Misplaced Pages

#147852

70-466: Oberägeri first appears in historical documents in 1150 as Agregia . In 1538 it was mentioned as Ober Egere . The first church in the valley was built in 876. After 1100, the land belonged to the monastery of Einsiedeln , and was influenced by the Battle of Morgarten . The Battle of Morgarten occurred on 15 November 1315 at Morgarten (now part of Oberägeri) and near neighboring Sattel . It began when

140-845: A Federal Councillor led to moderates within the party splitting to form the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP), which later merged with the Christian Democratic People's Party into The Centre . As of 2024 , the party is the largest in the National Council with 62 seats. It has six seats in the Council of States . The early origins of the SVP go back to the late 1910s, when numerous cantonal farmers' parties were founded in agrarian , Protestant , German-speaking parts of Switzerland. While

210-594: A Swiss Confederation force of 1,500 infantry archers, led by Werner Stauffacher , ambushed a group of Austrian soldiers of the Holy Roman Empire under the command of Duke Leopold I of Austria near the Morgarten Pass . The Swiss thoroughly defeated the Austrians. The Confederates prepared a road-block and an ambush at a point between Lake Aegeri and Morgarten Pass where a small path led between

280-529: A Marian apparition, but to a monastic tradition. The oldest surviving reference to the Einsiedeln pilgrimage dates back to the early 14th century. However, the pilgrimage itself is likely to be older. It was encouraged by the legend of the consecration of the angels, according to which the Einsiedeln Chapel of Grace was consecrated by Christ himself in 948. Originally, the Einsiedeln pilgrimage

350-475: A breathing-space of some sixty years before the next Habsburg attack resulted in the Battle of Sempach (1386). The municipality came into existence in the 15th century. Around 1500, several chapels and the first government building were built in Oberägeri. In 1669 the municipality gained the right to elect its own priest. In 1726 the church was burgled. In 1766 the governments of Oberägeri and Unterägeri (at

420-466: A conservative society. It opposes the public financing of maternity leave and nursery schools . In its education policy, it opposes tendencies to shift the responsibility of the upbringing of children from families to public institutions. The party claims an excessive influence of anti-authoritarian ideas originating from the protests of 1968 . In general, the party supports strengthening crime prevention measures against social crimes and, especially in

490-422: A local pub landlord. Oberägeri has an area, as of 2009, of 36.2 km (14.0 sq mi). Of this area, 0.3 km (0.12 sq mi) or about 0.8% is occupied with buildings and 1.04 km (0.40 sq mi) or about 2.9% is roads or transportation infrastructure. About a third or 12.24 km (4.73 sq mi) is used for agriculture, while 0.71 km (0.27 sq mi) or about 2.0%

560-492: A loss of prosperity in Switzerland due to immigrants. According to the opinion of the party, such benefits amount to waste of taxpayers' money. Numerous SVP members have shown themselves to be critical of Islam by having participated in the minaret controversy , during which they pushed for an initiative to ban the construction of minarets. In November 2009, this ban won the majority vote (57.5%) and became an amendment to

630-533: A new foundation, now Saint Meinrad Archabbey in St. Meinrad, Indiana . There are a total of five monasteries in the USA that are linked to Einsiedeln by history: A highlight in the history of the monastery was the visit of Pope John Paul II in the summer of 1984, who solemnly consecrated the new high altar in the lower choir on June 15. In contrast to for example Lourdes , the pilgrimage in Einsiedeln does not go back to

700-464: A new radical right-wing populist agenda. The Zürich wing began to politicise asylum issues, and the question of European integration started to dominate Swiss political debates. They also adopted more confrontational methods. The Zürich wing subsequently started to gain ground in the party at the expense of the Bern wing, and the party became increasingly centralised as a national party, in contrast to

770-614: A publication now in the public domain :  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Abbey of Einsiedeln ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Swiss People%27s Party The Swiss People's Party ( German : Schweizerische Volkspartei , SVP ; Romansh : Partida populara Svizra , PPS ), also known as the Democratic Union of the Centre ( French : Union démocratique du centre , UDC ; Italian : Unione Democratica di Centro , UDC ),

