108-555: Monstrous Regiment may refer to: The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women , a 1558 tract by John Knox. First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women , a 1997 novel by Scottish-Canadian author Eric McCormack The Monstrous Regiment , a 1929 publication by Christopher Hollis The Monstrous Regiment ,
216-489: A 1973 novel by Thomas Berger Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Monstrous Regiment . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monstrous_Regiment&oldid=1222209408 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
324-446: A 1990 science fiction novel by Storm Constantine A Monstrous Regiment of Women , a 1995 mystery novel by Laurie R. King Monstrous Regiment (novel) , a 2003 Discworld novel by Terry Pratchett Monstrous Regiment Theatre Company , a British feminist theatre company that performed from 1975 to 1993 See also [ edit ] Regiment of Women , a 1917 novel by Clemence Dane Regiment of Women (Berger novel) ,
432-735: A French "viceroy" in her stead. His mission was abandoned, but more French troops arrived in Scotland. All seemed lost for the Protestant side until an English fleet arrived in the Firth of Forth in January 1560, which caused the French to retreat to Leith , the port of Edinburgh which Mary of Guise had re-fortified. The Lords of the Congregation began negotiations with England. John Knox
540-590: A Professor of English, believed that Knox was not misogynistic but just passionate about maintaining the natural order of things. Felch further stated that while Knox was writing The First Blast he was writing letters to women which were "remarkably free of gendered rhetoric". Knox addressed his female friends as partners in the fight against sin. Accompanied with expressions of non-romantic love, Knox gave spiritual advice to them but also believed that women could make their own spiritual decisions and encouraged them to do so. Felch believed that Knox did not think of Mary I as
648-600: A Reformed programme of parish worship and preaching, as local communities sought out Protestant ministers. In 1558, the Regent summoned the Protestant preachers to answer for their teaching, but backed down when lairds from the west country threatened to revolt. The accession of the Protestant Elizabeth I in England in 1558 stirred the hopes and fears of Scottish Protestants. Elizabeth came to secretly support
756-577: A fayer table diamount", had belonged to Catherine Parr . The Princess Mary Tudor declined to attend her visit, though the Princess Elizabeth was present, and according to John Aylmer , unlike the other women at Edward's court she did not try to emulate the novel French " frounsed , curled and double-curled" hairstyles of Guise's Scottish retinue. On her way north to Scotland Ralph Sadler conveyed her through Hertfordshire , and she stopped at Robert Chester's house at Royston Priory and
864-516: A garrison of French troops were stationed. One house was near Shore at the Paunch Market, afterwards called Queen Street in her honour. The former residence housed Oliver Cromwell in 1651. The building was demolished in 1849, the site, which is now a car park, lies at the south-west section of Shore Place, the new name for Queen Street. Additionally, she had a small palace on Rotten Row (now called Water Street). After her death, this went into
972-417: A lesser being, but believed that her decision to take the throne was sinful. Richard G. Kyle also agreed that Knox could not have been misogynistic because, besides The First Blast , Knox's writing did not deride or ridicule women. A. Daniel Frankforter, a history professor at Penn State, pointed to times when Knox complimented women as evidence for Knox's non-misogynistic beliefs. He cited, for example,
1080-630: A newly painted spear for her royal standard, Mary came to view the progress of the siege of Haddington in July 1548. On 9 July her party came in range of the English guns and sixteen of her entourage were killed around her. Following this terrifying incident, Mary gave one of her gunners at Haddington, Andro Straitoun, a reward of a month's wages, £4 Scots . By the resolution of the Scottish Parliament made at Haddington Abbey on 7 July,
1188-654: A policy of accommodation towards her Protestant subjects, though she was ultimately unable to prevent the Scottish Reformation . Mary was born at Bar-le-Duc , Lorraine , the eldest daughter of Claude, Duke of Guise , head of the House of Guise , and his wife Antoinette of Bourbon , herself the daughter of Francis, Count of Vendome , and Marie de Luxembourg . Among her 11 siblings were Francis, Duke of Guise ; Claude, Duke of Aumale ; Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine ; and Louis I, Cardinal of Guise . When Mary
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#17327725578701296-712: A professor of History at Florida State University, said, "John Knox has gained a certain degree of notoriety in the popular mind as an antifeminist because of his attack on female sovereigns in The First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women (1558). Yet his attack was by no means original, for similar views were propounded in the sixteenth century by diverse writers." Susan M. Felch, director of Calvin Center for Christian Scholarship and
1404-605: A rebellion should take place to dethrone her. Many people in Scotland agreed with Knox that it was not natural for women to rule but they did not agree with his belief that the queens should be replaced. Because of Knox's bold call to action, his contemporaries began to consider Knox as a revolutionary. Soon after publishing The First Blast, Knox continued to write fervently. Prior to August 1558, he wrote three items which supplemented The First Blast. He wrote to Mary of Guise to compel her to support Protestantism and to convince her to let him regain his right to preach. He wrote to
1512-524: A replacement. From August 1553, she wrote to the French ambassador in London, Antoine de Noailles , using cipher code. Mary herself became regent on 12 April 1554 at a meeting of Parliament. Henri Cleutin is said to have placed the crown on her head, although the nature of any ceremony is uncertain. The eleven-year-old Queen Mary sent her congratulations to "la Royne, ma mere" ("the Queen, my mother") from
