Misplaced Pages

#589410

51-602: The Monti government was the sixty-first government of Italy and was announced on 16 November 2011. This Experts' cabinet was composed of independents, three of whom were women and was formed as an interim government . The government ran the country for eighteen months until the aftermath of the elections in Spring 2013 and then replaced by the Letta government , formed by Enrico Letta on 28 April. On 9 November 2011, Mario Monti an economist and former European Commissioner

102-568: A democracy , from the Greek demos (people) and kratìa (power). However, this power is not to be exercised arbitrarily by mob rule , but in the forms and within the limits established by the rule of law . The President of the Republic of Italy is the head of state and represents the unity of the nation (art. 87 of the Constitution). The President serves as a point of connection between

153-536: A branch that is completely autonomous and independent of all other branches of power , even though the minister of justice is responsible for the organization and functioning of those services involved with justice and has the power to originate disciplinary actions against judges , which are then administered by the High Council of the Judiciary , presided over by the president . The judiciary of Italy

204-599: A government with the support of Parliament, or dissolve parliament and call for new elections. Cabinet reshuffles are also possible in case specific ministers lack the support of the parliament, while the prime minister remains in charge. In the history of the Italian Republic , there have been twenty legislatures (including the Constituent Assembly ), forty-five consecutive premierships, and sixty-eight different cabinets. The law of Italy has

255-476: A large number of working class commoners , leaving many of them with no means to learn a living as the traditional system of tenant farming was replaced with large-scale agriculture run by a small number of individuals. The upper class had responded to their plight by establishing institutions such as workhouses , where unemployed lower-class Britons could find a source of employment, and outdoor relief , where monetary and other forms of assistance were given to both

306-483: A new government. Monti accepted, and held talks with the leaders of the main Italian political parties, declaring that he wanted to form a government that would remain in office until the next scheduled general elections in 2013. On 16 November 2011, Monti was sworn in as Prime Minister of Italy , after making known a technocratic government composed entirely of unelected professionals . He also chose to hold personally

357-477: A new leader emerging from a post-election leadership challenge within the majority coalition (e.g. Renzi Cabinet ), or a person instructed by the President to form a national unity government in times of political crisis, such as in a coalition shift (e.g. Conte II Cabinet ), or if enough politicians from the majority coalition switch parties (e.g. Monti Cabinet ). In any scenario, the government must receive

408-399: A plurality of sources of production. These are arranged in a hierarchical scale, under which the rule of a lower source cannot conflict with the rule of an upper source (hierarchy of sources). The constitution of 1948 is the main source. The constitution states that justice is administered in the name of the people and that judges are subject only to the law . So the judiciary is

459-530: A state of total personal autocracy , they continued to wield their power in the name of the Senate and People of Rome. With the growth of Christianity in the 4th century AD, a new world view arose that underpinned European thinking on social division until at least early modern times. Saint Augustine postulated that social division was a result of the Fall of Man . The three leading divisions were considered to be

510-434: A territory. This encouraged the formation of princely and kingly states, which needed to tax the common people much more heavily to pay for the expensive weapons and armies required to provide security in the new age. Up until the late 15th century, surviving medieval treaties on government were concerned with advising rulers on how to serve the common good: Assize of Bread is an example of medieval law specifically drawn up in

561-434: A wide majority that is progressively reduced from two-thirds to one-half plus one of the votes after the third ballot. The only presidents ever to be elected on the first ballot are Francesco Cossiga and Carlo Azeglio Ciampi . Ciampi was replaced by Giorgio Napolitano , who was elected on 10 May 2006. While not forbidden by the law, no president had ever served two terms until 20 April 2013, when President Giorgio Napolitano

SECTION 10

#1732772911590

612-468: Is based on Roman law , the Napoleonic Code and later statutes . It is based on a mix of the adversarial and inquisitorial civil law systems, although the adversarial system was adopted in the appeal courts in 1988. Appeals are treated almost as new trials, and three degrees of trial are present. The third is a legitimating trial. There is only partial judicial review of legislation in

663-410: Is elected by direct and universal suffrage by voters who are eighteen or older. There are 400 deputies, eight of which are elected in the overseas constituencies . All voters who are twenty-five or older on election day are eligible to be deputies. The senate is elected by direct and universal suffrage by voters who are eighteen or older. There are 200 senators, four of whom are elected in

