brought suit against Monster Mini Golf in 2006. Noel Lee , The CEO of Monster Cable, claimed that the public would be confused by the similarity of the names Monster Cable and Monster Mini Golf. After mediation and royalty suggestions that the owners deemed to be unfair; Monster Mini Golf launched a grassroots campaign against Monster Cable on the Internet, which managed to garner nationwide attention and support. After receiving hundreds of complaints from

2808-588: The US and Canada. Before the inception of Monster Entertainment, Christina was the director of marketing for a multi-level entertainment complex in Providence, RI. Patrick was the founder of a sound/lighting/theatrical production company that provided sound and lighting for numerous Broadway theater productions and large concert tours. After marrying in 1997, Christina opened an antique auction house in Connecticut in 1998. Within four years it became one of

2880-419: The attraction. To trigger the release of the energy, a random spike in thermal energy of sufficient magnitude is needed to boost the electron out of the trap and back into its normal orbit. Once in orbit, the electron's energy can drop back to normal (ground state) resulting in the release of a photon. The release of energy in this way is a completely random process, governed mostly by the average temperature of

2952-625: The band's storied career on display. It also hosts regular appearances by KISS band members, both past and present. Monster Mini Golf had been nominated by franchisees for Top New Franchise on Bizzia.com in 2007. Customers have also shown their interest, based on the company’s uniqueness and creativity behind the indoor mini golf concept. Monster Mini Golf sites average 9,000 to 12,000 square feet (1,100 m) and are typically located in strip malls , stand-alone buildings or other commercial spaces. 100% of all franchises are currently owner operated. As of 2017, there are currently 28 franchised locations in

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3024-418: The company as the new COO. The gambling site PokerTribe.com will launch on or before December 15, 2017, Khalilian said. As of 2010, Monster manufactured 6,000 different products, including headphones, speakers, surge protectors, televisions, and accessories for cars and mobile devices. The company is best known for its speaker cable. It created the market for high-end audio cables in the 1980s. According to

3096-404: The company has had to balance their trademark protection efforts with the public's point-of-view. In March 2008, Monster sent a cease-and-desist letter to Blue Jeans Cable , claiming that the "connector portion of the..cable infringes a variety of our client's design patents", relating to a variety of Blue Jeans Cable products. On April 14, 2008, Kurt Denke, the owner of Blue Jeans Cable, sent

3168-546: The company opened KISS by Monster Mini Golf in Las Vegas , Nevada , a facility themed around hard rock band KISS . Currently located in the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino , this location features the typical Monster Mini Golf fare (but heavily KISS-themed), a rock and roll themed wedding chapel called "The Love It Loud Wedding Chapel", the world's largest KISS gift shop, and a museum featuring memorabilia from

3240-473: The course and props before opening in an 8,000-square-foot (740 m) space in an old textile mill that had housed Christina's former auction house . Monster Mini Golf became legal to franchise in November 2005. All locations incorporate glow-in-the-dark settings with fluorescent golf balls and monsters. The only consistent features in each franchise are the "Enter at Your Own Risk" sign that hangs above

3312-647: The difference in audio quality is not substantial enough. Monster Cable and similar "boutique" cables are a substantial source of revenue for retailers of electronics, such as DVD players and TVs. While the profit margins of DVD players and TVs may be low, the profit margins of Monster Cables and similar products provide supplemental revenue for these retailers. Employees of such retailers are trained to market and bundle Monster Cable and similar products in order to increase profitability. According to The New York Times , profit margins for retailers can be 40 percent or more and The Consumerist reported that one retailer

3384-534: The difference varies from person to person. Many reporters and audiophiles have done double-blind A/B listening tests and are unable to hear the difference. According to PC Magazine , Monster is "often accused of selling over-priced cables that you can buy elsewhere for a fraction of the price". Wired magazine said "with Monster, you pay a staggering premium for durability and good looks". Many reviewers stress that Monster HDMI cables are not needed for lower-resolution televisions or over short distances and that

3456-1093: The excited triplet state, and, even if T 1 is formed, phosphorescence is most frequently outcompeted by non-radiative pathways. One strategy to enhance the ISC and phosphorescence is the incorporation of heavy atoms, which increase spin-orbit coupling (SOC). Additionally, the SOC (and therefore the ISC) can be promoted by coupling n-π* and π-π* transitions with different angular momenta, also known as Mostafa El-Sayed 's rule. Such transitions are typically exhibited by carbonyl or triazine derivatives, and most organic room-temperature phosphorescent (ORTP) materials incorporate such moieties. In turn, to inhibit competitive non-radiative deactivation pathways, including vibrational relaxation and oxygen quenching and triplet-triplet annihilations, organic phosphors have to be embedded in rigid matrices such as polymers, and molecular solids (crystals, covalent organic frameworks, and others). In 1974 Becky Schroeder

