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46-423: In January 1894, about seven months after Montana College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts was founded, the college began acquiring and housing a formal library collection for its students and faculty research use. For the first two years of the library's existence, students or instructors served part-time to provide library services. In 1896, Mabel Ruth Owens became the first full-time professional librarian to oversee

92-436: A web series is a television-like show that is shown exclusively and/or initially on the internet. This does not include the streaming of pre-existing traditional television shows. Examples include Dr. Horrible's Sing Along Blog , The Lizzie Bennett Diaries , The Guild , and The Twilight Zone (2019) . Digital sound recordings have played a role since the 1970s with the acceptance of pulse-code modulation (PCM) in

138-477: A Montana State University's degree program such as the Department of Earth Sciences' Advanced Snow Science Degree in partnership with International Snow Science Workshop (ISSW), American Avalanche Association and Canadian Avalanche Center. A third type of digital collection includes those collections culminating from a partnership grant to develop and distribute online research materials to faculty, students and

184-1054: A free linear style reminiscent of Matisse 's drawings. They are found in permanent collections of museums around the world, including the Boston Museum of Fine Arts , the Brooklyn Museum , the Carnegie Museum of Art , the Metropolitan Museum , the Montana Museum of Art and Culture , the Museum of the Rockies , the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art , the Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian Institution,

230-778: A lifelong friend. Frances Senska taught both of them. Autio earned a Master of Arts degree from Washington State University in Pullman, Washington . In 1952, Autio was a founding resident artist at the Archie Bray Foundation . In 1957, Autio started the ceramics department at the University of Montana , in Missoula . He taught there for twenty-eight years and, until his death, he was retired as Professor Emeritus. Autio died of leukemia in 2007. Autio's torso-shaped vessels are painted with figures and animals in

276-536: A new coffee bar and installing MSU alumnus Rudy Autio 's ceramic sculpture Kosmos . A remodeling in 2011 transformed the entire first floor into an Information Commons . The newly reconfigured first floor opened up the area and added: movable furniture, multiple computer stations, portable classroom equipment, module group study rooms, increased power supply access for mobile devices , an expanded Writing Center , and Library Commons Technical Support staff to assist students and faculty with technical expertise. The Commons

322-410: A physical, analog form, they are not truly born-digital. However, others maintain that while these materials will often not have a subsequent physical counterpart, having one does not bar them from being classified as 'born-digital'. For instance, Mahesh and Mittal identify two types of born-digital content, "exclusive digital" and "digital for print", allowing for a broader base of classification than

368-433: A scale inconceivable for traditional print and physical materials. Again, the first-sale doctrine , which, from a consumer standpoint, allows purchasers of materials to sell or give away items (such as books and CDs ), is not yet applied effectively to digital objects. Three reasons for this have been identified by Victor Calaba: "...first, license agreements imposed by software manufacturers typically prohibit exercise of

414-439: A team of more than fifteen journalists, web developers, and designers to build. Digital preservation involves the conservation and maintenance of digital content. As with other digital objects , preservation must be a continuous and regular undertaking, as these materials do not show the same signs of degradation that print and other physical materials do. Invisible processes such as bit rot can lead to irreparable damage. In

460-431: Is $ 9,051,839. Included in that total are materials expenditures of $ 5,770,550 and personnel expenditures of $ 3,085,448. The Montana State University Archival collection total is 3,651 linear feet. Montana State University Library's hosted special events include: Academic and research library memberships for Montana State University Library include: Rudy Autio Rudy Autio (October 8, 1926 – June 20, 2007)

506-466: Is Radiohead's 2007 release In Rainbows , released initially as a digital download. The music industry has changed dramatically with the increase in digital music, specifically digital downloads . The digital format and consumers' growing comfort with it has led to rising sales in single tracks . This growth is clearly still underway, with all of the ten best-selling singles since 2000 having been released since 2007. This does not necessarily signal

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552-421: Is also affected by licensing laws — the lack of ownership of their digital collections leaves libraries with nothing when their license expires, despite the costs already paid. Laws created to protect the intellectual property were written for analog works; as such, provisions such as the first-sale doctrine of US copyright law , which enables libraries to lend materials to patrons, have not been applied to