SECTION 10

#1732772359148

840-480: A thousand titles were published by 1798. The library was last restored in 1998. Einsiedeln Abbey School is a private and federally recognized Matura school in Einsiedeln with a history stretching back over 1,000 years. It is organized by the Benedictine monastery of Einsiedeln. Around 400 students attend the school, which is taught by around 50 teachers. Among them are also five priests. The mission statement of

910-711: Is a national-conservative and right-wing populist political party in Switzerland . Chaired by Marcel Dettling , it is the largest party in the Federal Assembly , with 62 members of the National Council and 6 of the Council of States . The SVP originated in 1971 as a merger of the Party of Farmers, Traders and Independents (BGB) and the Democratic Party , while the BGB, in turn, had been founded in

980-524: Is a full member of the Swiss Bishops' Conference. Located in separate cantons, Einsiedeln Abbey and Fahr Convent , a community of Benedictine nuns, form a double monastery , both under the authority of the male Abbot of Einsiedeln. The monastery's library is rich in old books: it contains around 230,000 printed books, 1230 manuscripts and 1040 volumes of incunabula and early printed books. Between 500 and 800 books are added every year. The library

1050-402: Is used for small gardens. Forests or other wooded areas cover 13.53 km (5.22 sq mi) or about 37.4% of the municipality. Of the rest, 6.33 km (2.44 sq mi) or about 17.5% is covered with water, including the Ägerisee , and 2.07 km (0.80 sq mi) or about 5.7% is marsh or moorland . The municipality is located in the eastern pre-alpine, high valley on

1120-612: The 1979 federal election , with an increase from 11.3% to 14.5%. This was contrasted with the stable level in the other cantons, although the support also stagnated in Zürich through the 1980s. The struggle between the SVP's largest branches of Bern and Zürich continued into the early 1990s. While the Bern-oriented faction represented the old moderate style, the Zürich-oriented wing led by Christoph Blocher represented

1190-558: The Free Democratic Party had earlier been a popular party for farmers, this changed during World War I when the party had mainly defended the interests of industrialists and consumer circles. When proportional representation was introduced in 1919, the new farmers' parties won significant electoral support, especially in Zürich and Bern , and eventually also gained representation in parliament and government. By 1929,

1260-598: The Protestant Reformation in Switzerland. Its leader, Huldrych Zwingli , had studied at the abbey for a period of time. Abbot Augustine I (1600–29) led the movement to create the Swiss Congregation of the Order of St. Benedict in 1602. Augustine established unrelaxed observance in the abbey and promoted a high standard of scholarship and learning amongst his monks. The Einsiedeln abbey church

1330-611: The Swiss Armed Forces as the institution responsible for national defense. They believe that the army should remain a militia force and should never become involved in interventions abroad. In June and July 2010, the party used the silly season for floating the notion of a "Greater Switzerland" , where instead of Switzerland joining the EU, the border regions of Switzerland's neighbours would join Switzerland, submitted in July in

1400-574: The Swiss Conservative People's Party and the Free Democratic Party. In 1971, the BGB changed its name to the Swiss People's Party (SVP) after it merged with the Democratic Party from Glarus and Grisons . The Democratic Party had been supported particularly by workers, and the SVP sought to expand its electoral base towards these, as the traditional BGB base in the rural population had started to lose its importance in

1470-472: The judiciary on politics. According to the SVP, this influence, especially through international law , increasingly puts the Swiss direct democracy in question. Public law which is legitimate by direct democracy standards should be agreed upon by the federal court. The European law, which according to the SVP is not democratically legitimate, shall always be subordinate to the Swiss law. The SVP also criticises

SECTION 20

#1732772359148

1540-548: The tertiary sector , with 198 businesses in this sector. The historical population is given in the following table: Einsiedeln Abbey Einsiedeln Abbey ( German : Kloster Einsiedeln ) is a Catholic monastery administered by the Benedictine Order in the village of Einsiedeln, Switzerland . The Abbey of Einsiedeln is one of the most important baroque monastic sites and the largest place of pilgrimage in Switzerland. The Black Madonna of Einsiedeln in

1610-424: The 1930s. In the party's fight against left-wing ideologies, sections of party officials and farmers voiced sympathy with, or failed to distance themselves from, emerging fascist movements. After World War II , the BGB contributed to the establishment of the characteristic Swiss post-war consensual politics, social agreements and economic growth policies. The party continued to be a reliable political partner with

