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53-460: The Monterey Peninsula Regional Park District is an independent special recreation district with offices in Carmel , Monterey County, California . It was formed in 1972 and serves much of northern Monterey County. For the benefit of the general public, it serves to safeguard and preserve parks and open space. The District has preserved more than 20,000 acres (8,100 ha) of park and open space on

106-573: A "board of education" or "board of trustees"), which manages the schools within its jurisdiction. There are also county special service schools and regional occupational programs provide vocational and technical education. Historically, school districts were organized at the primary level ( Kindergarten through 8th grade, approximately ages 5–13), and the secondary (high school) level (9th through 12th grade, approximately ages 14–17). School district and community college district boards may determine their own fiscal requirements—the counties levy and collect

159-477: A board of education and superintendent that oversee school districts within the county. There are about 1,102 school districts. California school districts may be organized as elementary districts, high school districts, unified school districts combining elementary and high school grades, or community college districts. Union districts are formed by joining two or more elementary districts. School districts are governed by an elected school board (sometimes called

212-423: A city charter requires a popular vote. Most small cities have a council–manager government , where the elected city council appoints a city manager to supervise the operations of the city. Some larger cities have a mayor–council government , with a directly-elected mayor who oversees the city government. In many council–manager cities, the city council selects one of its members as a mayor, sometimes rotating through

265-400: A city code, and violations of the ordinances are misdemeanor crimes unless otherwise specified as an infraction . Residents of a sufficiently large piece of unincorporated county land can incorporate a city . The city government then takes some of the tax revenue that would have gone to the county, and can impose additional taxes on its residents. It can then choose to provide almost all

318-501: A combination of education and training services to prepare individuals for work and to help them improve their prospects in the labor market. In the broadest sense, workforce development efforts include secondary and postsecondary education, on-the-job and employer-provided training, and the publicly funded system of job training and employment services. Title I of the 2014 Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act authorizes programs to provide employment and training services, and establishes

371-479: A commuter rail service and buses to locations beyond the range of the rail service. As of 2017, there are 2,894 special districts in California. A majority, 86 percent, provide a single function. Fire protection, water supply, natural resources, and cemeteries are the most abundant. In Fiscal Year 2019-20, special districts reported $ 79.67 billion in revenues and $ 76.29 billion in expenditures. A partial list of

424-421: A corresponding Local Agency Formation Commission (LAFCO) that regulates the creation of special districts. Independent special districts have elected boards. Dependent special districts are governed by the city or county that created them. Regional bodies have boards appointed by the city and county governments they encompass. Some districts, often referred to as assessment districts , have voting based on

477-638: A general undergraduate education to local students, approximating the first two years of university courses. In the early 1920s, the Legislature authorized the creation of separate colleges, in addition to the programs offered in high schools. In 1967, the Governor and Legislature created the Board of Governors for the Community Colleges to oversee the community colleges and formally established

530-464: A product or service. Enterprise districts include those that provide water, waste disposal, electric power, hospitals, public transit, and similar services. The most common type of special district is the utility district, which provides public utility services to residents within the district boundaries. Among the largest of these are SMUD , which provides electric power in the Sacramento area;

583-780: A recorder, an auditor, a controller, a treasurer, a tax collector, a county clerk, a registrar of voters, a coroner, and/or a medical examiner. Los Angeles, San Diego, San Francisco, and Santa Clara counties are the only counties that have a coroner or a medical examiner that are independent from the sheriff. County congestion management agencies or designees are responsible for comprehensive transportation improvement programs that reduces traffic congestion and transportation-related air pollution. Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, and San Bernardino counties have county transportation commissions responsible for planning and coordinating transportation services and projects. Since at least 1901, California law has required all counties to provide relief to

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636-574: A variety of programs at its various parks, including environmental education and outdoor related programs such as geocaching, stargazing, hiking, geology, wildlife watching, art and writing, gardening, and fire safety. It owns ten parks within Monterey County. Local government in California#Special districts The government of California has an extensive system of local government that manages public functions throughout

