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45-796: Ledringhem ( French pronunciation: [lədʁɛ̃ɡɛm] ; West Flemish : Ledringem ) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France . It is situated also in the ancient territory of the County of Flanders , in the Houtland (or woodland , with the cities of Cassel and Hazebrouck ) in the Franse Westhoek ( French Western corner ) where French Flemish was still spoken until recently. The residents of Ledringhem are called in French Ledringhemois . The village

90-514: A French duchy and to the commune of Enghien-les-Bains , a suburb of Paris, due to a complex series of family successions: in 1487, Mary of Luxembourg (d. 1547), the only heir of Peter II of Luxembourg (d. 1482), Count of Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise and member of one of the branches of the House of Luxembourg , married François de Bourbon-Vendôme (d. 1495), the great-grandfather of King Henry IV of France . Mary of Luxembourg brought as her dowry

135-568: A farm cesspit of the Mormentyn farm. Each coin was 18 mm wide and weighed approximately 6 grams. Half of the coins were reddish in color due to a higher richness in copper in the gold-silver-copper alloy, the remaining coins being yellow-white-colored. They presented an image of a running wild horse on one of the two faces. It has been hypothesized that this treasure could have been hidden underground and never recovered by its Morini or Menapian owners, during troubled times like during

180-588: A further 50,000 in the neighbouring Dutch coastal district of Zeelandic Flanders (200,000 if including the closely related dialects of Zeelandic ) and 10-20,000 in the northern part of the French department of Nord . Some of the main cities where West Flemish is widely spoken are Bruges , Dunkirk , Kortrijk , Ostend , Roeselare and Ypres . West Flemish is listed as a "vulnerable" language in UNESCO 's online Red Book of Endangered Languages . West Flemish has

225-647: A long ie ( [i] ). Like for the ui , the long o ( [o] ) can be replaced by an [ø] ( eu ) for some words but a [uo] for others. That often causes similarities to ranchers English. Here are some examples showing the sound shifts that are part of the vocabulary: Plural forms in Standard Dutch most often add -en , but West Flemish usually uses -s , like the Low Saxon dialects and even more prominently in English in which -en has become very rare. Under

270-891: A phonology that differs significantly from that of Standard Dutch, being similar to Afrikaans in the case of long E, O and A. Also where Standard Dutch has sch , in some parts of West Flanders, West-Flemish, like Afrikaans, has sk . However, the best known traits are the replacement of Standard Dutch (pre-)velar fricatives g and ch in Dutch ( /x, ɣ/ ) with glottal h [h, ɦ] ,. The following differences are listed by their Dutch spelling, as some different letters have merged their sounds in Standard Dutch but remained separate sounds in West Flemish. Pronunciations can also differ slightly from region to region. The absence of /x/ and /ɣ/ in West Flemish makes pronouncing them very difficult for native speakers. That often causes hypercorrection of

315-461: A short u ( [ɐ] ), a phenomenon also occurring in Russian and some other Slavic languages , called akanye . That happens spontaneously to some words, but other words keep their original short o sounds. Similarly, the short a ( [ɑ] ) can turn into a short o ( [ɔ] ) in some words spontaneously. The diphthong ui ( /œy/ ) does not exist in West Flemish and is replaced by a long u ( [y] ) or

360-474: A total population of 11,980. The total area is 40.59 km (15.67 sq mi), which gives a population density of 295 inhabitants per km . The municipality consists of the following districts: Enghien, Marcq , and Petit-Enghien . It is situated on the Flemish border, and restricted language rights are granted to the Dutch speaking minority (so-called language facilities ). Enghien gave its name to

405-668: Is rue Louis Patoor . The village Western limit with Arnèke is Voie romaine (D52). The Northern limit with Esquelbecq is chemin de Rubrouck . The village center consists of the main square ( La Place ), the church, the cemetery, the town's hall and the village park, forming an islet nested in a large turn of the route de Wormhout . There are two subdivisions : Other locations ( Lieux-dits ) are called Bas de la Plaine , La Belette , La Butte , La Motte , La Plaine , La Potence , Le Baron , Les Grenouilles , Les Tambours , Oost Houck (coin de l'Est), Planckeel (Planckael), Sainte Anne , Tampon court and Zinkepit . Ledringhem

450-634: Is a little off the ancient Roman road , now D52, roughly North-South in direction. An ancient and legendary explanation is that the name comes from the Latin form ( Ledera ) of the name of a local brook called the Leder . This explanation, given in tome II, page 572 of Flandria Illustrata (1641), and though doubtful, is also provided for the name of nearby village Lederzeele . It comes from Sanderus (1586–1664) who wrote, citing Malbrancq: Lederam pluribus ab ortu suo pagis nomem communicantem (The Leder

