Voges–Proskauer / ˈ f oʊ ɡ ə s ˈ p r ɒ s k aʊ . ər / or VP is a test used to detect acetoin in a bacterial broth culture. The test is performed by adding alpha-naphthol and potassium hydroxide to the Voges-Proskauer broth, which is a glucose-phosphate broth that has been inoculated with bacteria. A cherry red color indicates a positive result, while a yellow-brown color indicates a negative result.
19-482: The Morganellaceae are a family of Gram-negative bacteria that include some important human pathogens formerly classified as Enterobacteriaceae . This family is a member of the order Enterobacterales in the class Gammaproteobacteria of the phylum Pseudomonadota . Genera in this family include the type genus Morganella , along with Arsenophonus , Cosenzaea , Moellerella , Photorhabdus , Proteus , Providencia and Xenorhabdus . The name Morganellaceae
38-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called
57-447: A reproductive manipulator by killing developing male wasps. This promotes an increased frequency of females in the population, which are the only biological sex that transmits Arsenophonus to the next generation. This type of interaction is referred to as " male-killing or son-killing ." In flies and Lice , Arsenophonus -like bacteria act as primary symbionts faithfully transmitted from generation to generation. In such relationships,
76-454: Is a common pathogen isolated from wild-caught flies. The fly immune system defends against this infection using a highly specific antimicrobial peptide that is required for defence against P. rettgeri , but not other Providencia species. These bacteria are oxidase-negative, and negative for arginine decarboxylase and Voges–Proskauer test. Seven conserved signature indels (CSIs) were identified for this family through genomic analyses in
95-555: Is commonly found in the intestine in various animals, and is shed into manure and soil. About 10–15% of kidney stones are struvite stones , caused by alkalinization of the urine by the action of the urease enzyme of Proteus (and other) bacterial species. Providencia rettgeri is a common cause of traveller's diarrhea. A number of Morganellaceae have intimate relationships with insects and other invertebrates. Arsenophonus are endosymbiotic bacteria of various insects. In Nasonia parasitic wasps, Arsenophonus nasoniae acts as
114-663: Is derived from the Latin term Morganella , referring the type genus of the family and the suffix "-aceae", an ending used to denote a family. Together, Morganellaceae refers to a family whose nomenclatural type is the genus Morganella . A number of Morganellaceae bacterial species are opportunistic human pathogens, including Proteus , Providencia , and occasionally Morganella in nosocomial settings. Three Proteus species P. vulgaris , P. mirabilis , and P. penneri are opportunistic human pathogens , most commonly resulting in urinary tract infections . Proteus vulgaris
133-465: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Voges%E2%80%93Proskauer test The test depends on
152-532: The analyses still exhibited polyphyletic branching, indicating the presence of distinct subgroups within the family. In 2016, Adeolu et al. proposed the division of Enterobacteriaceae into 7 novel families based on comparative genomic analyses and the branching pattern of various phylogenetic trees constructed from conserved genome sequences, 16S rRNA sequences and multilocus sequence analyses. Molecular markers, specifically conserved signature indels , specific to this family were also identified as evidence supporting
171-427: The digestion of glucose to acetylmethylcarbinol . In the presence of oxygen and strong base, the acetylmethylcarbinol is oxidized to diacetyl, which then reacts with guanidine compounds commonly found in the peptone medium of the broth. Alpha-naphthol acts as a color enhancer, but the color change to red can occur without it. Procedure: First, add the alpha-naphthol; then, add the potassium hydroxide. A reversal in
190-577: The division independent of phylogenetic trees. Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to
209-440: The family Enterobacteriaceae , a large phylogenetically unrelated group of species with distinct biochemical characteristics and different ecological niches. The original assignment of species into the family Enterobacteriaceae was largely based on 16S rRNA genome sequence analyses, which is known to have low discriminatory power and the results of which changes depends on the algorithm and organism information used. Despite this,
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#1732782432310228-542: The family Juglandaceae , but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to
247-540: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
266-407: The insect's immune response, increasing the success of the nematode parasite. As a result of this highly effective evolutionary strategy, entomopathogenic nematodes are commonly used as biological control agents against insect pests like corn rootworms . Providencia are common bacterial species in the microbiome of Drosophila fruit flies. In Drosophila melanogaster , Providencia rettgeri
285-766: The order of the reagents being added may result in a weak-positive or false-negative reaction. VP is one of the four tests of the IMViC series, which tests for evidence of an enteric bacterium. The other three tests include: the indole test [I], the methyl red test [M], and the citrate test [C]. VP positive organisms include Enterobacter , Klebsiella , Serratia marcescens , Hafnia alvei , Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor , and Vibrio alginolyticus . VP negative organisms include Citrobacter sp., Shigella , Yersinia , Edwardsiella , Salmonella , Vibrio furnissii , Vibrio fluvialis , Vibrio vulnificus , and Vibrio parahaemolyticus . The reaction
304-420: The primary endosymbiont commonly supplements the host's metabolism by providing essential vitamins and nutrients that the host cannot synthesize itself. Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus are bacterial associates of entomopathogenic nematodes . These nematodes infect insects and regurgitate their Photorhabdus or Xenorhabdus bacteria into the insect blood (also called hemolymph ). The bacteria then suppress
323-573: The proteins dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase, Xaa-Pro dipeptidase, bifunctional UDP-sugar hydrolase (5'-nucleotidase), transcriptional repair coupling factor, phosphate acetyltransferase , histidine–tRNA ligase , and N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase . These molecular signatures provide a novel and reliable means of differentiating members of Morganellaceae from other families within the order Enterobacterales and all other bacteria. Morganellaceae , as of 2021, contains eight validly published genera. Members of this family were originally members of
342-575: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted
361-497: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
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