1680-399: The 2000s. In line with the changes fostered by Blocher, the party started to focus increasingly on issues such as Euroscepticism and opposition to mass immigration . Its vote share of 28.9% in the 2007 federal election was the highest vote ever recorded for a single party in Switzerland until 2015 , when it surpassed its own record with 29.4%. Blocher's failure to win re-election as

1750-483: The Abbey School is shaped by the Benedictine tradition. According to the current abbot of Einsiedeln Abbey, this is reflected in "the most holistic humanistic education possible, which essentially includes the artistic dimension". The abbey school is thus intended to offer an alternative to the existing range of schools. Main article: List of abbots (DE) [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

1820-522: The Bilateral I agreements with the EU which include provisions on the reduction of trade barriers as well as barriers in agriculture, land transport and civil aviation. Swiss voters rejected the referendum with 61.7% against. Only four cantons voted in favor. The SVP supports supply-side economics . It is a proponent of lower taxes and government spending. The SVP is not as liberal in terms of its agricultural policy since, in consideration of it being

1890-588: The Chapel of Grace attracts around 800,000 pilgrims and tourists every year. The community of Benedictine monks has around 40 members. The monastery is not under the jurisdiction of a diocese or a bishop because it is a territorial abbey . The abbey operates a private high school along with a winery, sawmill, restaurant and other small businesses in order to support itself. The history of Einsiedeln Abbey starts with Meinrad of Einsiedeln. Born in 797 in Sulchen, he

1960-598: The Einsiedeln abbey and church on the hermitage site, becoming its first abbot. According to legend, the church was consecrated in 948 in person by Jesus Christ in honor of his mother Mary. It was the beginning of the pilgrimage to the Chapel of the Saviour, which turned in the Middle Ages to a Marian pilgrimage. In 965 Gregory, the third Abbot of Einsiedeln, was named a prince of the Holy Roman Empire by Emperor Otto I . His successor abbots would hold that title until

2030-468: The Free Movement of Persons bilateral agreement within one year of passage. It would also bar the government from concluding any agreements that would grant the free movement of people to foreign nationals. The initiative was opposed by the other major parties in Switzerland. Other parties were concerned that because of the "guillotine clause" in the bilateral agreements, this would terminate all of

2100-559: The Reformation and especially in the Baroque period, Einsiedeln became more and more of a Marian pilgrimage site. After the great ecclesiastical crisis caused by the Reformation, the monastic community consolidated again and played a significant role in shaping Einsiedeln's pilgrimage culture. Nowadays, the monastery is visited by hundreds of thousands of pilgrims from all over the world every year. The majority come from Switzerland and

2170-463: The SVP has gained a reputation as a party that maintains a hard-line stance. In its foreign policy the SVP opposes the growing involvement of Switzerland in intergovernmental and especially supranational organisations , including the UN , EEA , EU , Schengen and Dublin treaties, and closer ties with NATO . The party stands for a strict neutrality of the country and the preservation of the strong role of

Oberägeri - Misplaced Pages Continue

2240-450: The SVP opposes governmental measures for environmental protection . In its transportation policy, the party therefore endorses the expansion of the Swiss motorway network and is against the preference of public transportation over individual transportation. It supports the construction of megaprojects such as AlpTransit but criticizes the cost increases and demands more transparency. In

2310-537: The SVP's popularity, the party gained a second ministerial position in the Federal Council in 2003, which was taken by Christoph Blocher . Before this, the only SVP Federal Councillor had always been from the moderate Bern wing. The 2007 federal election still confirmed the SVP as the strongest party in Switzerland with 28.9% of the vote and 62 seats in the National Council, the largest share of

2380-570: The Swiss Constitution. However, the four existing minarets are not affected by the new legislation. The party has been active in the counter-jihad movement, participating in the 2010 international counter-jihad conference. Other recent victories of the SVP in regards to immigration policy include the federal popular initiatives " for the expulsion of criminal foreigners " (52.3%), and " Against mass immigration " (50.3%) in 2010 and 2014 respectively, all injecting counter-jihad policies into

