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74-489: Located in European Russia between latitudes 54° and 57° N and longitudes 35° and 41° E , Moscow Oblast borders Tver Oblast in the northwest, Yaroslavl Oblast in the north, Vladimir Oblast in the northeast and east, Ryazan Oblast in the southeast, Tula Oblast in the south, Kaluga Oblast in the southwest, and Smolensk Oblast in the west. The oblast mostly surrounds the federal city of Moscow, which

148-547: A population of nearly 110 million—making Russia the largest and most populous country in Europe, surpassing second-place Germany. European Russia is the most densely populated region of Russia, with a population density of 27.5 people per km (70 per sq mi). European Russia counts for about 15% of Europe's total population . All three federal cities of Russia lie within European Russia. These cities are Moscow ,

222-664: A variety of sands. Cretaceous sediments are most common in the north of the oblast. The sea was wider in Jurassic than in Cretaceous period. Typical Jurassic deposits, in the form of black clay, are found within and around the city of Moscow and in the valley of the Moscow River . Carboniferous deposits in Moscow Oblast are represented by dolomite , limestone , and marl . Coal deposits rich in organic remains occur in

296-467: Is 25–50 centimeters (9.8–19.7 in) and the soil freezes to 65–75 centimeters (26–30 in). The warmest month is July with the average temperature of +18.0 °C (64.4 °F) in the northwest and +20.0 °C (68.0 °F) in the southeast. The maximum temperature of +40 °C (104 °F) was recorded in Kolomna during 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves . The average annual rainfall

370-534: Is 450–650 millimeters (18–26 in), the precipitation is maximal in the northwestern and minimal in the southeastern regions. The summer precipitation is usually 75 millimeters (3.0 in), but severe droughts occur once in 25–30 years, with less than 5 millimeters (0.20 in) of rain over June–August. There are more than three hundred rivers with the length above 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) in Moscow Oblast. All rivers are calm and have well-developed valleys and floodplains . They are mostly fed by melting snow and

444-635: Is a river that flows through western Russia . It rises about 140 km (90 mi) west of Moscow and flows roughly east through the Smolensk and Moscow Oblasts , passing through central Moscow. About 110 km (70 mi) southeast of Moscow, at the city of Kolomna , it flows into the Oka , itself a tributary of the Volga , which ultimately flows into the Caspian Sea . According to recent studies,

518-816: Is a surname, most common in Russia, Bulgaria , Ukraine and North Macedonia . Additionally, there are similarly named places in Poland like Mozgawa . According to one of the Finno-Ugric hypotheses, the Merya and Muroma people, who were among the several pre-Slavic tribes which originally inhabited the area, called the river Mustajoki "Black river", and the name of the river derives from this term. Various other theories (of Celtic , Iranian , Caucasic origins), having little or no scientific ground, are now largely rejected by contemporary linguists. To distinguish

592-869: Is about 650 tonnes. Phosphates are produced in the Yegorevskoye and Severskoye fields. Meshchera and Verkhnevolzhsk Lowlands are rich in peat . The largest mines are "Ryazanovskoe" (840,000 tonnes per year) and "Radovitsky moss" (760,000 tonnes per year), both around Yegoryevsk . There are deposits of brown coal beyond the Oka River, but they have no commercial value. There are also minor deposits of titanium and iron ore in Serpukhovsky and Serebryano-Prudsky Districts . Salts of potassium salt are being developed around Serpukhov and Yegoryevsk. There are also numerous mineral springs near Zvenigorod, Klin, and Serpukhov. They include surface springs and reservoirs at

666-884: Is dominated by relatively infertile podsol soils which require fertilizers for commercial agriculture. On the hills there is more loam and the low-lying areas have more of bog, sandy loam and sand. Chernozem is scarce and occurs only south of the Oka River. Gray forest soils are spread between the Oka, Moskva, and Klyazma Rivers, mostly in Ramensky and Voskresensky Districts. Marshy soils are common in Meshchersk and Verkhnevolzhsk lowlands. Valleys of large rivers are rich in alluvial soils. In general, soils are heavily polluted with chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and household and industrial waste, especially around Moscow, Orekhovo-Zuyevo , Noginsk , and Voskresensk. Moscow Oblast lies within