689-498: Is 20%, but if welfare benefits were excluded from the estimates of families' resources that would rise to 28%. In other words, one third of the people who would be in poverty if welfare programs didn't exist are raised "out" of poverty by welfare programs. About a quarter of that effect (2 percentage points reduction in the CPM poverty rate) is due to CalFresh , and another quarter is due to earned income tax credits (the federal EITC and

742-489: Is Imperial County on August 7, 1907. Since 1911, counties in California have been allowed limited home rule , with the Government of Los Angeles County the first in the nation to be granted home rule by charter in 1912. The county governments were originally molded around property recording and assessment, law enforcement, judicial administration, and tax collection, but more recently other functions have been added by

795-400: Is on oversight of government institutions at the county level and lower. They meet at least once per year. Because of historical problems with fragmentation of local government as a result of the formation of too many special districts by enthusiastic local officials, all counties currently have a corresponding Local Agency Formation Commission (LAFCO), one for each county. A LAFCO regulates

848-564: Is the California implementation of the federal welfare-to-work Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program that gives cash aid and services to eligible needy California families. CalFresh is the California implementation of the federal Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly known as the Food Stamp program, which provides financial assistance for purchasing food for those in poverty in California. The State Supplementation Program (SSP or SSI/SSP), also known as

901-841: The "one-stop" delivery system . In California, the Governor , California Workforce Development Board , Employment Development Department and local workforce development boards administer the program. The Statewide Automated Welfare System (SAWS) is the county-managed public assistance eligibility and enrollment system, e.g., the case management system for county eligibility staff providing CalWORKs, Welfare to Work, CalFresh, Medi-Cal, Foster Care, Refugee Assistance, County Medical Services Program, and General Assistance/General Relief. Counties are organized into three SAWS consortia ( joint powers authorities ): C-IV (Consortium-IV), WCDS ( CalWIN ), and Los Angeles County's LEADER Replacement System (LRS). LRS began deployment on February 23, 2016 and

954-698: The California Community Colleges System , requiring all areas of the state to be included within a community college district. A special district is defined as "any agency of the state for the local performance of governmental or proprietary functions within limited boundaries" and provides a limited range of services within a defined geographic area. Most of California's special districts are single-purpose districts , and provide one service. Most special districts have no police powers . Notable exceptions are harbor and port districts and police protection districts. All counties have

1007-643: The California State University as statewide systems. However, community colleges , which provide the first two years of post-secondary education and adult vocational courses, are organized in community college districts , which operate one or more community colleges within their jurisdiction. Community college districts in California are governed by elected boards. California's first community colleges were established as extensions of high schools. Through legislation enacted in 1907, high schools were allowed to create "junior colleges" to provide

1060-865: The Metropolitan Water District , which provides water to local water agencies in the Los Angeles area; and the Imperial Irrigation District , which provides water for agriculture and electric power in Imperial County. Another very common type of special district is the transit agency , which provides public transportation. The L.A. Metro (a county transportation commission) provides bus and train services and funds some transportation projects, including bicycle paths, HOV lanes , and other road improvements. By contrast, BART (a transit district) only operates

1113-669: The Monterey Peninsula . It is not an agency of Monterey County or of any of the local municipalities. The district collects 1 ⁄ 2 % of the property tax collected within the District. For every $ 100,000 of property value, the District receives approximately $ 5.00 for open space acquisition and operations. It also formed in 2004 a Community Facilities District under the Mello-Roos Community Facilities Act of 1982. In 2016, voters renewed

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1166-473: The "provision of general assistance is inconsistent, fragmented, and widely differentiated", with aid ranging from $ 160 per month in Santa Barbara County to $ 360 in neighboring Ventura County . In Orange County , aid was $ 277 per month as of July 2012 and capped at three months per 12-month period for residents deemed employable. California has provided some form of general assistance since