2450-404: The cantonal branches adopted the agenda of the Zürich wing. In the 1999 federal election , the SVP for the first time became the strongest party in Switzerland with 22.5% of the vote, a 12.6% share increase. This was the biggest increase of votes for any party in the entire history of the Swiss proportional electoral system, which was introduced in 1919. As a result of the remarkable increase in

2520-471: The coalition of farmers' parties had gained enough influence to get one of their leaders, Rudolf Minger , elected to the Federal Council. In 1936, a representative party was founded on the national level, called the Party of Farmers, Traders and Independents (BGB). During the 1930s, the BGB entered the mainstream of Swiss politics as a right-wing conservative party in the bourgeois bloc. While

2590-415: The context of the emerging local farmers' parties in the late 1910s. The SVP initially did not enjoy any increased support beyond that of the BGB, retaining around 11% of the vote through the 1970s and 1980s. This changed however during the 1990s, when the party underwent deep structural and ideological changes under the influence of Christoph Blocher ; the SVP then became the strongest party in Switzerland by

2660-407: The continuous arrival of new members in recent years. Einsiedeln is still a territorial abbey, meaning that it is located in a territory that is not part of any diocese which the abbot governs "as its proper pastor" ( Canon 370, Codex Juris Canonici ) with the same authority as a diocesan bishop. The head of the community has been Abbot Urban Federer since December 2013. As Abbot of Einsiedeln, he

2730-458: The continuous progression of the SVP since 1987. The party drew 26.6% percent of the vote, a 2.3-point decrease from the previous elections in 2007. This loss could be partly attributed to the split of the BDP, which gained 5.4% of the vote in 2011. However the SVP rebounded strongly in the 2015 federal election , gathering a record 29.4% of the national vote and 65 seats in parliament. Media attributed

2800-446: The dissolution of the empire in 1806. In 1226, after another fire, the church was enlarged. The lower church was built above the Chapel of the Saviour, which was incorporated into the new compley. This effect, of a sanctuary within a sanctuary, has been maintained in later restorations of the Chapel of Our Lady. In the 13th century, the pilgrimage to the monastic compley became more popular, better structured and organized. The figure of

2870-403: The enthroned Madonna holding the baby Christ on her left knee, which appears on an abbey seal from 1239, is considered Einsiedeln's oldest miraculous image. During the early 16th century, the standards of discipline at Einsiedeln started to decline, but Ludovicus II, a monk of St. Gall who was Abbot of Einsiedeln from 1526 to 1544, restored a stricter observance. The abbey remained unaffected by

Oberägeri - Misplaced Pages Continue

2940-421: The first opposition group in Switzerland since the 1950s. In 2008, the SVP demanded that Widmer-Schlumpf resign from the Federal Council and leave the party. When she refused, the SVP demanded that its Grisons branch expel her. Since Swiss parties are legally federations of cantonal parties, the federal SVP could not expel her itself. The Grisons branch stood by Widmer-Schlumpf, leading the SVP to expel it from

3010-410: The form of a motion to the Federal Council by Dominique Baettig , signed by 26 SVP Councillors. Some, such as newspaper Die Welt , have also speculated that the initiative could be a response to the suggestion by Muammar al-Gaddafi to dissolve Switzerland and divide its territory among its neighbouring countries . Another key concern of the SVP is what it alleges is an increasing influence of

3080-523: The former branch represented the centrist faction, and the latter looked to put new issues on the political agenda. When the young entrepreneur Christoph Blocher was elected president of the Zürich SVP in 1977, he declared his intent to oversee significant change in the political line of the Zürich SVP, bringing an end to debates that aimed to open the party up to a wide array of opinions. Blocher soon consolidated his power in Zürich, and began to renew

3150-428: The judiciary as undemocratic because the courts have made decisions against the will of the majority. In its immigration policy, the party commits itself to make asylum laws stricter and to reduce immigration. The SVP warns of immigration into the social welfare system and criticises the high proportion of foreigners among the public insurance benefit recipients and other social welfare programs. It addresses fears of

3220-643: The last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 14.1%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (90.2%), with English being second most common ( 2.6%) and Dutch being third ( 1.1%). In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 33% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (32.3%), the FDP (18.1%) and the Green Party (12%). In Oberägeri about 76.9% of