740-646: Is evidence for bog turtles in some areas. Amphibians are represented by 11 species including smooth newt , great crested newt , common toad , European green toad , common frog , moor frog , marsh frog , common spadefoot and European fire-bellied toad . Insects are numerous, with bees alone accounting for more than 300 species. In Serpukhovsky District, there is the Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve which contains protected wisents . Near Moscow lies Losiny Ostrov National Park of federal significance. The ecological situation in

814-553: Is from the Proto-Balto-Slavic root * mŭzg -/ muzg - from the Proto-Indo-European * meu - "wet", so the name Moskva might signify a river at a wetland or a marsh. Its cognates include Russian : музга , muzga "pool, puddle", Lithuanian : mazgoti and Latvian : mazgāt "to wash", Sanskrit : májjati "to drown", Latin : mergō "to dip, immerse". In many Slavic countries Moskov

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888-578: Is near the town of Elektrougli with the reserves of 3 billion tonnes. Also widespread are loams which are used in brick manufacture and limestones ("white stone"). The famous Myachkovo deposit of carboniferous limestone provided material that went for cladding of such buildings in Moscow as the Bolshoi Theater . The mining in Myachkovo had been stopped and currently, limestone is provided by

962-401: Is not part of the oblast, but rather a separate federal subject in its own right. The oblast is highly industrialized , with the major industries being metallurgy , oil refining , and mechanical engineering , along with the food, energy, and chemical industries. The oblast is mostly flat, with some hills with a height of about 160 meters (520 ft) in the western and extensive lowlands in

1036-2106: Is second in Russia, after the city of Moscow. The industry of the Oblast relies on imported raw materials, strong scientific and technological base and highly skilled workforce; it is closely linked with the industry of Moscow. Well developed are machinery and metalworking. There are plants for the thermal and nuclear power engineering ( ZiO-Podolsk in Podolsk ), nuclear fuel ( TVEL in Elektrostal ), space and missile ( Energia in Korolyov , Lavochkin in Khimki , NGO engineering in Reutov , FTSDT "Union" in Dzerzhinsky  – development of solid rocket fuel, etc., IBC "Horizon" in Dzerzhinsky  – power plants for aircraft, etc.); locomotives ( Kolomna factory ), metro cars ( Metrowagonmash in Mytischi ), electric trains (Demikhovsky Engineering Works), cars ( SeAZ ), buses (Likinsky bus plant in Likino-Dulyovo ); agricultural machines, excavators and cranes ( Lyubertsy , Dmitrov , Balashikha ); stainless steel ( Elektrostal ), cables ( Podolsk ), optical devices (Krasnogorsky plant, Lytkarino Optical Glass Factory). There are many defense enterprises, such as Russian Center for demonstrations of weapons, military equipment and technology in Krasnoarmeysk ; Kamov , Phazotron , Bazalt , NPP Zvezda , MKB Fakel , MKB Raduga , National Research Institute of Aviation Systems, Krasnozavodsk Chemical Plant, Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design , Moscow Research Institute "Agat", Dolgoprudnenskoe Scientific Production Plant , and many others. Chemical industry of

1110-472: Is the least developed in the northern, eastern and western border regions. In the southern region, especially south of the Oka River, more than 50% of land is used in agriculture. Horticulture is typical for the southern region with most of the sown area (more than 3/5) occupied by forage crops. Large areas are reserved for grains, especially wheat, barley , oats and rye , and significant role plays potato. Greenhouses are very common and Moskovsky city hosts

1184-556: Is to the south of Serebryanye Prudy , in the very south area of the oblast, and the largest (4,200 meters (13,800 ft)) is to the east of Sergiyev Posad , in the northeast region. Tertiary deposits are almost absent within the oblast. Significantly more abundant are deposits of the Carboniferous and Jurassic periods. In the Cretaceous period, a sea was covering Moscow Oblast, as evidenced by phosphate deposits and

1258-707: Is used in the glass industry, their production is conducted from the end of 17th century near Lyubertsy . Much of the production is currently halted due to environmental concerns, and only the Yeganovskoye field is being exploited; its silica sand reserves are 33 million tonnes and annual production reaches 675,000 tonnes. Sand and gravel deposits are abundant within the Smolensk-Moscow Upland. Sandstone deposits are developed in Klinsky and Dmitrovsky Districts . There are numerous clay deposits within