598-414: Is an umbrella term for art created with a computer. Types include visual media, digital animation , computer-aided design , 3D models and interactive art . Webcomics , comics published primarily on the internet, are an example of exclusively born-digital art. Webcomics follow the tradition of user-generated content and may later be printed by the creator, but as they were originally disseminated through

644-480: Is particularly favorable to independent authors, because the digital marketplace creates a more direct connection between authors, their works, and the audience. Some publishing houses , including major ones such as Harlequin , have formed imprints for digital-only books in response to this trend. Publishers also offer digital-exclusive publications for use on e-book readers, such as the Kindle . One example of this

690-702: The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem . ScholarWorks is an open access institutional repository developed and maintained by the MSU Library for the collection, storage and online retrieval of Montana State University's intellectual work and scholarly output focused on Montana State University's mission of teaching, original research and community education initiatives. The Merrill G. Burlingame Special Collections contains primary sources that include original manuscript materials, historical documents, and photographs covering collections on

736-645: The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem ; Native American People of Montana and the Great Plains region; Montana and western United States agriculture, ranching, engineering and architecture; the Trout and Salmonid collection , and regional writers. Access to the Merrill G. Burlingame Special Collections is through the Burton K. Wheeler Reading Room. The fiscal year 2020 total budget for Montana State University Library

782-674: The Museum of the Rockies . The library is home to the Acoustic Atlas , a browsable collection of habitat and species sounds from throughout the Western United States. The Acoustic Atlas includes the Yellowstone Collection, a curated compilation of field recordings as well as a podcast series highlighting America's first national park. The audio collection offers a freely-accessible online archive of natural sounds, interviews and radio stories focused on

828-556: The library catalog , digital collections, reserves , interlibrary loan , student group-room reservations, and online retrieval of e-books and academic journals . Montana State University Library's collections include: books, e-books, digital media, multimedia, government documents, special collections, university archives, microform, and electronic and print academic, literary, and scientific journals and magazines. There are several types of digital collections at Montana State University Library. One type includes collections held within

874-992: The Applied Arts Museum in Helsinki, the Canton Museum of Art , the National Museum in Stockholm , the Portland Art Museum , the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston , the University of Michigan Museum of Art , the Chazen Museum of Art , and the Missoula Art Museum. Born-digital The term born-digital refers to materials that originate in a digital form. This is in contrast to digital reformatting , through which analog materials become digital , as in

920-634: The Library Commons along with the Brewed Awakening Coffee Bar and Writing Center, are Browse and Reading Areas of current issues of magazines, daily newspapers, new book acquisitions and two sections of recommended books, one by university faculty and the other by library staff. The Montana State University (MSU) Library website gives students, faculty and the Montana community online access to Ask A Librarian online chat ,

966-479: The case of born-digital content, deterioration can occur in the form of bit rot , a process in which digital files degrade over time, and link rot , a process in which URLs link to pages on the internet that are no longer available. Incompatibility is also a concern, in regard to the eventual obsolescence of both hardware and software capable of making sense of the documents. Many questions arise regarding what should be archived and preserved and who should undertake

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1012-760: The case of files created by scanning physical paper records. It is most often used in relation to digital libraries and the issues that go along with said organizations, such as digital preservation and intellectual property . However, as technologies have advanced and spread, the concept of being born-digital has also been discussed in relation to personal consumer-based sectors, with the rise of e-books and evolving digital music. Other terms that might be encountered as synonymous include "natively digital", "digital-first", and "digital-exclusive". There exists some inconsistency in defining born-digital materials. Some believe such materials must exist in digital form exclusively; in other words, if they can be transferred into

1058-412: The demise of CDs, as they are still more popular than digital albums , but it does show that this changing born-digital content is having a significant influence on sales and the industry. WebExhibits are websites that act as virtual museums for any variety of content. These often use both primary and secondary historical sources, maps, timelines, infographics, and other data visualizations to showcase

1104-435: The digital realm and preliminary versions of work are increasingly made available, knowing when to archive presents further complications. For digital libraries and repositories that are used as reference materials, such as PBS LearningMedia , which provides educational resources for teachers, staying relevance is of utmost importance. The information must be factually accurate and include context, while staying current to