1620-466: A rumour that Henry VIII now wished to make Mary of Guise his sixth wife. He confronted Mary with this and she prevaricated, learning from him (as she had already guessed) that he told everything to Sadler. She then sent her confidant Lord Fleming to Sadler to report the conversation. In turn, Sadler relayed to Henry VIII his account of "every man's tale whereby your grace may perceive the perplexed state of affairs in Scotland." In July 1543 she moved with
1728-640: A second French bride to further the interests of the Franco-Scottish alliance against England . According to a 17th-century writer, William Drummond of Hawthornden , James V had noticed the attractions of Mary when he went to France to meet Madeleine and Mary of Bourbon , and she was next in his affections. It is known that Mary had attended the wedding of James and Madeleine. Henry VIII of England , whose third wife Jane Seymour had just died, also asked for Mary's hand in an attempt to frustrate James's plan. In December 1537, Henry VIII told Castillon ,
1836-441: A section of an armed force. The title appears in all capitals, except for the last four words; in accordance with 16th-century orthographical norms, capitalized "trumpet" and "monstruous" are written TRVMPET and MONSTRVOVS. John Knox was a Scottish Protestant preacher and notary born in 1514 who was involved in some of the most contentious religious and political debates of the day. Exiled from Scotland for his evangelism by
1944-487: A secure Catholic country. Some modern historians such as Pamela E. Ritchie believe that the change to Guise's policy was not dramatic, but both Catholic and Protestant would perceive and react to the tense political situation. As the Scottish Reformation crisis was developing, Henry II died on 10 July 1559, and Mary Stuart became Queen Consort of France. In France, Mary and Francis II began to publicly display
2052-659: A ship, troops and a cannon to help the Earl of Sutherland arrest Iye du Mackay, Lord Reay , who had caused mischief in Sutherland. With much less success the Earls of Huntly and Argyll were despatched to pass with fire and sword to Moidart and Lewis . Huntly's failure led to his imprisonment. During another progress in 1556 she visited Inverness , Ross, Elgin , Banff and Aberdeen . One measure made by Parliament in June 1555
2160-594: A tax used for defence, including the fortification of Inchkeith . Some contributions were paid directly to the master of works , William MacDowall . Mary of Guise employed an Italian military engineer from Siena, Lorenzo Pomarelli, during the six years of her regency. Domestic efforts were hampered by the outbreak of international conflict in January 1557 and war with England. An apparent set-back to Guise's command occurred in October, when she went south to Hume Castle and sent an army towards England. Instructed to cross
2268-404: A visit to the shrine of St Adrian could help a woman become pregnant, and Mary of Guise made a note of her pilgrimages in Scotland. She was crowned queen at Holyrood Abbey on 22 February 1540. Preparations for her coronation had begun in October 1539 when the jeweller John Mosman made a new crown from Scottish gold and her silver sceptre was gilded. Payments made for the ceremony include
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#17327725578702376-598: A white sheet, on a bed hung with black satin, attended by her ladies-in-waiting. Her body was then wrapped in lead and rested in a coffin on a bier in St Margaret's Chapel in Edinburgh Castle for several months. The chapel was hung with black cloth with a white taffeta cross above the body. On 18 March 1561, it was secretly carried from the castle at midnight and shipped to France. Mary, Queen of Scots attended her funeral at Fécamp in July 1561. Mary of Guise
2484-442: Is but blindnes: their strength, weaknes: their counsel, foolishenes: and judgement, phrenesie, if it be rightlie considered. Knox had three primary sections in The First Blast . First, that gynarchy was " 'repugnant to Nature'; second, 'a contumlie to God'; and finally, 'the subversion of good order ' ". Knox believed that when a female ruled in society, it went against the natural order of things. He further went on to say that it
2592-465: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women is a polemical work by the Scottish reformer John Knox , published in 1558. It attacks female monarchs , arguing that rule by women is contrary to
2700-413: Is known as Lamb's House . Following James V's death in 1542, the government of Scotland was first entrusted to James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran , as regent . Henry VIII of England wished the infant Mary to marry his son, Prince Edward . This led to internal conflicts in Scotland between those who favoured the marriage and those who preferred the alliance with France and led to an English invasion,
2808-465: Is written that my First Blast hath blown from me all my friends in England." Knox ended his letter, though, by saying that he stood by what he had said. Through it all, Knox continued to see himself as a prophet and believe that he needed to still declare God's words. When Mary of Guise died in 1560, Knox wrote that Mary's unpleasant death and the deaths of her sons and husband were a divine judgement that would have been prevented if she had listened to
2916-653: The Articles of Leith at Leith Links on 25 July 1559 which promised religious tolerance, then withdrew to Stirling. In September, the previous regent, the 2nd Earl of Arran, with the safe return of his son , accepted the leadership of the Lords of the Congregation and established a provisional government. However, Mary of Guise was reinforced by professional French troops. Some of these troops established themselves at Kinghorn in Fife, and after they destroyed Hallyards Castle ,
3024-648: The Château de Meudon at Easter, where she was staying with her grandmother and her uncle, the Cardinal of Lorraine . In many affairs, Mary of Guise consulted her brothers in France—the Cardinal of Lorraine, and Francis, Duke of Guise , both of whom held government positions in France—so that Scotland and France worked as allies in dealing with other nations. Henry II's representative in Scotland from 1546 to 1560