714-408: Is not the hereditary property of the ruling monarch , but instead a res publica , belonging to everyone. The people who are called to temporarily administer the republic are not owners, but servants; and the governed are not subjects , but citizens . And the sovereignty , that is the power to make choices that involve the entire community, belongs to the people, in accordance with the concept of

765-413: Is that of a democratic republic , established by the Italian constitution in 1948. It consists of legislative , executive , and judicial subdivisions, as well as of a head of state , known as the president . The Constitution of the Italian Republic is the result of the work of the Constituent Assembly , which was formed by the representatives of all the anti-fascist forces that contributed to

816-551: Is the President of the Italian Constitutional Court elected from the court itself. One third of the judges are appointed by the President of the Italian Republic , one-third are elected by Parliament and one-third are elected by the ordinary and administrative supreme courts. The Constitutional Court passes on the constitutionality of laws, and is a post- World War II innovation. The Constitutional Court

867-608: The English Revolution of 1642. After the forces of Oliver Cromwell triumphed, movements like the Levellers rose to prominence demanding equality for all. When the general council of Cromwell's army met to decide on a new order at the Putney Debates of 1647, one of the commanders, Colonel Thomas Rainsborough , requested that political power be given to the common people. According to historian Roger Osbourne,

918-542: The North-American sense. Judicial review can be enacted only under certain conditions, either it already being established by constitutional law , or in the Constitutional Court , which can reject violating laws after judicial scrutiny. According to Article 134 of the constitution , the Constitutional Court shall pass judgement on: The Constitutional Court is composed of 15 judges, one of which

969-608: The bourgeoisie during the Late Middle Ages , had seen an intermediate class of wealthy commoners develop, which ultimately gave rise to the modern middle classes . Middle-class people could still be called commoners. For example, Pitt the Elder was often called The Great Commoner in England, and this appellation was later used for the 20th-century American anti-elitist campaigner William Jennings Bryan . The interests of

1020-561: The oratores class; usually they would serve as rural parish priests. In some cases they received education from the clergy and ascended to senior administrative positions; in some cases nobles welcomed such advancement as former commoners were more likely to be neutral in dynastic feuds. There were cases of serfs becoming clerics in the Holy Roman Empire , though from the Carolingian era , clergy were generally recruited from

1071-447: The overseas constituencies . There are also a small number of senators for life , such as former presidents and up to five citizens appointed by the president for having brought honor to the nation with their achievements. All voters who are forty or older on election day are eligible to be senators. Elections of senators for each region being based on a modified proportional representation system. The constitution establishes

SECTION 20

#1732772911590

1122-590: The three branches as he is elected by the lawmakers, appoints the executive and is the president of the judiciary. The president is also commander-in-chief in time of war. The President of the Republic of Italy is elected for seven years by Parliament in joint session, together with three representatives of each region, except for the Aosta Valley, which gets only one representative. These delegates are elected by their respective regional councils so as to guarantee representation to minorities. The election needs

1173-571: The Colonel's speech was the first time a prominent person spoke in favor of universal male suffrage, but it was not to be granted until 1918. After much debate it was decided that only those with considerable property would be allowed to vote, and so after the revolution political power in England remained largely controlled by the nobles, with at first only a few of the most wealthy or well-connected common people sitting in Parliament. The rise of

1224-528: The Government of Italy as composed of the President of the Council of Ministers ( prime minister ) and the cabinet's ministers. The President of Italy appoints the prime minister and, on the prime minister's proposal, the subsequent ministers that form their cabinet . The appointee is usually the leader of the majority coalition that won the election (e.g. Berlusconi IV Cabinet ), but they can also be

1275-581: The High Council of the Judiciary and the Supreme Council of Defence. Usually, the president tries to stay out of the day-to-day politics, and tries to be an institutional guarantee for all those involved in the political process. The president is not responsible for the actions performed in the exercise of his duties, except for high treason and violation of the Italian constitution , for which

1326-595: The bulk of the population who are neither members of the nobility nor of the clergy . They were the third of the Three Estates of the Realm in medieval Europe , consisting of peasants and artisans . Social mobility for commoners was limited throughout the Middle Ages . Generally, the serfs were unable to enter the group of the bellatores . Commoners could sometimes secure entry for their children into