3528-409: The film Monsters, Inc. , and a claim against an online used clothing retailer, MonsterVintage LLC. In 2004, Monster filed a complaint about the trademark application from Snow Monsters, a video website with skiing content for kids. The Snow Monsters owner initiated a lawsuit against Monster pre-emptively. It has also had a trademark dispute with the job site, Monster.com . In 2006, Monster brought

3600-422: The formation of a picture as the electron beam scans the screen, but fast enough to prevent the frames from blurring together. Even substances commonly associated with fluorescence may in fact be prone to phosphorescence, such as the liquid dyes found in highlighter pens, which is a common problem in liquid dye lasers . The onset of phosphorescence in this case can sometimes be reduced or delayed significantly by

3672-403: The ground state, and 1 the excited state). Transitions can also occur to higher energy levels, but the first excited state is denoted for simplicity. Solid materials typically come in two main types: crystalline and amorphous. In either case, a lattice or network of atoms and molecules form. In crystals, the lattice is a very neat, uniform assembly. However, nearly all crystals have defects in

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3744-583: The helm. As of 2021, their work force was down to less than 10 people from a height during the Beats days with over 850 globally. As of 2004, Monster owned about 300 trademarks, 70 of which are related to the word "Monster". By 2009, the company had made 190 filings with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office . Most filings were to delay potentially infringing trademark applications so Monster could study them. Some were formal oppositions and about 30 resulted in lawsuits. Most lawsuits were settled with non-disclosed terms. Critics and defendants say that Monster

3816-436: The largest and most reputable auction houses in the area. In 2003 Christina decided to sell the business as the grueling hours and international travel become tiresome. The concept for Monster Mini Golf was thought up on the way home from a weekend trip to New York City . Patrick sold his production company in 2004 and the couple combined their experience and talents to launch Monster Mini Golf. It took them five months to build

3888-551: The market for audio devices for automotive briefly, but withdrew to focus on home entertainment. Its first product intended for the mass-market was introduced in 1987. Monster re-entered the auto audio market in the early 1990s with a new line of speaker cables and its first speaker product, the Persona One. Its high-end M-series product line was introduced in 1992. It also expanded internationally, especially in Asia. Monster had

3960-435: The material versus the "depth" of the trap, or how many electron-volts it exerts. A trap that has a depth of 2.0 electron-volts would require a great amount of thermal energy (very high temperature) to overcome the attraction, while at a depth of 0.1 electron-volts very little heat (very cold temperature) is needed for the trap to even hold an electron. Generally, higher temperatures cause a faster release of energy, resulting in

4032-579: The mechanism used for glow-in-the-dark materials which are "charged" by exposure to light. Unlike the relatively swift reactions in fluorescence, such as those seen in laser mediums like the common ruby , phosphorescent materials "store" absorbed energy for a longer time, as the processes required to reemit energy occur less often. However, timescale is still only a general distinction, as there are slow-emitting fluorescent materials, for example uranyl salts , and, likewise, some phosphorescent materials like zinc sulfide (in violet) are very fast. Scientifically,

4104-428: The novelty category. Strontium aluminate based pigments are now used in exit signs, pathway marking, and other safety related signage. Since both phosphorescence (transition from T 1 to S 0 ) and the generation of T 1 from an excited singlet state (e.g., S 1 ) via intersystem crossing (ISC) are spin-forbidden processes, most organic materials exhibit insignificant phosphorescence as they mostly fail to populate

4176-401: The phenomena are classified by the different mechanisms that produce the light, as materials that phosphoresce may be suitable for some purposes such as lighting, but may be completely unsuitable for others that require fluorescence, like lasers. Further blurring the lines, a substance may emit light by one, two, or all three mechanisms depending on the material and excitation conditions. When

4248-406: The phosphor coatings used in fluorescent lamps , where phosphorescence on the order of milliseconds or longer is useful for filling in the "off-time" between AC current cycles, helping to reduce "flicker". Phosphors with faster decay times are used in applications like the pixels excited by free electrons ( cathodoluminescence ) in cathode-ray tube television-sets , which are slow enough to allow