495-536: Is about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) southwest of the small town of Wormhout , and approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of Cassel . Bigger cities are Dunkirk further to the north and Hazebrouck further to the south. Ledringhem is crossed by the small river Peene Becque , a tributary of the Franco-Belgian river Yser and there is one shorter tributary, the Lyncke Becque , passing closer to

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540-577: Is effusive in his tribute to their bravery, calling them "heroes". The Atuatuci, who were marching to their aid, turned back on hearing of the defeat and retreated to one stronghold, were put under siege, and soon surrendered and handed over their arms. However the surrender was a ploy, and the Atuatuci, armed with weapons they had hidden, tried to break out during the night. The Romans had the advantage of position and killed four thousand. The rest, about fifty-three thousand, were sold into slavery. In 53 BC

585-584: Is north of the Weald–Artois Anticline . The evidences of the last glacial period , alternatively named Weichsel glaciation or Vistulian glaciation in Europe, suggest that the ice sheets were at their maximum size for only a short period, between 25,000 to 13,000 BP . During the glacial maximum in Scandinavia, only the western parts of Jutland were ice-free, and a large part of what is today

630-404: Is pronounced only if the next word begins with a vowel sound. Another feature of West Flemish is the conjugation of ja and nee ("yes" and "no") to the subject of the sentence. That is somewhat related to the double subject, but even when the rest of the sentence is not pronounced, ja and nee are generally used with the first part of the double subject. This conjugation can be negated with

675-685: Is situated on the D55 road (actually called route de Wormhout towards Wormhout in the North-East direction and route d' Arnèke in the West direction). Other smaller roads include rue Henri Wallaert , chemin d' Esquelbecq , petit chemin d'Esquelbecq (north directions), chemin de Bodeye , chemin de la chapelle , chemin de la pâture grasse , chemin de Steenvoorde , chemin des postes , chemin des prairies , chemin d'Heenhout , chemin du moulin , chemin du tétard borne and voie nouvelle . The village

720-514: Is the right identification of the personal name (male's name) contained in this place-name. The current name Ledringhem could be of Frankish origin, with the -hem particle meaning "home" and Ledring- being the genitive form of Leodro , a common given name at the time, who could have been a local chief. Hem is the same word as Old English hām (home), the Old Low Franconian form would have been *haim . Another explanation for

765-535: The /h/ sounds to a /x/ or /ɣ/ . Standard Dutch also has many words with an -en ( /ən/ ) suffix (mostly plural forms of verbs and nouns). While Standard Dutch and most dialects do not pronounce the final n , West Flemish typically drops the e and pronounces the n inside the base word. For base words already ending with n , the final n sound is often lengthened to clarify the suffix. That makes many words become similar to those of English: beaten , listen etc. The short o ( [ɔ] ) can also be pronounced as

810-537: The Franks , a fusion of western Germanic tribes whose leaders had been strongly aligned with Rome since the 3rd century, subsequently entered Roman lands more gradually and peacefully during the 5th century, and were generally endured as rulers by the Roman-Gaulish population. The Franks became foederati in 358 AD, when Emperor Julian let them keep the areas in northern Gaul , which had been depopulated during

855-698: The Gallic Wars . Julius Caesar conquered the Belgae , beginning in 57 BC. He marched into the territory of the Suessiones and besieged the town of Noviodunum (Soissons). Seeing the Romans' siege engines, the Suessiones surrendered, whereupon Caesar turned his attention to the Bellovaci, who had retreated into the fortress of Bratuspantium (between modern Amiens and Beauvais). They quickly surrendered, as did

900-656: The North Sea was dry land connecting Jutland with Britain. The territory of Northern France is part of the areas of influence of the Beaker culture (c. 2800–1800 BC), the Atlantic Bronze Age (approximately 1300–700 BC), then of the Hallstatt culture (800 -500 BC) and La Tène culture (450 BC). The origins of the village are unclear. The village could have been occupied since Gaulish times. At that time,

945-516: The Picard language replaced the Flemish one in the Middle Ages. The French language has retained the old version, and often frenchified it as -eng-hien or -ing-hien (see above Ledringhien in 1330, similar to Enghien for instance) but the existence of the evoluted Dutch form is attested : Ledregem in the 17th century. The only problem that divides the specialists (the "toponymists")