3132-595: The Grand Chamberlain of France , at the Louvre Palace . Their union turned out to be happy, but brief. On 30 October 1535, Mary gave birth to her first son, Francis , but on 9 June 1537, Louis died at Rouen and left her a pregnant widow at the age of 21. For the rest of her life, Mary kept the last letter from her bon mari et ami (her good husband and friend) Louis, which mentioned his illness and explained his absence at Rouen. It can still be seen at
3240-487: The Grand Chamberlain of France . The marriage was arranged by King Francis I of France , but proved shortlived. The Duke of Longueville died in 1537, and the widower kings of England and Scotland, Henry VIII and James V, both sought the Duchess of Longueville's hand. After much persuasion from Francis I and James V, who wrote a personal letter pleading for her hand and counsel, Mary eventually relented and agreed to marry
3348-567: The National Library of Scotland . On 4 August 1537, Mary gave birth to their second son, who was named Louis after his deceased father. Louis died very young, but Francis wrote letters to his mother in Scotland. On 22 March 1545 he sent a piece of string to show how tall he was, and on 2 July 1546 he sent her his portrait. Later, in 1537, Mary became the focus of marriage negotiations with James V of Scotland , who had lost his first wife, Madeleine of Valois , to tuberculosis, and wanted
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3456-637: The Treaty of Greenwich , and at the end of 1543 he launched the war now called the Rough Wooing, hoping to turn the situation around. In 1544 she spearheaded an unsuccessful attempt to replace Arran as regent. After a Scottish defeat at the Battle of Pinkie in September 1547, French military aid weakened English resolve and increased the power base of Mary of Guise, who remained in Scotland. Equipped with
3564-409: The "dames" or married women are; Lady Arran, Lady Cassillis (senior), Lady Erskine, Lady Elphinston, Lady Livingston and Coullombe (senior). The unmarried "demoiselles" were Margaret Hume, Margery Livingston, Jean Elphinston, Jean Murray, Annabell Murray , Margaret Steward, Anne Scot, Margery Kirkcaldy, Coullombe, Barbara Sandilands, Barbara Kennedy, Cassillis, Crespy, Crespanville, with Elizabeth Murray
3672-505: The 16th century. Elaborating, Knox stated that the only similarity Queen Mary had with Deborah and Huldah was their gender. This was not sufficient to Knox. Furthermore, Deborah and Huldah did not claim the right to pass on their authority, but the queens did. One of Calvin's arguments was that gynarchy was acceptable since Moses had sanctioned the daughters of Zelophehad to receive an inheritance. Knox refuted this second point in The First Blast by pointing out that receiving an inheritance
3780-518: The Bible. The title employs certain words in spellings and senses that are now archaic. "Monstruous" (from Latin mōnstruōsus ) means "unnatural"; "regiment" ( Late Latin regimentum or regimen ) means "rule" or "government". The title is frequently found with the spelling slightly modernised, e.g. "monstrous regiment" or "monstrous regimen". It is clear however that the use of "regimen[t]" meant "rule" and should not be confused with " regiment " as in
3888-668: The Catholic government of Mary of Guise (mother of and regent for the child monarch Mary, Queen of Scots ), he was allowed to preach in Northern England starting in 1549, which at the time was under the Protestant regime of King Edward VI . His preaching built Knox a congregation of followers who stayed loyal to him even after he had to flee to the Continent after the accession of the Catholic Mary Tudor to
3996-679: The English throne. Knox believed that he was an authority on religious doctrine and frequently described himself as "watchman" , drawing similarities between his life and that of Jeremiah , Ezekiel , Jehu and Daniel . He saw his duty as to "blow his master's trumpet". But his views were not popular with Mary Tudor, the new Catholic monarch, so in 1554 Knox fled to mainland Europe. At the time, both Scotland and England were governed by female leaders, both of whom were Catholic. While in Europe, Knox discussed this question of gynarchy with John Calvin and Heinrich Bullinger . Knox believed that gynarchy
4104-431: The French ambassador in London, that he was big in person and had need of a big wife. Allegedly, given Henry's marital history—banishing his first wife and beheading the second—Mary refused the offer by saying: "I may be a big woman, but I have a very little neck." This is said to have been a reference to the famously macabre jest made by Henry's French-educated second wife, Anne Boleyn , who had joked before her death that
4212-519: The French at Leith . As the fighting continued, the English ambassador in France Nicholas Throckmorton praised Guise for having the "hart of a man of warre" and the English bishop John Jewel described her as "a woman with a man's courage". After an English assault on Leith was repulsed with heavy losses, some of the leaders of the Lords of the Congregation came to Edinburgh Castle on 12 May 1560 and had dinner with Mary and
4320-508: The French commissioners were unwilling to make a treaty with the insurgent Lords of the Congregation, they offered the Scots certain concessions from King Francis and Queen Mary, including the right to summon a parliament according to use and custom. The effect of the treaty was to leave power in the hands of the pro-English Protestants. Amongst records of her expenses and household there is a list of her ladies-in-waiting. The names (modernised) of
4428-617: The French. She brought with her a large retinue of Scottish gentlemen, including the earls of Huntly , Cassillis , Sutherland , Marischal and Wigtown , plus lords Home and Maxwell , and the bishops of Caithness and Galloway . Historians have analysed the Scottish retinue as a team-building exercise for Mary. Over the winter she stayed with the French court at Blois , then spent the summer with Henry II visiting Tours , Angers and Nantes . She bought fabrics and clothes from Robert Fichepain and René Tardif. At Amboise in April, Mary