3290-493: The most popular party among farmers, it refuses to reduce agricultural subsidies or curtail the current system of direct payments to farmers, to ensure larger farming businesses do not dominate the marketplace. The expansion of the Schengen Area eastward was looked at skeptically by the SVP, which it associated with economic immigration and higher crime rates. In terms of the environment, transportation and energy policy

3360-403: The northern shores of the Ägerisee at an elevation of about 724 m (2,375 ft). It consists of the village of Oberägeri and the hamlets of Morgarten/Hauptsee and Alosen (at an elevation of 897 m (2,943 ft)) as well as scattered farm houses. Oberägeri has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 6,382. As of 2007, 19.7% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over

3430-415: The organisational structures, activities, campaigning style and political agenda of the local branch. The young members of the party was boosted with the establishment of a cantonal Young SVP (JSVP) in 1977, as well as political training courses. The ideology of the Zürich branch was also reinforced, and the rhetoric hardened, which resulted in the best election result for the Zürich branch in fifty years in

3500-590: The party opposed any kind of socialist ideas such as internationalism and anti-militarism , it sought to represent local Swiss traders and farmers against big business and international capital. The BGB contributed strongly to the establishment of the Swiss national ideology known as the Geistige Landesverteidigung (Spiritual Defence of the Nation), which was largely responsible for the growing Swiss sociocultural and political cohesion from

3570-477: The party's election gains. The SVP adheres to national conservatism , aiming at the preservation of Switzerland's political sovereignty and a conservative society. Furthermore, the party promotes the principle of individual responsibility and is skeptical toward any expansion of governmental services. This stance is most evident in the rejection of an accession of Switzerland to the European Union ,

SECTION 50

#1732772359148

3640-475: The party. Shortly afterward, the Grisons branch reorganised itself as the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP). Soon afterward, virtually all of the SVP's Bern branch, including Schmid, defected to the new party. The SVP regained its position in government in late 2008, when Schmid was forced to resign due to a political scandal, and was replaced with Ueli Maurer . The 2011 federal election put an end to

3710-451: The political mainstream. The 2014 referendum resulted in a narrow victory for the SVP. Following the vote, the Swiss government entered into negotiations with the EU and, in 2016, concluded an agreement that would provide for preferences for Swiss citizens in hiring. The SVP criticized the agreement as weak. In response, in 2020, the party placed the ballot a referendum called the "For Moderate Immigration" initiative, which would terminate

3780-472: The population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule ). Oberägeri has an unemployment rate of 1.14%. As of 2005, there were 251 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 90 businesses involved in this sector. 355 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 44 businesses in this sector. 1,049 people are employed in

3850-500: The post-war era. As the Democratic Party had represented centrist , social-liberal positions, the course of the SVP shifted towards the political centre following internal debates. The new party however continued to see its level of support at around 11%, the same as the former BGB throughout the post-war era. Internal debates continued, and the 1980s saw growing conflicts between the Bern and Zürich cantonal branches, where

3920-470: The rejection of military involvement abroad, and the rejection of increases in government spending on social welfare and education. The SVP "does not reject either democracy or the liberal order," and the terms "right-wing populist" or "far-right" are rarely used to describe it in Switzerland. The emphasis of the party's policies lies in foreign policy, immigration and homeland security policy as well as tax and social welfare policy. Among political opponents,

3990-464: The remaining parts of the old structure in the neoclassical style. Because of the political uncertainties inside and outside the country in the 1840s, the Einsiedeln leadership became afraid that the abbey would be suppressed or dissolved. They sent a group of monks to southern Indiana in the United States to minister to German immigrants and develop a possible place of refuge. The monks started

4060-630: The reputation of the Confederates as barbaric, yet fierce and respectable fighters. Within a month of the battle, in December 1315, the Confederates renewed the oath of alliance made in 1291, initiating the phase of growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy . Within forty years, cities including Lucerne , Zug , Zürich and Bern had joined the confederation. The victory of the Confederates left them in virtual autonomy and gave them