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990-801: The 1st to 3rd centuries. The Gallic Empire (Latin: Imperium Galliarum) is the modern name for a breakaway realm of the Roman Empire that existed from 260 to 274. It originated during the Crisis of the 3rd Century (AD 235–284). It was retaken by Roman Emperor Aurelian after the Battle of Châlons in 274. Constantius Chlorus ’ first task on becoming Caesar was to deal with the Roman usurper Carausius who had declared himself emperor in Britannia and northern Gaul in 286. In late 293, Constantius defeated

1035-645: The Ambiani. The Nervii , along with the Atrebates and Viromandui, decided to fight (the Atuatuci had also agreed to join them but had not yet arrived). They concealed themselves in the forests and attacked the approaching Roman column at the river Sabis (previously thought to be the Sambre but recently the Selle is thought to be more probable). Their attack was quick and unexpected. The element of surprise briefly left

1080-565: The Eburones, led by Ambiorix, along with the Nervii , Menapii and Morini , revolted again and wiped out 15 cohorts, only to be put down by Caesar. The Belgae fought in the uprising of Vercingetorix in 52 BC. The Menapii again rebelled along with their neighbours, the Morini, in 30 or 29 BC. The Roman governor of Gaul, Gaius Carrinas , successfully quelled the rebellion and the territory of

1125-564: The Menapii was subsequently absorbed into the Roman province of Gallia Belgica . After their final subjugation, Caesar combined the three parts of Gaul, the territory of the Belgae, Celtae and Aquitani, into a single unwieldy province (Gallia Comata, "long-haired Gaul") that was reorganized by the emperor Augustus into its traditional cultural divisions. The population was partially Romanised from

1170-544: The Romans and the allied Franks were overrun by a tribal migration en masse of Vandals and Alans . They emerged victorious and Belgica Secunda became in the 5th century the center of Clovis ' Merovingian kingdom and during the 8th century the heart of the Carolingian Empire . West Flemish language West Flemish is spoken by about a million people in the Belgian province of West Flanders , and

1215-464: The Romans exposed. Some of the Romans did not have time to take the covers off their shields or to even put on their helmets. However Caesar grabbed a shield, made his way to the front line, and quickly organised his forces. The two Roman legions guarding the baggage train at the rear finally arrived and helped to turn the tide of the battle. Caesar says the Nervii were almost annihilated in the battle, and

1260-501: The Romans. As a proof of possible gaulish origins, a hoard was discovered in 1852 in Ledringhem. This treasure was estimated by Jérémie Landron (1840–1904), a pharmacist-chemist- gold-and-silver assayer , to be composed of 35 000 small gold coins , described as staters , and locally known as Ledringhem's buttons ( boutons de Ledringhem ). The coins were retrieved in an 18-liter vase, which has been lost, by two workers cleaning

1305-473: The duchy of Montmorency as " duchy of Enghien ", in memory of the duchy of Enghien which the Princes of Condé had lost in 1569 at the death of Louis I de Bourbon. The city of Montmorency , at the heart of the duchy, continued to be known as "Montmorency", despite the official name change, but the name "Enghien" stuck to the nearby lake and marshland that developed later as a spa resort and was incorporated as

1350-729: The early Middle Ages. The territory of Ledringhem was part of the microcontinent Avalonia in the Paleozoic era. Euramerica , also known as Laurussia, was a landmass created in the Devonian as the result of a collision between the Laurentian, Baltica, and Avalonia cratons. Euramerica became a part of the supercontinent Pangaea in the Permian. In the Jurassic, when Pangaea rifted into two continents, Gondwana and Laurasia, Euramerica

1395-399: The extra word, toet ( [tut] ), or strenght strengthened by adding mo- or ba- (or both). Enghien Enghien ( French: [ɑ̃ɡjɛ̃] ; Dutch : Edingen [ˈeːdɪŋə(n)] ; Picard : Inguî ; West Flemish : Enge ) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut , Belgium . On 1   January 2006, Enghien had

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1440-480: The fief of Condé-en-Brie ( Aisne département , France) and the county of Enghien, among others. These fiefs passed to her grandson Louis I de Bourbon, Prince de Condé , uncle of King Henry IV of France, who started the line of the Princes of Condé , the famous cadet branch of the French royal family. In 1566, the county of Enghien was elevated to a duchy - peerage . However, the necessary registration process

1485-569: The forces of Carausius in Gaul, capturing Bononia ( Boulogne-sur-Mer ). This precipitated the assassination of Carausius by his rationalis Allectus , who assumed command of the British provinces until his death in 296. Constantius spent the next two years neutralising the threat of the Franks who were the allies of Allectus, as northern Gaul remained under the control of the British usurper until at least 295. Later Emperor Diocletian restructured