1377-515: The clergy, where many priests began to abuse the great power they had due to the sacrament of contrition. The Reformation was a movement that aimed to correct this, but even afterwards the common people's trust in the clergy continued to decline – priests were often seen as greedy and lacking in true faith. An early major social upheaval driven in part by the common people's mistrust of both the nobility and clergy occurred in Great Britain with

1428-464: The common people. Organizations, parties and movements arose, proclaiming the liberation of the people. These included among others: " People's Reprisal ", " People’s Will ", " Party of Popular Freedom " and the "People's Socialist Party". In the United States, a famous 1942 speech by vice president Henry A. Wallace proclaimed the arrival of the "century of the common man" saying that all over

1479-488: The compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice . Commoner This class overlaps with the legal class of people who have a property interest in common land , a longstanding feature of land law in England and Wales. Commoners who have rights for a particular common are typically neighbors, not the public in general. In monarchist terminology , aristocracy and nobility are included in

1530-555: The confidence of both houses , so the executive branch derives its legitimacy from the Italian Parliament and the great number of political parties forces the prime minister to bend to their will. If the majority coalition no longer supports the government, the Prime Minister can be ousted with a vote of no confidence , at which point the President can either appoint a new Prime Minister capable of forming

1581-518: The creator of history. By using the word "people", Marx did not gloss over the class differences, but united certain elements, capable of completing the revolution. The Intelligentsia's sympathy for the common people gained strength in the 19th century in many countries. For example, in Imperial Russia a big part of the intelligentsia was striving for its emancipation. Several great writers (Nekrasov, Herzen, Tolstoy etc.) wrote about sufferings of

Monti government - Misplaced Pages Continue

1632-542: The defeat of nazis and the fascist forces during the Italian Civil War . Article 1 of the Italian constitution states: "Italy is a democratic Republic founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the constitution." By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the article solemnly declares the results of the institutional referendum which took place on 2 June 1946 valid. The state

1683-643: The democratic reforms of Cleisthenes who created new horizontal social divisions in contrasting fashion to the vertical ones thought to have been created by Tullius. Both the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire used the Latin term Senatus Populusque Romanus , (the Senate and People of Rome). This term was fixed to Roman legionary standards, and even after the Roman Emperors achieved

1734-404: The division in three estates – nobility, clergy and commoners – had become somewhat outdated. The term "common people" continued to be used, but now in a more general sense to refer to regular people as opposed to the privileged elite. Communist theory divided society into capitalists on one hand, and the proletariat or the masses on the other. In Marxism , the people are considered to be

1785-480: The interests of the common people. But then works by Philippe de Commines , Niccolò Machiavelli , and later Cardinal Richelieu began advising rulers to consider their own interests and that of the state ahead of what was "good", with Richelieu explicitly saying the state is above morality in doctrines such as Raison d'Etat . This change of orientation among the nobles left the common people less content with their place in society. A similar trend occurred regarding

1836-534: The interests of the men who have all the money." Comparative historian Oswald Spengler found the social separation into nobility, priests and commoners to occur again and again in the various civilizations that he surveyed (although the division may not exist for pre-civilized society). As an example, in the Babylonian civilization, the Code of Hammurabi made provision for punishments to be harsher for harming

1887-585: The middle class were not always aligned with their fellow commoners of the working class. According to social historian Karl Polanyi , Britain's middle class in 19th-century Britain turned against their fellow commoners by seizing political power from the British upper class via the Reform Act of 1832 . The emergence of the Industrial Revolution had caused severe economic distress to

1938-447: The municipal administration of Reggio Calabria (mayor, assessors, councillors) for alleged links to the organised crime syndicate 'Ndrangheta after a months long investigation and replaced it with three central government appointed administrators to govern for 18 months until a new election in 2014. This was the first time the government of a provincial capital had been dismissed. Government of Italy The government of Italy

1989-560: The nobility. Of the two thousand bishops serving from the 8th to the 15th century, just five came from the peasantry . The social and political order of medieval Europe was relatively stable until the development of the mobile cannon in the 15th century. Up until that time a noble with a small force could hold their castle or walled town for years even against large armies - and so they were rarely disposed. Once effective cannons were available, walls were of far less defensive value and rulers needed expensive field armies to keep control of