1150-429: The digital realm. Therefore, certain copyrighted digital content that is licensed rather than owned, as is common with many digital materials, is often of limited use since it cannot be transmitted to patrons at various computers or lent through an interloan agreement. However, with regards to the preservation functions of libraries and archives and the subsequent need to make copies of born-digital materials,

1196-455: The effects they have. However, some universals do exist across these definitions. All make clear the fact that born-digital media must originate digitally. Also, they agree that this media must be able to be utilized in a digital form (whether exclusively or otherwise), while they do not have to exist or be used as analog materials. The term "born digital" is of uncertain origin. While it may have occurred to multiple people at various times, it

1242-628: The first sale doctrine; second, traditional copyright law may not support application of the first sale doctrine to digital works; finally, the [Digital Millennium Copyright Act ] functionally prevents users from making copies of digitized works and prohibits the necessary bypassing of access control mechanisms to facilitate a transfer." Increasingly, institutions are more interested in subscribing to digital versions of journals, something observed as some scholarly journals have unbundled their print and electronic editions and allowed for separate subscription; these trends have created questions about

1288-453: The former definition provides. Furthermore, it has been pointed out that certain works may incorporate components that are both born-digital and digitized , further blurring the lines between what should and should not be considered 'born-digital.' For example, a digital video created may utilize historical film footage that has been converted. It is important to be aware of these discrepancies when thinking about born-digital materials and

1334-609: The historical past. One example is Clio Visualizing History 's Click! The Ongoing Feminist Revolution , a web exhibit about the American women's movement from the 1940s to the present. Clio Visualizing History was founded by Lola Van Wagenen in 1996 to meet the growing need for innovative history projects in multi-media platforms. As existing print publications migrated to born-digital releases, digital native news websites such as HuffPo and Buzzfeed News have grown substantially. This trend toward web-exclusive content has seen

1380-474: The internet, they are considered to be born-digital media. Many webcomics are published on existing social media websites, while others use webcomic-specific platforms or their own domains. E-books are books that can be read through the digital screens of computers, smartphones, or dedicated devices . The e-book sector of the book industry has flourished in recent years, with increasing numbers of e-books and e-book readers being developed and sold. E-publishing

1426-598: The invention and dissemination of mobile phones capable of photography , sales of digital cameras eventually surpassed that of analog cameras. The early to mid 2000s saw the rise of photo storage websites, such as Flickr and Photobucket , and social media websites dedicated primarily to sharing digital photographs, including Instagram , Pinterest , Imgur , and Tumblr . Digital image files include Joint Photographic Experts Group ( JPEG ), Tagged Image File Format ( TIFF ), Portable Network Graphics ( PNG ), Graphic Interchange Format ( GIF ), and raw image format . Digital art

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1472-418: The job. Vast amounts of born-digital content are created constantly and institutions are forced to decide what and how much should be saved. Because linking plays such a large role in the digital setting, whether a responsibility exists to maintain access to links (and therefore context) is debated, especially when considering the scope of such a task. Additionally, since publishing is not as delineated in

1518-516: The laws of many countries have been changing, allowing for agreements to be made between these institutions and the rights holders of born-digital content. Consumers have also had to deal with intellectual property as it concerns their ownership of and ability to control the born-digital material that they buy. Piracy proves to be a bigger problem with digital objects, including those that are born-digital, because such materials can be copied and spread in perfect condition with speed and distance on

1564-690: The library's Archives and Special Collections that have been digitized for both online patron access and archival purposes. Collections currently available include the Thomas Brook photographs, the Ivan Doig papers, Montana State University photographs, Montana Works Progress Administration records, early Montana Extension Service Bulletins, Frank Craighead Grizzly Materials, and John Heminway papers. A second type of digital collection includes those that are unique born-digital and reformatted digitally scanned print research materials focused on

1610-434: The library's operations and collection development. In 1927, the library was moved to the second floor of Montana Hall. In 1949, the library, its collection and research services were moved to a newly constructed 8,894 sq ft (826.3 m) library facility. After the transfer of nearly 100,000 volumes from various locations around campus the library officially opened its doors on January 9, 1950. Shortly thereafter,