4130-528: The rise to concerns over the European migrant crisis . The party received the highest proportion of votes of any Swiss political party since 1919, when proportional representation was first introduced, and it received more seats in the National Council than any other political party since 1963, when the number of seats was set at 200. The SVP gained a second member in the Federal Council again, with Guy Parmelin replacing Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf after

4200-417: The scope of environmentalism and energy policy, the SVP is against the carbon tax and supports the use of nuclear energy . In the context of reductions of CO 2 emissions, the SVP cites the limited impact of Switzerland and instead supports globally, and legally binding agreements to address global climate change . In social welfare policy the SVP rejects expansion of the welfare state , and stands for

4270-495: The steep slope and a swamp. When about 1500 men attacked from above with rocks, logs and halberds , the Austrian knights had no room to defend themselves and suffered a crushing defeat, while the foot soldiers in the rear fled back to the city of Zug . A chronicler described the Confederates, unfamiliar with the customs of battles between knights, as brutally butchering everything that moved and everyone unable to flee. This founded

SECTION 60

#1732772359148

4340-441: The surrounding countries, but pilgrims from Eastern and Central European countries are also well represented. In addition to the traditional religious pilgrims, there are also more and more visitors who come to the monastery and village for cultural reasons. The Einsiedeln monastic community currently consists of 40 monks (as of October 2023). The average age (as well as the median) is comparatively low at just under 60 years due to

4410-409: The time known as Wilägeri ) became involved in an open fight during local parliamentary sessions, and the two municipalities split in 1798. In 1838 the city of Zürich stopped collecting interest they had had a right to since medieval times. In the same year the first school-building in the municipality was built. The second school was not built until 1956. Water supplies were established in 1890 by

4480-412: The traditional Swiss system of parties with loose organisational structures and weak central powers. During the 1990s, the party also doubled its number of cantonal branches (to eventually be represented in all cantons), which strengthened the power of the Zürich wing, since most new sections supported their agenda. In 1991, the party for the first time became the strongest party in Zürich, with 20.2% of

4550-427: The vote for any single party ever in Switzerland. However, the Federal Council refused to re-elect Blocher, who was replaced by Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf of the moderate Graubünden branch. In response, the national SVP withdrew its support from Widmer-Schlumpf and its other Federal Councillor, fellow SVP moderate Samuel Schmid , from the party, along with Widmer-Schlumpf's whole cantonal section. The SVP thus formed

4620-469: The vote. The party broke through in the early 1990s in both Zürich and Switzerland as a whole, and experienced dramatically increasing results in elections. From being the smallest of the four governing parties at the start of the 1990s, the party by the end of the decade emerged as the strongest party in Switzerland. At the same time, the party expanded its electoral base towards new voter demographics. The SVP in general won its best results in cantons where

4690-541: Was educated at the abbey school on Reichenau Island in what is today Germany. Meinrad became a monk and was later ordained a priest. After gaining public attention for reportedly performing miracles, Meinrad established a hermitage in 828 in the Einsiedeln forest of Switzerland, searching for privacy. He was murdered by two robbers in January 861. Over the next 80 years, other hermits occupied Meinrad's hermitage. In 934 Eberhard, previously Provost of Strassburg , built

4760-399: Was founded in 934 and the monastery already had its own writing school in the mid-10th century; 64 manuscripts from this period are still preserved today. The scriptorium, established in 2022, is a reminder of this, where visitors can learn about the production of books in the Middle Ages and write with ink and quill themselves. The monastery was given its own printing press in 1664, where over

4830-465: Was rebuilt by Abbot Maurus between 1704 and 1719 and the baroque ornamentation was completed in 1734. In 1798, the abbey was occupied by French revolution soldiers, losing its status as an independent principality . The clergy could return to the monastery in 1801. On February 19, 1803, the abbey was officially reinstalled by the Act of Mediation . However, the Chapel of Grace was only rebuilt in 1815-1817 with

4900-703: Was therefore a pilgrimage to the church consecrated by Christ, which only gradually became a Marian pilgrimage with the rise of Marian devotion in the High Middle Ages. The miraculous consecration is commemorated every year on the Feast of the Consecration of the Angels on September 14. The Middle Ages were the great age of pilgrimages. In addition to pilgrimages to Einsiedeln, many were also passing through on their way to Rome or Santiago de Compostela. After

#147852