1332-679: The 2013 elections . European Russia European Russia is the western and most populated part of the Russian Federation . It is geographically situated in Europe , as opposed to the country's sparsely populated and vastly larger eastern part, Siberia , which is situated in Asia , encompassing the entire northern region of the continent. The two parts of Russia are divided by the Ural Mountains and Ural river , bisecting

1406-507: The Eurasian supercontinent . European Russia covers the vast majority of Eastern Europe , and spans roughly 40% of Europe's total landmass, with over 15% of its total population, making Russia the largest and most populous country in Europe. It is divided into five Federal districts . European Russia accounts for about 80% of Russia's total population. It covers an area of over 3,969,100 square kilometres (1,532,500 sq mi), with

1480-976: The Likino-Dulyovo (Dulevo Porcelain Factory) and Verbilki and dry mortar plant in Krasnogorsk. Light industry is the oldest in the region; it was started in the 17th century and with 35% contribution was leading the gross industrial production. There is still production of cotton (in Yegoryevsk, Noginsk , Orekhovo-Zuyevo ), wool (in Pavlovsky Posad and Pushkino ) and jerseys (in Ivanteyevka and Dmitrov ). The silk production in Naro-Fominsk had been stopped. Traditional and renowned crafts include Gzhel , Zhostovo painting and Fedoskino miniature . Large foreign investment projects include

1554-545: The Moscow Canal (1932–1937), the Moskva River has also collected a share of Upper Volga water. This has enabled reliable commercial shipping, which was previously interrupted by summer droughts (older dams built in 1785, 1836 and 1878 were not effective). The average discharge , including Volga waters, varies from 38 m /s (1,300 cu ft/s) near Zvenigorod to 250 m /s (8,800 cu ft/s) at

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1628-975: The Muscovite Rus' arose, over all this time, western Russia and the various Rus' regions had strong cultural contacts with the Byzantine Empire, while the Slavic culture was cultivated all the time. The elements of East Slavic paganism and Christianity overlapped each other and sometimes produced even double faith in Muscovite Rus'. In 2022 the GRDP of European Russia was around ₽ 100 trillion ( US$ 1.4 trillion). The following Federal districts of Russia are overwhelmingly European: 55°N 40°E  /  55°N 40°E  / 55; 40 Moscow River The Moskva ( Russian : река Москва, Москва-река , Moskva-reka )

1702-695: The Oka river . Finno-Ugric, Baltic and Turkic tribes were also present in the area (although large parts of the Turkic and Finno-Ugric people were absorbed by the Slavs, there are great minorities in European Russia today). The western region of Central Russia was inhabited by the Eastern Slavic tribe of the Severians . One of the first Rus' regions according to the Sofia First Chronicle

1776-839: The Sergiyevo-Posadsky District . Contamination level is highest in Moscow, Voskresensk and Klin, high in Dzerzhinsky , Kolomna , Mytishchi , Podolsk , Serpukhov , Shchyolkovo , and Elektrostal , and low in Prioksko-Terrasny Biosphere Reserve. The major contaminants are formaldehyde and phenol in Moscow; ammonia and hydrogen fluoride in Voskresensk; formaldehyde in Klin, Kolomna, Mytishchi and Podolsk, phenol in Serpukhov. The most polluted rivers are Moscow, Oka and Klyazma. In

1850-637: The 12 biggest cities of Kievan Rus' or Ancient Rus' were Novgorod , Kiev , Polotsk , Smolensk , Murom and Rostov . Through trade and cultural contact with Byzantine Empire , the Slavic culture of the Rus' adopted gradually the Eastern Orthodox religion . Many sources say that Ryazan , Kolomna , Moscow , Vladimir and Kiev were destroyed by the Mongol Empire . After the Mongol invasion

1924-579: The 13th century, the land around Moscow was part of Grand Duchy of Moscow , which subsequently was the center of the unification of Russian lands, in particular the Mongol raids. In 1380, from Kolomna the prince Dmitry Donskoy led his troops to defeat the Mongols at the Battle of Kulikovo . The southern part of Moscow Oblast was then part of the Principality of Ryazan ; it was attached to Moscow only in

