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108-475: OAO Moskvitch is the name of a privatized venture given to the former factory to avoid legal issues after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Since the factory had no assembly branches outside Russia after 1991, its name is largely used today to refer to the building located in the lower eastern part of Moscow . The word moskvich ( Russian : москвич ) itself translates as "a native of Moscow,

216-435: A "People's Inquiry into Privatisation" (2016/17) found that the impact of privatisation on communities was negative. The report from the inquiry "Taking Back Control" made a range of recommendations to provide accountability and transparency in the process. The report highlighted privatisation in healthcare, aged care, child care, social services, government departments, electricity, prisons and vocational education featuring

324-468: A Moscovite". It was used to point out the original location of the cars manufactured there. The Soviet Union entered a series of five-year plans in 1928 under the rule of Joseph Stalin . The goals of the plan was to rapidly industrialise the economy of the Soviet Union . Included in these plans were provisions for the development of domestic automobile production. It was assumed that by improving

432-414: A form of a secured loan and are criticized as a "particularly noxious form of governmental debt". In this interpretation, the upfront payment from the privatization sale corresponds to the principal amount of the loan, while the proceeds from the underlying asset correspond to secured interest payments—the transaction can be considered substantively the same as a secured loan, though it is structured as

540-459: A locally assembled Ford Model A. However, another automotive manufacturing project of late 1920s & early 30s – the GAZ plant, built with the assistance of Ford Motor Company – proved to be a success, with a designed capacity to produce up to 250...300 thousand cars and trucks annually. The use of a readily available foreign technology allowed Russia to become a large-scale manufacturer of cars for

648-472: A modern industrial base. The Moscow State Automobile Plant No. 4 (also known as the "Avtomotor" plant; later renamed "Spartak"), assisted by the AMO and several other plants, managed to assemble only several hundred cars in 1927-31 (exact numbers vary considerably depending on the source). Old-fashioned production techniques and low scale resulted in mediocre build quality and high retail price – several times that of

756-753: A more cautious and nuanced evaluation of privatization" and that "private ownership alone is no longer argued to automatically generate economic gains in developing economies". According to a 2008 study published in Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics , liberalization and privatization have produced mixed results. Although typically there are many costs associated with these efficiency gains, many economists argue that these can be dealt with by appropriate government support through redistribution and perhaps retraining . Yet, some empirical literature suggests that privatization could also have very modest effects on efficiency and quite regressive distributive impact. In

864-486: A natural and inevitable societal correction emerges to undermine the contradictions of capitalism. This was the case in the 2000 Cochabamba protests . Privatization in Latin America has invariably experienced increasing push-back from the public. Mary Shirley from The Ronald Coase Institute suggests that implementing a less efficient but more politically mindful approach could be more sustainable. In India,

972-556: A sale. This interpretation is particularly argued to apply to recent municipal transactions in the United States, particularly for fixed term, such as the 2008 sale of the proceeds from Chicago parking meters for 75 years. It is argued that this is motivated by "politicians' desires to borrow money surreptitiously", due to legal restrictions on and political resistance to alternative sources of revenue, viz, raising taxes or issuing debt. Privatization had different outcomes around

1080-548: A scaled-down version of Ford's larger U.S. models which the Soviet engineers and car mechanics were quite familiar with. The Prefect's chassis and powertrain were reverse engineered, the resulting drawings converted into the metric system and adopted to the Soviet materials and production techniques. The project was completed ahead of schedule by June 13, 1939. Valentin Brodskiy, a GAZ designer later to become famous for his work on

1188-788: A short period of time. Moskvitch 408 , Moskvitch 412 , Moskvitch 2140 and Moskvitch 2141 Aleko models were license produced in Lovech , Bulgaria by Balkancar under the Rila marque . Some of these vehicles were identical in configuration to those produced by Moskvitch/AZLK, while some, like their Belgian counterparts, made use of British origin Perkins diesel engines . Privatisation Privatization (rendered privatisation in British English ) can mean several different things, most commonly referring to moving something from

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1296-478: A specialist in ancient history, posits that economic inequality and wealth concentration in the top percentile "had been made possible by the transfer of state assets to private owners." In Latin America, on the one hand, according to John Nellis's research for Center for Global Development , economic indicators, including firm profitability, productivity, and growth, project positive microeconomic results. On

1404-625: A stock market with high capital. Voucher privatization occurred mainly in the transition economies in Central and Eastern Europe, such as Russia , Poland , the Czech Republic , and Slovakia . Additionally, privatization from below had made important contribution to economic growth in transition economies. In one study assimilating some of the literature on "privatization" that occurred in Russian and Czech Republic transition economies,

1512-741: A survey by the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) – Utilization of Free Medical Services by Children Belonging to the Economically Weaker Section (EWS) in Private Hospitals in New Delhi, 2011–12: A Rapid Appraisal – indicates under-utilization of the free beds available for EWS category in private hospitals in Delhi, though they were allotted land at subsidized rates. In Australia

1620-412: A transition to "effective private sector owners [of former] state assets". Rather than mainly participating in a market economy, these individuals could prefer elevating their personal status or prefer accumulating political power. Instead, outside foreign investment led to the efficient conduct of former state assets in the private sector and market economy. Through privatization by direct asset sale or

1728-542: A wholly owned subsidiary of Renault. The bankruptcy of OAO Moskvitch was officially announced in 2006, and the company was liquidated the following year. As of 2016, over a million Moskvitch cars remained on Russian roads. In 2015, Renault announced they had begun the process for obtaining the Moskvitch rights in Russia. In May 2022, as a result of international sanctions against Russia , Renault sold its Moscow plant to