1219-979: The HFP into Medi-Cal beginning in 2013. The Medi-Cal Access Program (formerly known as the Access for Infants and Mothers Program) provides low-cost health insurance coverage to middle-income pregnant women who don't already have health insurance and whose income is too high to qualify for Medi-Cal. Since 1933, California law has required counties to provide relief to the poor, including health care services and general assistance. The California Welfare and Institutions Code states: Every county and every city and county shall relieve and support all incompetent, poor, indigent persons, and those incapacitated by age, disease, or accident, lawfully resident therein, when such persons are not supported and relieved by their relatives or friends, by their own means, or by state hospitals or other state or private institutions. It has been said that

1272-645: The Housing Act of 1937 and created Section 8 housing , now known as the Housing Choice Voucher program. The California Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD) Housing Assistance Program (HAP) acts as the local housing authority for 12 rural counties: Alpine , Amador , Calaveras , Colusa , Glenn , Inyo , Modoc , Mono , Sierra , Siskiyou , Trinity , and Tuolumne . Some other examples of local and area housing authorities include the: Workforce development programs provide

1325-532: The LRS contract and the creation of a new consortium to replace the LEADER and C-IV consortia. While the long-term effect of these programs on California as a whole is multi-faceted and complex, the immediate effect on those receiving aid is somewhat easier to quantify. The resources available to each Californian (i.e. their income, accounting for taxes and benefits such as medical care) can be compared to an estimate of

1378-545: The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, CalFresh) cash-out program, is the state supplement to the federal Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program and provides state-funded supplemental food benefits to SSI recipients in lieu of SNAP benefits. SSI recipients in states that provide state supplements to SSI are ineligible for SNAP/CalFresh pursuant to 7 U.S.C.   § 2015(g) . The Healthy Families Program (HFP)

1431-655: The U.S. government to local public housing agencies (LHA's) to improve living conditions for low-income families. On 21 March 1938 Governor Frank Merriam signed multiple laws including the Housing Authorities Law and the Housing Cooperation Law that establishes a housing authority in every city and county in California and allows for the establishment of joint powers area housing authorities. The Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 signed by President Gerald Ford later amended

1484-459: The assessed values of the property contained within the district, rather than a popular vote; that practice was ruled constitutional for districts that provide benefits to the land in rough proportion to the value of the land, rather than to people within the district. Districts are categorized as enterprise districts and non-enterprise districts . Enterprise districts operate as a business, and obtain most of their revenue from user fees or sales of

1537-535: The council membership—but this type of mayoral position is primarily ceremonial. Incorporated cities and towns have the power to levy taxes. They are responsible for providing police service, zoning , issuing building permits, and maintaining public streets. Municipalities may also provide parks, public housing, and various utility services, though all of these are sometimes provided by special districts, and some utilities are provided privately. Incorporated cities may promulgate ordinances which are usually codified in

1590-461: The counties of Branciforte, Calaveras, Coloma, Colusi, Marin, Mendocino, Napa, Trinity, and Yuba were added. Benicia was renamed Solano, Coloma to El Dorado, Fremont to Yolo, Mt. Diablo to Contra Costa, San Jose to Santa Clara, Oro to Tuolumne, and Redding to Shasta. One of the first state legislative acts regarding counties was to rename Branciforte County to Santa Cruz, Colusi to Colusa, and Yola to Yolo. The last county in California to be established

1643-517: The county serves as the local government for all unincorporated areas (those areas not within any incorporated city), providing services such as police, parks, street maintenance, land use regulations, zoning, and waste disposal. Counties have taxing and police powers . Counties may promulgate ordinances which are usually codified in a county code, and violations of the ordinances are misdemeanor crimes unless otherwise specified as an infraction . Fourteen counties are " charter " counties while

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1696-419: The creation of special districts and the annexation of unincorporated land to cities within the county. No incorporated city may cross county boundaries, and special districts that span county lines must be specially approved by the state Legislature . As of Jan 26, 2022, there were 482 incorporated municipalities in the state. Under California law, the terms "city" and "town" are explicitly interchangeable;