1998-641: The 1520. In 1708, Moscow Governorate was established by the decree of Peter the Great ; the area included most of the present Moscow Oblast. The Battle of Borodino , which decided the outcome of the French invasion of Russia was fought in 1812 near Mozhaysk . Industries developed in Moscow Oblast in the 17–19th centuries. They were centered in Bogorodsk , Pavlovsky Posad , and Orekhovo-Zuyevo and were dominated by textile production. The first railway in Russia

2072-1184: The 18–19th centuries reduced them and changed their species: conifers were replaced by birch and aspen . There is almost no logging nowadays and the forests are being restored, especially around Moscow. Swamps are prevalent in the eastern areas, such as Shatursky and Lukhovitsky Districts . The natural floodplain meadows are almost gone. The number of native plant species is reduced, but some foreign species flourish, such as Canadian maple . Endemic species include water caltrop and lady's slipper . The mammals of Moscow Oblast include badger , squirrel, beaver , otter , muskrat , stoat , Russian desman , raccoon dog , hedgehog, hare ( mountain and European ), shrews ( common shrew , Eurasian pygmy shrew , lesser white-toothed shrew , Eurasian water shrew , etc.), weasel , fox, moose , wild boar, European mole , brown and black rats , marten , mice and voles ( wood mouse , yellow-necked mouse , house mouse , Eurasian harvest mouse , northern birch mouse , bank vole , field vole , tundra vole , European water vole ), European mink , deer ( roe , red , spotted ), hazel and fat dormouse , and European polecat . At

2146-478: The Moscow Oblast is serious. The areas adjacent to Moscow, and industrial zones in the east and south-east regions are heavily polluted. Most contamination originates from emissions from Kashira and Shatura Power Stations and disposal of household and industrial waste. For example, the Timohovskaya dump is one of the largest in Europe; other objects of concern are aging oil storage tanks, and nuclear waste in

2220-508: The Moscow area and in major cities (in particular, in Podolsk, Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Serpukhov, Lukhovitsy and Stupino) also heavily polluted are groundwaters. The territory of what is now Moscow Oblast had been inhabited for more than twenty thousand years. Numerous mounds and settlements from Iron Age were discovered there. Up to the 9–10th centuries, the Moskva River basin and adjacent lands were inhabited by Finnic peoples . Slavs populated

2294-638: The Moskva River and from the Upper Volga reservoirs (north and north-west of the city). Canals, built within Moscow city limits, have created a number of islands. Some of them have names in Russian, some have none. Major, permanent islands (west to east) are: One of the most famous is an unnamed artificial island in the center of the city between the river proper and the Bypass Canal There

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2368-510: The Moskva and Oka — Kolomna . As of 2007, there are 49 bridges across the Moskva River and its canals within Moscow city limits; the first stone bridge, Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge , was erected in 1692. Within the city, the river is 120–200 metres (390–660 ft) wide, the narrowest point being under the Kremlin walls. Drinking water for the city of Moscow is collected from five stations on

2442-541: The Oblast produces acids ( Shchyolkovo ), mineral fertilizers (plants named "Phosphates" and "Mineral fertilizers" in Voskresensk ), synthetic fibers ( Serpukhov and Klin ), plastics ( Orekhovo-Zuyevo ), varnishes and paints (Sergiyev Posad, Odintsovsky paint factories), pharmaceuticals ( Staraya Kupavna ). There is a well-developed industry of construction materials with production of cement in Voskresensk and Kolomna (Shchurovsky cement factory), earthenware, porcelain in

2516-404: The Oka inlet. The speed of the current, depending on the season, varies from 0.1 m/s (0.33 ft/s) (winter, dams closed) to 1.5–2.0 m/s (4.9–6.6 ft/s) (May, dams open). Moscow ( Москва́ ), the capital of Russia, is situated on its banks. The river also flows through the towns of Mozhaysk , Zvenigorod , Zhukovsky , Bronnitsy , Voskresensk , and — at the confluence of

2590-402: The area only in the 10th century. In mid-12th century, the lands became part of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality . Several important cities were founded around that time, including Volokolamsk (1135), Moscow (1147), Zvenigorod (1152), and Dmitrov (1154). In the first half of the 13th century, the entire Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, including the Moscow area, was conquered by the Mongols. In