1656-402: The products of the vast amount of information created by organizations and individuals on computers, data sets and electronic records must exist in the context of other activities. Common content includes: Digital photography has allowed larger groups of people to participate in the process, art form, and pastime of photography. With the advent of digital cameras in the late 1980s, followed by

1702-601: The recording process. Since then, numerous means of storing and delivering digital audio have been developed, including web streams , compact discs and mp3 audio files. Increasingly, digital audio are only available via download , lacking any kind of tangible counterpart. One example of this trend is the 2008 recording of Hector Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique by Los Angeles Philharmonic under Gustavo Dudamel. Available through download only, it has presented problems for libraries which may want to carry this work but cannot due to licensing limitations. Another example

1748-845: The regional public. Examples of academic scholarly partnerships include the Range Science Information System (RSIS), an academic scholarly partnership project between Montana State University Library, the University of Idaho , and the University of Wyoming , and the Indian Peoples of the Northern Great Plains Digital Collection, which was a partnership grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) with Little Big Horn College Library, MSU-Northern Library, MSU-Bozeman Library, MSU-Billings Library, and

1794-529: The rise of "news applications," or news articles built with interactive features that cannot be replicated on print. "News Apps" are often heavily data-driven , using interactive graphics custom-built for the story by a team of software specialists in addition to the core group of writers and editors. Examples include Baltimore Homicides from The Baltimore Sun , Do No Harm from the Las Vegas Sun , and Snow Fall from The New York Times , which took

1840-430: The then University Librarian Lesley M. Heathcote described the new facility as "not especially inspiring to look at" and embarked on expanding both the library building and its collections. In August 1960, construction began on a new 125,000 square foot addition adjacent to the west side of the 1950 building. The basement and first floor of the new addition were opened on January 3, 1962 and the entire four-story new addition

1886-508: The website's main goals. As in the case of preservation, bit rot, link rot, and incompatibility negatively affect how users might access born-digital records, while mere functionality, e.g. video quality and legibility of any text, is also a concern. Additionally, considerations on how digital content can be inclusive of people with disabilities should be made, particularly in conjunction with assistive technologies such as screen readers , screen magnifiers , and speech-to-text software . Access

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1932-722: Was an American sculptor , best known for his figurative ceramic vessels. Rudio Autio was born Arne Rudolph Autio to a family of Finnish immigrants in Butte, Montana . As a child, he first learned to draw by taking evening classes from Works Progress Administration artists working in Butte. He served in the Navy for two years during World War II . After the war ended, he studied art at Montana State University (then Montana State College) in Bozeman , where he first met Peter Voulkos , who became

1978-509: Was coined independently by web developer Randel (Rafi) Metz in 1993, who acquired the domain name "borndigital.com" then and sustained it as a personal website for 18 years until 2011. The domain is now owned by a web developer in New Zealand. The original website is archived here . Much of the grey literature that exists today are almost entirely conducted online, due in part to the accessibility and speed of internet communications. As

2024-667: Was completed for occupancy in November 1966. On October 14, 1978, the Montana State University library was officially named for Roland R. Renne, the university's sixth president. The Montana State University Renne Library Building is 112,000 square feet in size and has a seating capacity of 1,100 and a total staffing of 74 part-time and full-time employees. In 2002, a significant three-year remodeling and seismic bracing were completed. The remodel included providing additional individual and group student study space, adding

2070-484: Was designed and implemented to meet the needs of academic research faculty and students in the collaborative 21st-century information technology environment. The library has over 100 computers, many scanners and printers for walk-in use, and flexible module setting, tables and configurable group-study work areas. Laptops, handhelds and digital cameras are available for student checkout and there are numerous power-stations available for recharging handheld devices. Included in

2116-468: Was with the simultaneous launch of Amazon's Kindle 2 with the Stephen King novelette Ur . In recent years, however, the sale of e-books from traditional publishers has decreased, due in part to increasing prices. Videos that are born-digital vary in type and usage. Vlogs , an amalgamation of "video" and "blog," are streamed and consumed on video-sharing websites such as YouTube . Similarly,

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