1530-417: The influence of Standard Dutch, -s is being used by fewer people, and younger speakers tend to use -en . The verbs zijn ("to be") and hebben ("to have") are also conjugated differently. West Flemish often has a double subject. Standard Dutch has an indefinite article that does not depend on gender, unlike in West Flemish. However, a gender-independent article is increasingly used. Like in English, n

1575-649: The name etymology is the Old Low Franconian *Liuthari-ing-haim "home of Luithari's people". Ernest Nègre notices that the Germanic -heim (sic) is precisely rendered by the Latin mansiones in the earliest document. He hesitates about the personal name contained in this place-name, but believes that it is probably Liutradus instead of Liuthari supported by Marie-Thérèse Morlet , after Albert Dauzat and Charles Rostaing . The Anglo-Saxon history specialist Daniel Henry Haigh (1819—1879) noticed that

1620-517: The preceding century. Roman soldiers defended the Rhine and had major armies 100 miles (160 km) south and west of the Rhine. Frankish settlers were established in the areas north and east of the Romans and helped with the Roman defense by providing intelligence and a buffer state. The breach of the Rhine borders in the frozen winter of 406 and 407 made an end to the Roman presence at the Rhine when both

1665-713: The province of Brabant) and the North Sea to the sites of East Anglia and the middle Thames in southern England. The London–Brabant Massif is part of the former microcontinent Avalonia. The formation formed an island at some point in geological time. As the island was drifting past the Equator during the Carboniferous, on the shores grew a rich tropical forest swamp. Ledringhem is situated in the Cenozoic Era Bassin de Flandre of French regional geology. It

1710-508: The provinces around 300, and split Belgica into two provinces: Belgica Prima and Belgica Secunda. Belgica Prima had Treveri (Trier) as its main city, and consisted of the eastern part. Belgica Secunda was situated between the English channel and the River Meuse, which therefore contained the original "Belgium" that Caesar had described. Reims (Durocortorum) was the capital of that second province. The Saxon Shore (Latin: litus Saxonicum)

1755-552: The village center. Other small rivers are Trommels Becque , Putte Becque , Platse Becque and Kaliszewski Becque . The climate in Ledringhem is oceanic with a mild summer ( Köppen Classification  : Cfb). The river Peene Becque constitutes the southern border between Ledringhem and Arnèke and Zermezeele . It is also the South-Eastern limit with Wormhout until the limit crosses a field between rue des postes and rue de la Forgé . The North-Eastern limit with Wormhout

1800-456: The village could share a common etymology with the civil parish of Letheringham in Suffolk, England. and this theory of a Saxon or Anglo-Saxon origin is supported nowadays by linguists that analysed toponyms thought before to be Franconian as Saxon afterwards. Numerous archeological sites in the northern part of France along the channel coast show a very strong Saxon and Anglo-Saxon influence in

1845-408: The village territory was dry land (or moorland), unlike other territories which were underwater in the "plaine maritime" (see the three Dunkirk transgressions ), a polder region made from Les Moëres , part of French Flanders. The nearby presence of a Roman road (now voie romaine – D52) from Cassel and leading to the sea could have been a reason for an early settlement. This road could have preceded

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1890-640: Was a military command of the late Roman Empire, established during the Crisis of the 3rd Century and consisted of a series of fortifications on both sides of the English channel. It was established in the late 3rd century and was led by the "Count of the Saxon Shore". In the late 4th century, his functions were limited to Britain, while the fortifications in Gaul were established as separate commands, dux tractus Amoricani and dux Belgicae Secundae , with headquarters at Portus Aepatiaci (possibly Étaples ). In Gaul,

1935-589: Was a part of Laurasia. In the Cretaceous, Laurasia split into the continents of North America and Eurasia. The Laurentian craton became a part of North America while Baltica became a part of Eurasia, and Avalonia was split between the two. Ledringhem lies on the London-Brabant Massif , a structural high or massif that stretches from the Rhineland in western Germany across northern Belgium (in

1980-432: Was not completed, so the title became extinct at the death of Louis I de Bourbon in 1569. In 1633, Henry II, Prince of Condé , grandson of Louis I de Bourbon, inherited the duchy of Montmorency , near Paris, after the execution of Henri II de Montmorency , brother of his wife Charlotte-Marguerite de Montmorency . In 1689, King Louis XIV allowed Henry III, Prince of Condé , grandson of Henry II, Prince of Condé, to rename

2025-465: Was the source of many country names). In reality, the place-name Ledringhem is typical Germanic, with the common Germanic double end -ing-hem (name suffix + toponymic appellative) found everywhere in Flanders, corresponding exactly to the English one -ing-ham (e. g. Nottingham ). This -ing-hem turned into -egem where Flemish-Dutch continued to be spoken, but remained the same -ing-hem where

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