2664-705: The area was renamed Moscow Oblast and on July 30, 1930, the division into ten okrugs was abolished. Parts of the then bulky Moscow Oblast were gradually transferred to other divisions. In particular, twenty-six districts became part of Kalinin Oblast in January 1935, and another seventy-seven districts were separated in September 1937 as Tula and Ryazan Oblasts . Borovsky , Vysokinichsky District  [ ru ] , Maloyaroslavetsky , Ugodsko-Zavodsky , and Petushinsky Districts were transferred in 1944 to Kaluga and Vladimir Oblasts. In 1941 and 1942, one of

2738-580: The area with large numbers of crows, sparrows, ducks, magpies, woodpeckers, thrushes , grouses , bullfinches , nightingales , corncrakes , northern lapwings , white storks , grey herons , seagulls and grebes . Over forty species are being hunted. Rivers and lakes of Moscow Oblast are rich in fish, such as ruffe , carp , bream , bass , roaches , Chinese sleeper , perch and pike . There are six species of reptiles: three lizards ( slowworm , viviparous lizard and sand lizard ) and three snakes ( European adder , grass snake and smooth snake ). There

2812-402: The average temperature below 0 °C (32 °F) lasts 130–150 days, beginning in early or mid-November and ending in late March (or very early April). The average annual temperature varies from +3.5 °C (38.3 °F) to +5.5 °C (41.9 °F). The coldest months are January and February with the average temperature of −9 °C (16 °F) in the west and −12 °C (10 °F) in

2886-412: The borders there are occasional bears, lynxes and wolves. In the southern areas there are also speckled ground squirrel , dwarf hamster, great jerboa and beech marten . Some areas contain stable populations of imported animals, such as flying squirrel , American mink and Siberian roe deer . In the oblast, there are more than a dozen kinds of bat and moth. There are more than 170 species of birds in

2960-516: The current riverbed of the Moscow River was occupied about 12 thousand years ago. In addition to Finnic tribes, the Moskva River is also the origin of Slavic tribes such as the Vyatichi tribe. The name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of the river. Several theories of the origin of the name have been proposed. The most linguistically well-grounded and widely accepted

3034-468: The depth of 300–500 meters (980–1,640 ft). Deeper, at 1–1.5 kilometers (0.62–0.93 mi) there is a large sea of salt extending beyond Moscow Oblast. Waters with the salt concentration up to 300 g/L are used in the local food industry and spas. The climate of Moscow Oblast is humid continental , with clearly expressed seasonality – short but warm summers and long, cold winters; the continentality increases from northwest to southeast. The period of

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3108-887: The east. With the arrival of arctic air, the temperature drops to below −20 °C (−4 °F) that may last up to twenty days during the winter, with the temperatures reaching −45 °C (−49 °F). The minimum temperature of −54 °C (−65 °F) was observed in Naro-Fominsk . Thaws often occur in December and February due to the Atlantic, and rarely the Mediterranean cyclones . The thaws usually last several days, and their total number from November to March can reach fifty. Snow starts accumulating in November, though sometimes in late October or early December, and disappears in mid-April (sometimes in late March). The snow depth

3182-497: The eastern part. From the southwest to northeast, the oblast is crossed by the border of the Moscow glacier to the north of the common ice- erosion form with moraine ridges, and to the south are only erosional landforms. The western and northern parts of the oblast contain the Moscow Uplands. Their average height peaks at about 300 meters (980 ft) near Dmitrov and the upper point of 310 meters (1,020 ft) lies near

3256-479: The flood falls on April–May. The water level is low in summer and increases only with heavy rain. The rivers freeze over from late November until mid-April. The only navigable rivers are the Volga , the Oka , and the Moskva River . Most rivers belong to the basin of the Volga , which itself only crosses a small part in the north of Moscow Oblast, near the border with Tver Oblast . The second largest river of

3330-427: The grain production has fallen by more than 3 times; potatoes by 2.5 times; vegetables, livestock and poultry by 30%; milk by 2 times and eggs by 4 times. Moscow Oblast has a dense transport network, including roads, railways and waterways along the largest rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Land routes are radially diverging from Moscow and crossed by one railway and two highway rings. Neither railways nor roads, built for