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4536-664: The Highlands with James on a hunting trip to Glen Finglas , with six ladies-in-waiting . The Duchess of Guise sent her masons, including Nicolas Roy , miners and an armourer. She had a French painter, Pierre Quesnel , to decorate her palaces. Her household included a dwarf and a fool who were both dressed in green. In December 1538, the court was at Falkland Palace , and her ladies in waiting were given gowns of purple or black velvet, with white taffeta, red damask, or black satin skirts. Her serving women got gowns of Paris black and French brown cloth. Wild boar were sent to stock
4644-598: The King of Scots. Following the new queen's arrival in Scotland, James and Mary were married in person in June 1538 at St Andrews Cathedral . Mary was crowned queen at Holyrood Abbey on 22 February 1540, and the marriage produced three children in quick succession: James, Duke of Rothesay ; Robert, Duke of Albany; and Mary . Both sons died in April 1541, just 14 hours apart, and when James V himself died in December 1542, his only surviving heir, Mary, became Queen of Scots at
4752-559: The Late Blowne Blaste, Concerninge the Government of Wemen" on 26 April 1559. While Knox believed that the Bible held absolute authority on everything, including politics, Alymer disagreed. He believed that the narratives in the Bible were not always God's way of explaining right and wrong but were sometimes historical expositions only. Aylmer also argued that what Knox called "monstrous" was actually just "uncommon". This
4860-558: The Lords of the Congregation. In January 1559, the anonymous Beggars' Summons threatened friars with eviction in favour of beggars. This was calculated to appeal to the passions of the populace of towns who appeared to have particular complaints against friars. Fearing disorder and now determined by circumstance to show less tolerance, the Regent summoned the reformed preachers to appear before her at Stirling on 10 May. Insurrection followed. The men of Angus assembled in Dundee to accompany
4968-474: The Regent's ambassadors were the Earl of Argyll and Lord James Stewart, Earl of Moray , both professed Protestants. When the Regent stationed French mercenaries in Perth, both abandoned her and joined the Lords of the Congregation at St Andrews, where they were also joined by John Knox. Even Edinburgh soon fell to them in July, as Mary retreated to Dunbar . The Congregation Lords made a truce with Guise and signed
5076-475: The Scottish retinue for signs of dissent, reported, "the Dowager of Scotland maketh all this court weary of her, such an importunate beggar is she for herself. The king would fain be rid of her. The trucking is about money matters". While accompanying her to Dieppe on her return, her son Francis died at Amiens on 22 September 1551. In October 1551, she met Edward VI in England. Mary landed at Portsmouth and
5184-516: The age of six days old. James V's death thrust Mary of Guise into the political arena as mother of the infant Queen of Scots, with the government of Scotland entrusted to James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran , as regent during the early years of the minority and the Rough Wooing . With the Treaty of Haddington in 1548, the child queen Mary was betrothed to Francis , the Dauphin of France , and
5292-498: The ancient heroines Tomyris , Semiramis and Penthesilea . After negotiating on Christmas Day 1549 at Stirling Castle for more French guns for the siege of Broughty Castle , she showed more prudence by watching the successful assault on Wednesday 6 February 1550 from a vantage point across the Tay. Paul de Thermes led the French troops, 240 were injured and 50 killed. The garrison surrendered six days later at midnight. Mary of Guise
5400-559: The armoury at Leith up to Edinburgh Castle to fire salutes on her return. In December 1552, Mary of Austria, Queen of Hungary , sister of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V , pointed out to Mary that her diplomatic complaints had no force and must come from Arran. Furthermore, she was dissatisfied by Mary's evident friendship with France. Mary's power was increasing. In May 1553, the imperial ambassador in London, Jean Scheyfve , heard she had challenged Arran's regency and proposed James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray , her illegitimate step-son, as
5508-419: The arms of England in their blazon . This too was a motivation for English intervention in Scottish affairs. In 1557, a group of Scottish lords who became known as the " Lords of the Congregation " drew up a covenant to "maintain, set forth, and establish the most blessed Word of God and his Congregation". This was followed by outbreaks of iconoclasm in 1558/59. At the same time, plans were being drawn up for
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#17327725578705616-409: The border and attack Wark Castle, the Scottish lords held their own council at Eckford and returned home. Efforts for peace between England and Scotland were helped by the efforts of Christophe d'Assonleville, a diplomat sent to England and Scotland by Philip II of Spain who was joint ruler of England at that time (husband of Queen Mary Tudor). The Scottish armed presence on the border was reduced in
5724-669: The child Mary was sent to France in August 1548 to be raised with her husband-to-be, the dauphin Francis , son of Henry II of France . Guise first planned to sail with Mary from Dumbarton as far as Whithorn where she would make pilgrimage. Instead, she returned for a council meeting in Edinburgh. At this time, the dedication of the Scottish book, The Complaynt of Scotland , recalled Mary of Guise's descent from Godfrey de Bouillon and claimed her courage and virtue exceeded those of
5832-425: The child was sickly. Sadler wrote that the infant was "as goodly a child I have seen, and like to live". Guise reminded him of Regent Arran's plans to have his son James Hamilton marry Princess Elizabeth . Guise tried to get Sadler to intercede with Regent Arran to release her ally Cardinal Beaton from imprisonment, alleging his political expertise could be employed to mutual benefit. In April 1543, Arran heard