1749-587: The district and approved a Special Tax Lien of $ 25.26 per single family dwelling equivalent each year. In 2022, expenses are projected to be $ 9,729,259 based on revenue of $ 7,143,200. The district has a balance of $ 19,986,224. It is governed by a five-member Board of Directors elected in even years. There are five wards from which board members are elected that generally include Marina; Seaside; Del Ray Oaks and portions of Sand City and Monterey; Pacific Grove, Pebble Beach, and Monterey; Carmel, Pebble Beach, Carmel Valley, Cachagua, Carmel Highlands, and Big Sur. It offers

1802-615: The levels of various services from one city to the next. Article 2, Section 6, of California's constitution provides that elections for county, city, school, and judicial offices are officially non-partisan and political party affiliations are not included on local election ballots. On January 4, 1850, the California constitutional committee recommended the formation of 18 counties. They were Benicia, Butte, Fremont, Los Angeles, Mariposa, Monterey, Mount Diablo, Oro, Redding, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco, San Joaquin, San Jose, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Sonoma, and Sutter. On April 22,

1855-399: The mayor, and there is both a city police department and a county sheriff , the latter mostly responsible for operating the county jail and for most jail bookings. ) All counties elect all of their supervisors by district (San Francisco had at-large supervisors from 1980 to 2000, but in 2000 the county was once again divided into 11 districts, whose updated borders roughly followed those of

1908-813: The mid-1800s, and much of the language can be traced back to the Pauper Act of 1901. San Francisco Proposition N of 2002 , colloquially known as Care Not Cash, was a San Francisco ballot measure sponsored by Supervisor Gavin Newsom designed to cut the money given in the General Assistance programs to homeless people in exchange for shelters and other forms of services. County indigent medical programs can be categorized as County Medical Services Program (CMSP) and Medically Indigent Service Program (MISP) counties. There are 34 CMSP counties and 24 MISP counties. The CMSP county programs are largely managed by

1961-404: The name of an incorporated municipality in the state can either be "City of (Name)" or "Town of (Name)". Counties exercise the powers of cities in unincorporated areas. California municipalities are either charter or general-law . General-law municipalities have powers defined by the state's Government Code ; charter municipalities may have increased powers, but the adoption or amendment of

2014-460: The new CalEITC). A 1 percentage point reduction (about 380,000 Californians) is attributable to CalWORKs . Similar effects are achieved by nation-wide programs. Using the SPM, tax credits achieve a 2.5 percentage point reduction in the poverty rate, and SNAP (of which CalFresh is a part), SSI , and housing subsidies each achieve a 1 percentage point reduction (about 3,300,000 U.S. residents each). Only

2067-542: The old 1970s-era districts, although the districts themselves were renumbered). All counties elect their treasurers except Los Angeles, Sacramento, Santa Clara, and Glenn. Forty-seven counties have an appointed county administrative officer, while five counties have a more powerful official such as a county manager, chief executive officer, or county mayor, and five rural counties do not have a full-time county administrative officer. All counties elect their district attorneys and their sheriffs. Counties may also have an assessor,

2120-592: The payment of rent assistance to private landlords on behalf of low-income households, as well as overseeing Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) entitlements and HOME Investment Partnerships Program (HOME) funding. Local housing authorities were created following the 1 September 1937 signing by President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the Housing Act of 1937 , sometimes called the Wagner-Steagall Act, which provided for subsidies to be paid from

2173-481: The poor . California's judicial system is organized along county lines, but the county courts are a part of the state court system, and are not part of the county government. Historically, counties were responsible for providing courthouses and courthouse security for the Superior Courts of California (there is one superior court for each county), even though the superior courts were actually divisions of

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2226-588: The resources required to meet their basic needs (a poverty threshold varying based on factors such as family size and local cost-of-living) to label them as "in" or "out" of poverty, and thus determine a poverty rate for the state. Several such measures are calculated, including the Census Bureau 's Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) and the Public Policy Institute of California's California Poverty Measure (CPM). The current CPM poverty rate

2279-446: The rest are "general law" counties. Other than San Francisco, which is a consolidated city-county , California's counties are governed by an elected five-member Board of Supervisors , who appoint executive officers to manage the various functions of the county. (In San Francisco, there is an eleven-member Board of Supervisors, but the executive branch of the government is headed by an elected mayor , department heads are responsible to