2040-565: The post of Minister of Economy and Finance . His tenure in the latter post lasted until 11 July 2012 when Vittorio Grilli , previously vice-minister, became Minister. On 17 and 18 November 2011, the Italian Senate and Italian Chamber of Deputies both passed motions of confidence supporting Monti's government, with only the Northern League voting against. On 9 October 2012, Interior Minister Anna Maria Cancellieri sacked

2091-566: The president can be impeached by the parliament in joint session, with an absolute majority of its members. With article 48 of the constitution , which guarantees the right to vote , the people exercise their power through their elected representatives in the parliament. The Italian Parliament has a bicameral system , and consists of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic , elected every five years. The Chamber of Deputies

Monti government - Misplaced Pages Continue

2142-461: The previous clan-based divisions that had been responsible for internecine conflict. The ancient Greeks generally had no concept of class and their leading social divisions were simply non-Greeks, free-Greeks and slaves. The early organization of Ancient Athens was something of an exception with certain official roles like archons , magistrates and treasurers being reserved for only the wealthiest citizens – these class-like divisions were weakened by

2193-456: The priesthood ( clergy ), the nobility, and the common people. Sometimes this was expressed as "those who prayed", "those who fought" and "those who worked". The Latin terms for the three classes – oratores , bellatores and laboratores – are often found even in modern textbooks, and have been used in sources since the 9th century. This threefold division was formalized in the estate system of social stratification , where again commoners were

2244-489: The term. Various sovereign states throughout history have governed, or claimed to govern, in the name of the common people . In Europe, a distinct concept analogous to common people arose in the Classical civilization of ancient Rome around the 6th century BC, with the social division into patricians (nobles) and plebeians (commoners). The division may have been instituted by Servius Tullius , as an alternative to

2295-513: The unemployed and those on low income without them needing to enter a workhouse to receive it. Though initial middle class opposition to the Poor Law reform of William Pitt the Younger had prevented the emergence of a coherent and generous nationwide provision, the resulting Speenhamland system did generally manage to prevent working class commoners from starvation. In 1834, outdoor relief

2346-675: The working class were generally able to earn a good living, and as such working and middle class interests began to converge, lessening the division within the ranks of common people. Polanyi notes that in Continental Europe , middle and working class interests did not diverge anywhere near as markedly as they had in Britain. After the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars along with industrialization ,

2397-467: The world the "common people" were on the march, specifically referring to Chinese, Indians, Russians, and as well as Americans. Wallace's speech would later inspire the widely reproduced popular work Fanfare for the Common Man by Aaron Copland. In 1948, US President Harry S. Truman made a speech saying there needs to be a government "that will work in the interests of the common people and not in

2448-447: Was abolished and workhouses were deliberately made into places so unappealing that many often preferred to starve rather than enter them. For Polanyi this related to the economic doctrine prevalent at the time which held that only the spur of hunger could make workers flexible enough for the proper functioning of the free market. By the end of the 19th century, at least in mainland Britain , economic progress has been sufficient that even

2499-477: Was appointed a senator for life by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano . He was seen as a favourite to replace Silvio Berlusconi and lead a new unity government in Italy in order to implement reforms and austerity measures. The ultimate purpose of Monti's appointment was to save Italy from the eurozone sovereign debt crisis . On 12 November 2011, following Berlusconi's resignation, Napolitano asked Monti to form

2550-550: Was primarily established "for the protection of the legal order and only indirectly as an institution for the vindication of fundamental rights " of individuals. The court generally only has the power of judicial review over "laws and enactments having force of law issued by the State and Regions" (what is called primary legislation in civil-law systems) and does not have the power to review administration acts and regulations, or parliamentary rules. In November 2014, Italy accepted

2601-406: Was re-elected. According to the constitution , any citizen who is 50 years old on the day of the election, and enjoys civil and political rights, can be elected president. The president cannot hold office in any other branch of power and the office's salary and privileges are established by law. Among the powers of the president , they have the capacity to: The president also presides over

SECTION 50

#1732772911590
#589410