5940-425: The convent and prepared her for life at the French court. In 1531, Mary made her first appearance and debut at the wedding of Francis I and Eleanor of Austria . She established a friendship with the king's daughters Madeleine (whom she would later succeed as Queen of Scots) and Margaret . On 4 August 1534, at the age of 18, she became Duchess of Longueville by marrying Louis II d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville ,
6048-452: The dowry. Mary received the news with shock and alarm, as she did not wish to leave family and country, especially as she had just lost her first husband and her younger son. Reportedly, her father tried to delay matters, apparently until James, perhaps sensing her reluctance, wrote to her, appealing for her advice and support. However, the authenticity of this letter, which was first produced in 1935, has been questioned. David Beaton (who
6156-427: The executioner would find killing her easy because she had "a little neck". King Francis I of France accepted James's proposal over Henry's and conveyed his wishes to Mary's father. Francis had a marriage contract prepared that offered James a dowry as large as if Mary had been born a princess of France. Mary's mother found the contract "marvellously strange", because the king had included Mary's son's inheritance in
6264-500: The feminist British theatre troupe, the Monstrous Regiment Theatre Company . Mary of Guise Mary of Guise ( French : Marie de Guise ; 22 November 1515 – 11 June 1560), also called Mary of Lorraine , was Queen of Scotland from 1538 until 1542, as the second wife of King James V . She was a French noblewoman of the House of Guise , a cadet branch of the House of Lorraine and one of
6372-510: The first months of 1558. Mary's regency was threatened, however, by the growing influence of the Scottish Protestants . To an extent she had tolerated the growing number of Protestant preachers. She needed to win support for her pro-French policies, and they could expect no alternative support from England at a time when Mary Tudor ruled. The marriage of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots , to the dauphin of France on 24 April 1558
6480-514: The following with regard to the specific role of women bearing authority: For who can denie but it repugneth to nature, that the blind shal be appointed to leade and conduct such as do see? That the weake, the sicke, and impotent persones shall norishe and kepe the hole and strong, and finallie, that the foolishe, madde and phrenetike shal gouerne the discrete, and giue counsel to such as be sober of mind? And such be al women, compared vnto man in bearing of authoritie. For their sight in ciuile regiment,
6588-671: The forbidden fruit had continued and all women were therefore punished by being subjected to men. In his analysis of the Creation , Knox furthered his argument by stating that women were created in the image of God "only with respect to creatures, not with respect to man". Knox believed that men were a superior reflection of God and women were an inferior reflection. The First Blast contained four main counterarguments to John Calvin 's arguments. First, Knox argued that while God had given authority to biblical female leaders, Deborah and Huldah, God had not given that authority to any female in
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#17327725578706696-496: The fortifications of the realm. After the Treaty was signed, Mary was able to travel to France to see her family. Mary left Scotland on 6 September 1550 and arrived at Dieppe in time to participate in a festival with the French court at Rouen with her daughter on 1 October 1550. At Rouen, Mary and the Queen of Scots rode in procession behind soldiers carrying banners depicting Scottish fortresses recently defended and recovered by
6804-785: The hanging of tapestries ; carrying church furnishings from the Palace chapel into the Abbey; the attendance of eleven chaplains; boards for stages in the Abbey; and messengers sent to summon the ladies of the kingdom. A salute of 30 guns was fired from David's Tower in Edinburgh Castle , and there were fireworks devised by James and made by his royal gunners. James and Mary had two sons: James, Duke of Rothesay (born 22 May 1540 at St Andrews), and Robert, Duke of Albany (born and baptised on 12 April 1541); however, they died 14 hours apart on 21 and 20 April, respectively, in 1541, when James
6912-415: The high majority of Knox's writings were uplifting instead of condemning. She contests that Knox lashed out at Mary I because he felt isolated and persecuted. Around the 20th century, the work's title became a popular ironic cliché in feminist literature and art. Examples include the novels Regiment of Women (1917), A Monstrous Regiment of Women (1995), and Monstrous Regiment (2003), as well as
7020-402: The high priest of Baal, who represented Stephen Gardiner . It was clear that Knox was calling for the removal of Queen Mary I. He may have even been demanding that she be executed. While many Christians in the 16th century believed it was their Christian duty to always follow their monarch, Knox believed it was worse for a Christian to follow a ruler that was evil. He claimed that, if needed,
7128-465: The house of William Kirkcaldy of Grange , Mary (according to Knox) declared, "Where is now John Knox's God? My God is now stronger than his, yea, even in Fife." In November, the rebels were driven back to Stirling. Fighting continued in Fife. Mary of Guise, troubled by illness, contemplated resigning the Regency, and returning to France. René II de Lorraine, Marquis d'Elbeuf was appointed to rule as
7236-508: The house of the Dowager Duchess of Suffolk at Grimsthorpe Castle near Stamford . Arran summoned some of the barons of East Lothian to meet her at Berwick, and the gentlemen of Selkirk , Jedburgh and Duns, Scottish Borders , Peebles and Lauder , Haddington, Dunbar and North Berwick were summoned to meet her at Our Lady Kirk of Steill on 24 November 1551. Six cart loads of breech-loading cannon chambers were brought from