2332-445: The services usually provided by the county (and more), or provide only a few and pay the county to do the rest. A city in this last arrangement is called a contract city ; this type of contract is generally known among lawyers as the "Lakewood Plan", because it was pioneered by the city of Lakewood in 1954. Public education of children is provided by school districts , which are governed independently from cities. Each county has

2385-491: The state government was not prepared to assume the burden of developing its own statewide courthouse security force, the superior courts were allowed to establish agreements with county sheriffs by which the courts would reimburse counties for continuing to provide deputy sheriffs to serve as bailiffs in the courthouses. California also uses grand juries , with at least one per county. These county-level grand juries are often called civil grand juries because their primary focus

2438-597: The state government, not the county governments. This unfunded mandate was a perennial source of frustration for both the superior courts and the counties. The Legislature finally responded by enacting the Trial Court Funding Act of 1997 and then the Trial Court Facilities Act of 2002 to transfer all courthouses to the state government and to relieve the counties of the burden of providing facilities to state courts. However, because

2491-712: The state such as public welfare , public health, water conservation, and flood protection. In 1933, county supervisors gained authority to fix salaries for all county officers other than themselves. The basic political subdivision of California are the 58 counties . The county government provides countywide services such as law enforcement, jails, elections and voter registration, vital records, property assessment and records, tax collection, public health, health care, social services, libraries, flood control, fire protection, animal control, agricultural regulations, building inspections, ambulance services, and education departments in charge of maintaining statewide standards. In addition

2544-581: The state, whereas MISP counties manage their own programs with their own rules and regulations. Many patients from both the CMSP and MISP county programs are expected to transition to county LIHP / MCE / HCCI programs and eventually to Medi-Cal / Medicaid when the ObamaCare provisions take effect in 2014. City and county-based housing authorities manage the Housing Choice Voucher program for

2597-804: The state. Like most states, California is divided into counties , of which there are 58 (including San Francisco ) covering the entire state. Most urbanized areas are incorporated as cities , though not all of California is within the boundaries of a city. School districts , which are independent of cities and counties, handle public education. Many other functions, especially in unincorporated areas , are handled by special districts , which include municipal utility districts , transit districts , health care districts , vector control districts, and geologic hazard abatement districts. Due to geographical variations in property tax and sales tax revenue (the primary revenue source for cities and counties) and differing attitudes towards priorities, there are variations in

2650-535: The taxes required, possibly subject to constitutional tax limitations and voter approval. Historically, school districts were funded through local property tax revenue, but due to Serrano v. Priest , school districts are funded through the State government through various funding formulas that allocate local property tax revenues and other revenue. The State of California operates the University of California and

2703-956: The types of special districts includes: Welfare in California Some of the largest California-specific programs are: The California Medical Assistance Program (Medi-Cal) is California's Medicaid program serving low-income families, seniors, persons with disabilities, children in foster care, pregnant women, and childless adults with incomes below 138% of federal poverty level. Benefits include doctor's office visits, emergency services, hospitalization, maternity and newborn care, mental health and substance use disorder treatment, dental care (Denti-Cal), vision care, and long-term care and support. Approximately 13.6 million people were enrolled in Medi-Cal as of August 2021, or about 34.6% of California's population. The California Work Opportunities and Responsibility to Kids (CalWORKs) program

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2756-667: Was designed and developed in collaboration with C-IV to eventually consolidate LRS and C4Yourself into a single system. The California Budget Act of 1995 had required the Health and Welfare Agency Data Center (now the California Office of Systems Integration ), in collaboration with the County Welfare Directors Association , to develop a plan to consolidate the systems to no more than four county consortia; ABX1 of 2011 required OSI to oversee

2809-451: Was the California implementation of the federal Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) that provided low-cost insurance that provides health, dental, and vision coverage to children who do not have insurance and do not qualify for no-cost Medi-Cal. As a result of the 2012–2013 budget deal, the HFP was discontinued and Medi-Cal requirements were lowered so that HFP patients would qualify for Medi-Cal. Nearly 900,000 children were moved from

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