4320-408: The photons involved matches the available energy states and allowed transitions of the substrate. In the special case of phosphorescence, the electron which absorbed the photon (energy) undergoes an unusual intersystem crossing into an energy state of different (usually higher) spin multiplicity ( see term symbol ), usually a triplet state . As a result, the excited electron can become trapped in

4392-419: The public, Monster Cable dropped the lawsuit and agreed to pay up to $ 200,000 of Monster Mini Golf's legal fees. Phosphorescence In a general sense, there is no distinct boundary between the emission times of fluorescence and phosphorescence (i.e.: if a substance glows under a black light it is generally considered fluorescent, and if it glows in the dark it is often simply called phosphorescent). In

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4464-408: The separation was "amicable" but they had disagreements on who deserves credit and the share of revenues. The partnership was responsible for a substantial portion of Monster's revenues. After the split, Monster created its own headphones product line and other celebrity-branded headphones with music groups Earth, Wind & Fire and Miles Davis . In October 2017, plans by Lee and Monster to enter

4536-437: The stacking sequence of these molecules and atoms. A vacancy defect , where an atom is simply missing from its place, leaving an empty "hole", is one type of defect. Sometimes atoms can move from place to place within the lattice, creating Schottky defects or Frenkel defects . Other defects can occur from impurities in the lattice. For example, when a normal atom is substituted by a different atom of much larger or smaller size,

4608-437: The stored energy becomes locked in by the spin of the atomic electrons , a triplet state can occur, slowing the emission of light, sometimes by several orders of magnitude. Because the atoms usually begin in a singlet state of spin, favoring fluorescence, these types of phosphors typically produce both types of emission during illumination, and then a dimmer afterglow of strictly phosphorescent light typically lasting less than

4680-432: The substance has a large number of traps of the correct depth, this substance will release a significant amount of light over a long period of time, creating a so-called "glow in the dark" material. Some examples of glow-in-the-dark materials do not glow by phosphorescence. For example, glow sticks glow due to a chemiluminescent process which is commonly mistaken for phosphorescence. In chemiluminescence, an excited state

4752-411: The trap and back into orbit around the atom. Only then can the atom emit a photon. Thus, persistent phosphorescence is highly dependent on the temperature of the material. Most photoluminescent events, in which a chemical substrate absorbs and then re-emits a photon of light, are fast, in the order of 10 nanoseconds . Light is absorbed and emitted at these fast time scales in cases where the energy of

4824-421: The triplet state with only "forbidden" transitions available to return to the lower energy singlet state. These transitions, although "forbidden", will still occur in quantum mechanics but are kinetically unfavored and thus progress at significantly slower time scales. Most phosphorescent compounds are still relatively fast emitters, with triplet decay-times in the order of milliseconds. Common examples include

4896-401: The use of triplet-quenching agents. S 0 + h ν → S 1 → T 1 → S 0 + h ν ′   {\displaystyle S_{0}+h\nu \to S_{1}\to T_{1}\to S_{0}+h\nu ^{\prime }\ } where S is a singlet and T a triplet whose subscripts denote states (0 is

4968-491: Was experimenting with different copper qualities, wire constructs and winding methods of audio cables in his family's garage and comparing them while listening to Tchaikovsky 's 1812 Overture . He became convinced that audio cables could be engineered to improve audio quality by conducting electricity more efficiently. Using a borrowed portion of somebody's booth at the 1978 Consumer Electronics Show , he did demonstrations of his cables in comparison to standard wires. After

5040-462: Was founded by an audiophile and engineer, Noel Lee , in 1979 by experimenting with different ways to build audio cables. It grew by doing demonstrations to convince the industry that audio cables made a difference in audio quality and by establishing relationships with retailers that were attracted to the cable's profit margins. Over the years it created new divisions like Monster Music, Monster Game, Monster Mobile, Monster Photo and Monster Power. In

5112-541: Was given a US patent for her invention of the "Glow Sheet" which used phosphorescent lines under writing paper to help people write in low-light conditions. Glow in the dark material is added to the plastic blend used in injection molds to make some disc golf discs, which allow the game to be played at night. Often clock faces of watches are painted with phosphorescent colours. Therefore, they can be used in absolute dark environments for several hours after having been exposed to bright light. A common use of phosphorescence

5184-419: Was selling some cables at an 80 percent markup. This has led to criticisms that sales staff are motivated to sell high-end cable products to customers that don't need them and to be aggressive in order to obtain incentives. Monster has responded by saying that markups are determined by the retailer and are usually less than those found on clothing, jewelry and furniture. As of 1998, Monster spent $ 13 million

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