7344-413: The infant Mary to Stirling Castle . When Ralph Sadler spoke to her again in August, Guise assured him the English marriage would go ahead when Mary was ten years old. In the meantime Mary was safe at Stirling; Guise said she was glad to be at Stirling, and "much she praised there about the house." It soon became clear to Henry VIII that Mary and Edward would not be married, despite Scottish promises and
7452-606: The invitation had been cancelled. While waiting in Dieppe, the frustrated Knox anonymously wrote The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women . Unlike his other publications, Knox published the final version of The First Blast without consulting his exiled congregation and in 1558 he published it with the help of Jean Crespin . The bulk of The First Blast contained Knox's counterarguments to Calvin's viewpoints on gynarchy that they had discussed previously. While discussing gynarchy in general, Knox's target
7560-456: The keeper of the castle, Lord Erskine . They discussed a plan that had been previously discussed, in which Mary would have travelled to France and met Elizabeth in England, and her brother would have been made viceroy in Scotland. The Lords again complained about Frenchmen being appointed to Scottish government posts. Negotiations to end the siege of Leith and demolish new fortifications at Dunbar Castle continued. The talks ended when permission
7668-556: The lordships of Galloway , Ardmannoch and the Isles . Finally, Mary accepted the offer and made hurried plans for departure. The proxy wedding of James V and Mary of Guise was held on 9 May 1538 in the Sainte Chapelle at the Château de Châteaudun . Some 2,000 Scottish lords and barons came from Scotland aboard a fleet of ships under Lord Maxwell to attend. Lord Maxwell brought a diamond ring and stood as proxy for James V at
7776-502: The most powerful families in France . As the mother of Mary, Queen of Scots , she was a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that marked mid-16th-century Scotland , ruling the kingdom as queen regent on behalf of her daughter from 1554 until her death in 1560. The eldest of the twelve children born to Claude, Duke of Guise , and Antoinette of Bourbon , in 1534 Mary was married to Louis II d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville ,
7884-507: The nobility to convince them of their duty to rise up against the queen. And he wrote to the people of Scotland to convince them of the need for reform. Knox intended to write a Second Blast and a Third Blast , but after seeing how people responded to the First , neither ever became reality. His polemic against female rulers had negative consequences for him when Elizabeth I succeeded her half-sister Mary I as Queen of England ; Elizabeth
7992-418: The ownership of Andrew Lamb, and it is almost certainly for this reason that her daughter Mary, Queen of Scots , visited on her return to Scotland in 1561. This house was demolished in 1830 to build a whisky warehouse, but Mary's memory lived on in the name of the "Mary of Guise Buildings". The latter was demolished around 1995 and was replaced by a small block of flats. A surviving, later 16th-century residence,
8100-695: The park at Falkland from Elbeuf near Rouen , and Mary of Guise's younger brother René II de Lorraine, Marquis d'Elbeuf later became an enthusiast for boar hunt with dogs and toiles, known as le vautrait . On 24 August 1539 Mary and James V made a pilgrimage to the Isle of May in the Forth . They took three ships, the Unicorn , the Little Unicorn and the Mary Willoughby . It was believed that
8208-502: The preachers to Stirling, and on 4 May they were joined by John Knox , who had recently arrived from France. Stirred by Knox's sermons in Perth and Dundee, the mob sacked religious houses (including the tomb of James I in Perth). In response, the Regent marched on Perth, but was forced to withdraw and negotiate when another reformed contingent arrived from the west at Cupar Muir . Among
8316-413: The queen prohibited "importing of heretical and seditious books" into England. After Knox revealed himself as the author of The First Blast , through a letter to the queen, he was refused entrance to England. Despite Knox's efforts to keep the blame for The First Blast on himself, his followers and other Protestants were punished. In a letter to Anna Locke on 6 April 1569, John Knox said, "To me it
8424-455: The resentment of the Scottish nobility at these appointments fuelled the coming crisis. Mary quickly began to deal effectively with Scottish affairs. In July 1554, she travelled to Jedburgh to hold a Justice Ayre for a fortnight, hoping to quell the longstanding feud between the Scott and Kerr border clans. She was escorted by armed horsemen commanded by Cleutin. In the autumn she paid for
8532-411: The so-called Rough Wooing . Guise told English diplomat Ralph Sadler that Regent Arran was a "simple man" and she could easily find out his "whole intent". At first Mary of Guise stayed at Linlithgow Palace . Sadler visited her on 22 March 1543 to see the infant Mary for the first time. Guise showed him the infant out of her swaddling, to show the child was healthy, because Arran had spread rumours
8640-489: The time when Knox told his mother-in-law that she was a mirror to his soul. Frankforter also believed that while Knox's rhetoric appears "virulent" and "misogynistic", it was likely no worse than everyone else in his time. Rosalind K. Marshall , a historian and Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, believed that the tone in The First Blast was defensive not aggressive. She further claimed that The First Blast
8748-466: The wedding ceremony on 9 May 1538. Maxwell, and the other lords and barons who had come to France, travelled back to Scotland with Mary, who sailed from Le Havre on 10 June 1538, leaving behind her three-year-old son, Francis, Duke of Longueville. She landed in Scotland 6 days later at Crail in Fife . She came in a fleet of three French galleys commanded by Jacques de Fountaines, Sieur de Mormoulins. She