3404-465: The largest gas producing regions of the country. Moscow and Moscow Oblast have several international passenger airports , namely Sheremetyevo (with two terminals), Vnukovo , Domodedovo and Ostafyevo . There is also Bykovo Airport, which is used for freight. The largest military airport is Chkalovsky (near Shchyolkovo ) which also processes some civilian passenger and cargo flights. Major highways of Moscow Oblast are as follows: Moscow Oblast

3478-407: The largest greenhouse complex in Europe. Also grown are flowers and mushrooms . Livestock farming predominates over the crop, and is primarily aimed at the production of milk and meat. In addition to cattle, commonly bred are pigs and chickens. The economic crisis of the 1990s in Russia had severely affected the agriculture of Moscow Oblast. In particular, in the 2000s, as compared with 1970–80s,

3552-582: The main tree species of spruce , pine , birch , and aspen often mixed with bushes of hazel . To the south lies the subzone of broad-leaved forests of oak , lime , maple and elm . Moscow-Oka Upland is the transition zone which is dominated by spruce, for example, in the upper reaches of the Lopasnya River . Valleys of the Oka are covered in pine forests of the steppe type and the far south regions (Serebryano-Prudsky and partially Serpukhovsky Districts) are cultivated steppes with occasional lime and oak groves. The intensive cutting of Moscow region forests in

3626-411: The maximum of 236 m near Pushchino . Most of the eastern part of Moscow Oblast is taken by the vast Meshchera Lowlands with much wetland in their eastern part. Their highest hill peaks at 214 meters (702 ft) but the average heights are 120–150 meters (390–490 ft). Most lakes of the lowlands, such as Lakes Chyornoye and Svyatoye, are of glacial origin. Here lies the lowest natural elevation of

3700-401: The most part many years ago, can cope with the steadily mounting traffic flows. About half of the roads are overloaded and three quarters do not meet modern requirements. Insufficient width of the roads and frequent repairs cause traffic jams. Moscow Oblast has the highest density of railways in Russia. Eleven major radial lines originate in Moscow and run through the Oblast; the total length of

3774-466: The most significant military operations of World War II —the Battle of Moscow —was fought in the Moscow Oblast. Germany reached Solnechnogorsky, Klinsky, Istrinsky, Lobninsky, Khimkinsky, Naro-Fominsky, Volokolamsky, Kolomensky, Kashirsky, Serybryano-Prudsky Districts and others. According to the Constitution of Russia , adopted in December 1993, Moscow Oblast is one of the 83 federal subjects of Russia . In terms of industrial production, Moscow Oblast

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3848-658: The nation's capital and largest city , which is the second most populous city in Europe ; Saint Petersburg , the cultural capital and the second-most populous city in the country; and Sevastopol , located in Crimea , which is internationally recognized as part of Ukraine . Of the 16 Russian cities with over 1 million inhabitants, 12 lie within European Russia: Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan , Nizhny Novgorod , Samara , Ufa , Rostov-on-Don , Krasnodar , Voronezh , Perm , Chelyabinsk and Volgograd (the remaining four are Yekaterinburg , Omsk , Krasnoyarsk and Novosibirsk ). The historical population of European Russia

3922-476: The north area. The glaciers left behind a moraine loam with pebbles and boulders of various rocks, such as granite , gneiss , quartzite , dolomite , limestone and sandstone . Its thickness varies between a few meters at watersheds and 100 m at moraine ridges. Moscow Oblast is rich in minerals. Sands from the sediments of different periods (mainly Quaternary and Cretaceous) are of high quality and are widely used in construction. Quartz sand (milled quartz )

3996-428: The oblast, almost all are shallow (5–10 m) and many are of glacial origin. The largest are Lake Dubovoye  [ ru ] (11.8 square kilometers (4.6 sq mi)) and Svyatoye (11.6 square kilometers (4.5 sq mi)) whereas the deepest (32 meters (105 ft)) is Lake Glubokoye in Ruzsky District . There are also many marshes, especially within the Meshchersk and Verkhnevolzhsk lowlands. The oblast

4070-429: The oblast; fusible clay is excavated in Sergiyev Posad . The Yeldiginskoye field near the village of Sofrino has reserves estimated at 30 million cubic meters; its annual production reaches 600,000 cubic meters (21,000,000 cu ft). Refractory white clay occurs in the eastern region, in the Carboniferous and Jurassic sediments, and is extracted from the 14th century near Gzhel . The largest (Kudinovskoye) deposit

4144-658: The plant for manufacturing household appliances (TV sets, washing machines, refrigerators, etc.) by the South Korean company LG built near the village of Dorokhovo. In 1999, Moscow Oblast consumed 15.4 billion m of natural gas, 3.32 million tonnes of oil, 2.13 million tonnes of coal and 8.5 billion kWh of electricity. Electricity for the Oblast is provided by the Kashirskaya thermal power plant (TPP, 1910 MW), Dzerzhynskaya TPP No 22 (1300 MW), Thermal Power Plant 27 (1100 MW), Shatura Power Station (1100 MW), Zagorskaya hydroelectric power plant (1200 MW), Elektrogorsk TPP (623 MW) and several smaller plants. Major new energy project in

4218-418: The quarries of Podolsky , Voskresensky , and Kolomensky Districts . The latter district also provides marble-like limestone. Other industrial minerals of Moscow Oblast are dolomite, limestone tuff , and marl ; mostly in the southern and eastern parts. Dolomite is used in the cement industry. Its mining is concentrated mainly near Shchyolkovo , the reserves exceed 20 million tonnes and the annual production

4292-427: The railways reaches 2,700 km. Almost all railroads are electrified. The largest rail hubs are Orekhovo-Zuyevo and Bekasovo . Regular navigation is carried on the rivers Volga, Oka and Moscow, as well as on the Moscow Canal . Major river ports are in Serpukhov and Kolomna. Also well-developed is pipeline transport. There are two major oil lines, two natural gas rings and numerous radial lines connecting Moscow with

4366-465: The region is the Oka. The northern part of Moscow Oblast includes such Volga tributaries as the Shosha , the Lama , the Dubna , the Sestra , and the Yakhroma. On the south flow the tributaries of the Oka, including the Nara , the Protva , and the Lopasnya Rivers . The Moskva River, which almost entirely flows within the oblast, also belongs to the Oka basin. The eastern and northeastern regions, including much of Meschersk Depression, are irrigated by

4440-431: The region is the construction of Zagorsk hydroelectric plant with the capacity of 840 MW. The deficit of energy is provided by powerlines connecting the region with Saint Petersburg, Volga Hydroelectric Station and other energy suppliers. Agriculture has a relatively minor role in the economy of the Oblast. Only 25% of land is cultivated and another 15% are used for other activities such as livestock farming. Agriculture

4514-442: The region, the water level of Oka River at 97 meters (318 ft). Moscow Oblast is located in the central part of the East European craton . Like all cratons, the latter is composed of the crystalline basement and sedimentary cover. The basement consists of Archaean and Proterozoic rocks and the cover is deposited in the Palaeozoic , Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. The lowest depth of the basement (1,000 meters (3,300 ft))

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4588-426: The region. In the Middle Pleistocene , there were two powerful glaciations. The Dnieper glacier covered a large part of the Russian Plain, whereas the Moscow glaciation stopped just south of the present city of Moscow. The last glaciation, the Valdai glaciation, occurred in the Late Pleistocene ; it did not directly affect the territory of Moscow Oblast, but left traces in the form of fluvioglacial deposits , mainly in

4662-630: The river and the city, Russians usually call the river Moskva-reka (Moskva river) instead of just Moskva . The river is 473 km (294 mi) long (or 502 km (312 mi)), and the area of its drainage basin is 17,600 km (6,800 sq mi). It has a vertical drop of 155 m (509 ft) (long-term average). The maximum depth is 3 metres (9.8 ft) above Moscow city limits, and up to 6 metres (20 ft) below it. Normally, it freezes in November–December and begins to thaw around late March. During an unusually warm winter in 2006–2007, ice began melting on January 25. The portion of

4736-495: The river running through Moscow only freezes occasionally on account of contamination. The absolute water level in downtown Moscow is 120 metres (390 ft) above sea level (long-term average of summer lows after World War II ); a historical maximum of 127.25 metres (417.5 ft) above sea level was set by the 1908 flood. The main tributaries of the Moskva are, from source to mouth: Sources of water are estimated as 61% thaw, 12% rain and 27% subterranean. Since completion of