8856-665: The words in The First Blast . Knox was not the only person to write against gynarchy. Two other main publications were also written, one by Christopher Goodman and the other by Anthony Gilby . Unlike Knox whose argument hinged on the premise of gender, Gilby and Goodman's arguments were rooted in Mary I being a Catholic. Others individuals including Jean Bodin , George Buchanan , Francois Hotman , and Montaigne also agreed with Knox, but their works were less known. Goodman relied on some of Knox's ideas in his publication "How Superior Powers Oght to be Obeyd". He agreed that female rule
8964-456: Was a supporter of the Protestant cause, but took offence at Knox's words about female sovereigns. Her opposition to him personally became an obstacle to Knox's direct involvement with the Protestant cause in England after 1559. She blamed him and the city of Geneva for permitting The First Blast to be published. Members of the Genevan congregation were searched, persecuted, and exiled. In 1558,
9072-452: Was a virtue from God for women to serve men. Knox thought that civil obedience was a prerequisite for heaven and Mary was not in line with the civil obedience. Although there were exceptions to this order, Knox believed that God was the only one who could make those exceptions. Knox appealed to the common belief that women were supposed to come after men because Eve came after (and from) Adam. Furthermore, God's anger against Eve for taking
9180-439: Was accepting of gynarchy because it was a national custom. Knox conversely believed that Biblical authority and God's will made Calvin's argument invalid. The First Blast concluded by using a biblical metaphor to call the nobility to action and remove the queen from the throne. In the Bible, Jehoiada , representing Knox, had instructed the rulers of the people to depose Athaliah , who represented Mary I. The Jews then executed
9288-439: Was against God's will and natural law. After the publication of Goodman's and Knox works, their friendship increased. But, while Goodman eventually rescinded his words about women rulers, Knox never did. On the other hand, many of Knox's contemporaries disagreed with his stance. In response to The First Blast, John Aylmer , an exiled English Protestant, wrote then published "An Harborowe for Faithful and Trewe Subjectes Agaynst
9396-659: Was an ambassador resident, Henri Cleutin , who had been effectively in charge of Scotland during her trip to France. During her regency (1554–60), Frenchmen were put in charge of the treasury and the Great Seal , while the French ambassador sometimes attended the Privy Council . Yves de Rubay was Master of Requests and Keeper of the Seals and Bartholomew de Villemore was Comptroller and Receiver-General of Revenue. Although Cleutin seems to have been universally popular,
9504-469: Was assassinated (by poisoning ), either by order of Queen Elizabeth I of England or possibly by others protecting the Queen's interests without any direct order from the Queen. However, no evidence supports such allegations, and there was an autopsy the day after she died. Mary's death was evidently from natural causes, since she herself complained she had become lame from the swelling of her legs in April and diagnosed herself as having dropsy. The swelling
9612-503: Was confirmed by her enemy, John Knox, who wrote that in May, "began hir bellie and lothsome leggis to swell." Even in the political climate of the 16th century, in which some royal deaths were suspected to have been murders, none of Mary's contemporaries saw signs of "foul play" in her death. The Regent's death made way for the Treaty of Edinburgh , in which France and England agreed they would each withdraw their troops from Scotland. Although
9720-414: Was contrary to the natural order of things, although Calvin and Bullinger believed it was acceptable for women to be rulers when the situation demanded. While in Europe, Knox was summoned back to Scotland to a hearing to be tried for heresy . However Mary, Queen of Scots cancelled the hearing and in 1557, he was invited back to Scotland to resume his preaching. Upon his arrival at Dieppe he learned that
9828-566: Was excluded, as his published tract The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women , although it aimed at Mary I of England , rendered him unacceptable to the newly crowned Elizabeth I . The Treaty of Berwick , signed in February, agreed that England would act jointly with the Protestant Lords to expel the French. Elizabeth I, sent an English land army into Scotland to join their Scottish allies in besieging
9936-605: Was five, she was godmother to her younger sister Louise. Not long afterward, she joined her grandmother Philippa of Guelders in the convent of the Poor Clares at Pont-à-Mousson . Mary grew to be exceptionally tall by the standards of her time and reached a height of 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 metres). Her mother mentioned that she suffered from bad colds. When she was about 14 her uncle Antoine, Duke of Lorraine , and aunt Renée of Bourbon visited her. Impressed by their niece's qualities and stature, they took her away from
10044-445: Was formally received by the king at St Andrews a few days later amid pageants and plays performed in her honour. James and Mary were married in person at St Andrews Cathedral on 18 June 1538. James's mother Margaret Tudor wrote to her brother Henry VIII in July, "I trust she will prove a wise Princess. I have been much in her company, and she bears herself very honourably to me, with very good entertaining." In August Mary went into
10152-517: Was given, by the King, an escort of gentlemen to accompany her to London. She stayed her first night at Southwick Priory . On her way to London she stopped at Warblington , Cowdray , Hampton Court , where she was entertained by the Marquess and Marchioness of Northampton , and Fulham Palace . At his meeting with Mary at Whitehall Palace , Edward gave her a diamond ring and two horses with trappings of russet gold tinsel . The ring, "sett with
10260-496: Was ineffective and caused problems and resentment. The offices of Deacon of the Crafts in burgh councils was abolished. This may have pleased influential merchants. Mary of Guise went to Perth to meet dissenters who disputed the right of craftsmen to be elected to the burgh council. Subsequently, the legislation was repealed. Scotland's burgh craft incorporations rewarded Guise for this reverse in policy by agreeing to contribute to