4810-479: The south stretches a hilly area of the Moskvoretsko-Oksk plain. Its greatest height of 254 meters (833 ft) lies in the area of Tyoply Stan , within the Moscow city limits. The plain has clearly defined river valleys, especially in the south parts, and occasional karst relief, mostly in Serpukhovsky District . In the extreme south, after the Oka River, lies the Central Russian Upland . It contains numerous gullies and ravines and has average height above 200 m with

4884-446: The south, especially in Serpukhovsky District, and in the western regions. Devonian deposits were also found within the region. Quaternary deposits are widely distributed in Moscow Oblast; their thickness decreases from the northwest to southeast. It is believed that there were four glaciations in the area. The first occurred in the Lower Pleistocene and spread to the east–west part of the Oka River valley, it left almost no trace in

4958-408: The tributaries of the Klyazma River , which itself is a main tributary of the Oka. The Moscow Canal crosses the northern part of Moscow Oblast through the Ikshinskyoe, Klyazminskoye, Pyalovskoye, and Pestovskoye Reservoirs. In the basin of the Moskva River, there are also Ozerninskoye, Mozhayskoye, Istrinskoye, and Ruza Reservoirs, providing Moscow with drinking water. There are about 350 lakes in

5032-406: The village of Shapkino in Mozhaysky District . The northern part of the Moscow Uplands is steeper than the southern part. The uplands contain lakes of glacial origin, such as Lakes Nerskoye and Krugloye. To the north of the Moscow Uplands lies the alluvial Verhnevolzhsk Depression; It is marshy and flat with the height varying between about 120 meters (390 ft) and 150 meters (490 ft). To

5106-405: The zone of forests and steppes with forests covering over 40% of the region. Coniferous (mainly fir) trees dominate the northern (Verkhnevolzhsk lowlands) and western parts (Mozhaysky, Lotoshinsky, and Shakhovsky Districts). Forests of Meshchora consist primarily of pine; in waterlogged lowlands, there are individual alder forests. Central and eastern regions have coniferous-deciduous forests with

5180-582: Was Veliky Novgorod in 859. In late 8th and early-to-mid-9th centuries AD the Rus' Khaganate was formed in modern western Russia. The region was a place of operations for Varangians , eastern Scandinavian adventurers, merchants, and pirates. From the late 9th to the mid-13th century a large section of today's European Russia was part of Kievan Rus' . The lands of Rus' Khaganate and Kievan Rus' were important trade routes and connected Scandinavia , Byzantine Empire, Rus' people and Volga Bulgaria with Khazaria and Persia . According to old Scandinavian sources among

5254-451: Was awarded three Orders of Lenin , on 3 January 1934, 17 December 1956 and 5 December 1966. The highest executive organ is the Government of Moscow Oblast. Eighteen ministries act as the executive bodies of state authority. The powers, tasks, functions and competence of the Government are defined by the Charter of the Moscow Region. The Governor of the Moscow Oblast will be elected with the term of 5 years. The Regional Duma of Moscow Oblast

5328-517: Was composed of Slavic , Finno-Ugric , Germanic , Turkic , Jewish , Scythians , North Caucasian , Huns , Baltic , Khazarian and Norse peoples . Some theories say that some early Eastern Slavs arrived in modern-day western Russia (also in Ukraine and Belarus) sometime during the middle of the first millennium AD. The Eastern Slavic tribe of the Vyatichis was native to the land around

5402-505: Was constructed in the Moscow Oblast in 1851, connecting Moscow and Saint Petersburg , and in 1862 the line to Nizhny Novgorod was opened. In the Russian SFSR , Central Industrial Oblast was established on January 14, 1929. It included the abolished Moscow , Ryazan , Tver , Tula , Vladimir , and Kaluga Governorates . The oblast was divided into ten okrugs and had the administrative center in Moscow. On June 3, 1929,

5476-523: Was formed on 12 December 1993. It consists of 50 deputies also serving a 5-year term. Sergey Shoygu was elected as Governor of Moscow Oblast in April 2012 by the Moscow Oblast Duma. Shoygu left office after only six months with his appointment when he was appointed as Minister of Defence by Vladimir Putin. Andrei Vorobyov was appointed as acting governor and won a full term to the office in

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