10368-403: Was interred at the church of Saint-Pierre-les-Dames, Reims , where Mary's sister Renée was abbess . A marble tomb was erected with a bronze statue of Mary, in royal robes, holding a sceptre and the rod of justice in one hand. The tomb was destroyed during the French revolution. Of Mary's five children, only her daughter Mary survived her. In modern times, there has been speculation that Mary
10476-500: Was made a cardinal in 1538) travelled to France for the marriage negotiations. He wrote to James V from Lyon on 22 October 1537 that Mary was "stark (strong), well complexioned, and fit to travel". Beaton wrote that the Duke of Guise was "marvellous desirous of the expedition and hasty end of the matter", and had already consulted with his brother, the Duke of Lorraine , and Mary herself, who
10584-565: Was mainly Queen Mary I . Knox, a staunch Protestant Reformer , opposed the Catholic queens on religious grounds, and used them as examples to argue against female rule over men generally. Building on his premise that, according to Knox's understanding of the Bible , "God, by the order of his creation, has [deprived] woman of authority and dominion" and from history that "man has seen, proved, and pronounced just causes why it should be", he argued
10692-780: Was nearly one year old and Robert was nine days old. Mary's mother Antoinette of Bourbon wrote that the couple was still young and should hope for more children. She thought a change of wet nurse and over-feeding contributed. The third and last child of the union was a daughter Mary , who was born on 8 December 1542. James died six days later, making the infant Mary queen of Scotland and the youngest ever monarch in Great Britain. Mary resided in other palaces and castles in Scotland, apart from Holyrood and Edinburgh Castle, and lodged in at least two houses on Edinburgh's High Street . She also had two houses, in Leith , Edinburgh's port, where
10800-463: Was not equivalent to gaining a civil office. The daughters were also required to marry within their tribe while Mary I had married Philip II of Spain . Calvin had told Knox that Mary I's rule was sanctioned because parliament and the general public had agreed to it. Knox countered this in The First Blast by stating that it did not matter if man agreed to the rule if God did not agree to it as well. The fourth point that Knox disagreed with Calvin on
10908-568: Was not meant as an accusation against all women but just the female monarchs. Additionally, Marshall believed that Knox was in a "religious fervour" when he wrote The First Blast and would not have normally written such cruel things when he held women in such high esteem. Jane E. Dawson , a professor of Reformation History at the University of Edinburgh, pointed out that Knox did not always have antagonism toward Mary Queen of Scots since they previously worked well together. She also agreed that
11016-482: Was portrayed by pointing out that although it was uncommon for a woman to give birth to twins, it was not monstrous. Matthew Parker , John Foxe , Laurence Humphrey , Edmund Spenser , and John Lesley also opposed Knox's views in The First Blast and John Calvin and Theodore Beza banned it from being sold. Despite his polemic against gynarchy in The First Blast , modern scholars of Knox have defended him against accusations of misogyny. As Richard Lee Greaves,
11124-539: Was quickly followed by Mary Tudor's death and the succession to the throne of England by Elizabeth on 17 November 1558. Mary Stuart's claim and rights of succession to the English throne depended in part on the Papal view of Elizabeth's legitimacy. If Henry II of France was to pursue Mary's claim with the Pope, as part of an ambitious plan that Scotland and England would succumb to French domination, he needed Scotland to be
11232-494: Was refused for the French commanders in Leith to come to the castle to discuss the proposals with Mary. While continuing to fortify Edinburgh Castle, Mary became seriously ill, and over the course of the next eight days her mind began to wander; on some days she could not even speak. On 8 June she made her will. She died of dropsy on 11 June 1560. She lay in state in the castle for a time, wrapped in cerecloth and covered with
11340-545: Was sent to be brought up in France under the protection of King Henry II . Mary of Guise replaced Arran as regent in 1554, and her regency was dominated by her determination to protect and advance the dynastic interests of her daughter, maintain the Franco-Scottish alliance, and reassert the power of the Scottish crown. Throughout her regency, Mary displayed tolerance towards the religious reform movement, and implemented
11448-408: Was sickened by news of a plot to poison the young queen of Scots. A Scottish would-be poisoner, Robert Stewart, discovered in London was delivered to the French in May. Throughout her time in France, Mary was anxious to gain the best settlement for her daughter's marriage to the dauphin and financial support for herself in Scotland. At Tours in May, a cynical English observer, John Mason , who scanned
11556-487: Was triumphant, writing that "the English had left nothing behind but the plague." The peace process began and Scotland was included in the Treaty of Boulogne of 24 March 1550. As part of the treaty, Mary's brother Claude, Marquis de Mayenne , was one of six French hostages sent to England. After their father died on 12 April 1550, Claude was allowed to come to Scotland with a passport from Edward VI dated 11 May. Claude wrote from Edinburgh on 18 May that he would survey
11664-515: Was with her mother in Champagne waiting for the resolution of the negotiations. The marriage contract was finalized in January 1538, with James V receiving a dowry of 150,000 livres . As was customary, if the king died first, Mary would retain for her lifetime her jointure houses of Falkland Palace , Stirling Castle , Dingwall Castle and Threave Castle , along with the rentals of the earldoms of Fife , Strathearn , Ross and Orkney , and
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