1836-448: Is influenced by the capital market and the political and firm-specific factors. Privatization through the stock market is more likely to be the method used when there is an established capital market capable of absorbing the shares. A market with high liquidity can facilitate the privatization. If the capital markets are insufficiently developed, however, it would be difficult to find enough buyers. The shares may have to be underpriced, and

1944-537: Is more prevalent in non-privatized sectors. Furthermore, according to the World Bank extralegal and unofficial activities are more prevalent in countries that privatized less. Other research suggests that privatization in Russia resulted in a dramatic rise in the level of economic inequality and a collapse in GDP and industrial output. Russian President Boris Yeltsin 's IMF -backed rapid privatization schemes saw half

2052-524: The 2011 revolution , most of the public began to call for re-nationalization, citing allegations of the privatized firms practicing crony capitalism under the old regime. There are various reasons why a government may decide to privatize; commonly due to economic reasons. The economic factors that influence a government's decision to privatize assume this will lower government debt. Studies have shown that governments are more likely to privatise with higher public debt, typically because governments do not have

2160-535: The Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher when many state-run firms were sold off to the private sector. The privatization received very mixed views from the public and the parliament. Even former Conservative prime minister Harold Macmillan was critical of the policy, likening it to "selling the family silver". There were around 3 million shareholders in Britain when Thatcher took office in 1979 , but

2268-583: The European Commission argues that privatisation in Europe had mixed effects on service quality and has achieved only minor productivity gains, driven mainly by lower labour input combined with other cost cutting strategies that led to a deterioration of employment and working conditions. Meanwhile, a different study by the commission found that the UK rail network (which was privatized from 1994 to 1997)

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2376-686: The Group One Production Saloon Car Championship in 1972 and 1973, where it easily beat " sharp-handling but underpowered" British Hillman Imps and Austin Minis . Further improvements were also made in the form of the Moskvitch 2138 and Moskvitch 2140 , based on a modified Moskvitch 412 platform. In 1986, the Moskvitch-2141 Aleko became available for the first time. It was influenced by

2484-706: The KIM 10 , and as such rejected the KdF-Wagen and DKW F8 . The Opel Kadett K38 was found to match these requirements. In August 1945, the State Defense Committee published Order No. 9905, which prescribed the start of production of the Kadett , under the Moskvitch-400 name. The implementation of this order was however deeply complicated. The Opelwerk Brandenburg plant had been deeply involved in

2592-587: The KIM-10-52 . In August 1945, the plant was renamed to the Moscow Plant of Small Cars (MZMA) ( Russian : Московский Завод Малолитражных Автомобилей ). Following the war, the Soviet Union requested vehicle tooling and designs from Germany as part of war reparations, to compensate for the loss of industrial equipment in the Battle of Moscow . Soviet planners wished for a car similar in specifications to

2700-662: The M-20 Pobeda , developed an original body for this chassis, with the frontal styling reminiscent of the flagship model of the Soviet automotive industry, the ZIS-101A. The wooden master-model was sent to the Budd Company of USA , which developed detailed blueprints, manufactured the necessary stamping equipment and stamped 500 test bodies in white . In the meanwhile, the Sovnarkom was becoming increasingly unhappy with

2808-729: The Nazi German war effort, producing aircraft engines for the Luftwaffe , and had been heavily damaged by Allied bombing . However, a number of Kadetts had been captured by the Red Army and were available for study, and was accomplished through joint Soviet-German ventures overseen by the Soviet Military Administration in Germany . Nonetheless, the majority of stamping dies and tooling were freshly produced in

2916-614: The Revolutions of 1989 introduced non-communist governments. Freedom House's privatization index, 1998 and 2002 Freedom House 's privatization index rated transition countries from 1 (maximum progress) to 7 (no progress). The table below shows the privatization index for various Eastern European countries in 1998 and 2002: The largest public shares offering in France involved France Télécom . Egypt undertook widespread privatization under Hosni Mubarak . Following his overthrow in

3024-600: The Simca 1307 (which had also been badged as the Chrysler/Talbot Alpine, and under other names, in western markets). It was upgraded and restyled during the period of its production. It was powered by the 1.5 L UZAM used in the M-412 model and VAZ-2106 1.6 L in-line, four-cylinder engines, which had by then had been used in several LADA models. Aleko was different from any model the factory had made previously; it

3132-476: The Soviet Union due to the amount of damage to the factory. Production of the Moskvitch 400-420 began in December 1946, and continued for ten years until 1956 with the improved Moskvitch 401 . In total 247,439 400 and 401 models had been built, with some being exported to countries such as Belgium , East Germany and Norway . MZMA replaced the 400 and 401 with new designs starting in 1956, developed within

3240-469: The Soviet Union , the NAMI-1 , was supposed to combine the simplicity, light weight and low cost of a cyclecar with the passenger capacity and comfort of a small car. It was considered quite a success from the engineering point and deemed very suitable for the country's still primitive road system. However, the project ultimately turned into a failure due to very limited experience in car building and lack of

3348-603: The United Kingdom , Finland and Norway . The Moskvitch 412 improved on this design with various engine and styling improvements. In 1966 during a visit by French President Charles de Gaulle to the Soviet Union , an agreement was signed between MZMA and Renault . Renault would assist in the reconstruction of the plant in Moscow, as well as cooperate in the establishment of a second plant in Izhevsk. In 1969, both

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3456-401: The demutualization of a mutual organization , cooperative , or public-private partnership in order to form a joint-stock company . Separately, privatization can refer to the purchase of all outstanding shares of a publicly traded company by private equity investors, which is more often called "going private" . Before and after this process the company is privately owned, but after

3564-488: The licensed production of Ford Model A and Ford Model AA vehicles began. These were assembled using knock-down kits . In 1933, the plant became a branch of GAZ and began to assemble GAZ-A and GAZ-AA vehicles. In 1939, KIM was no longer a subsidiary of GAZ and in the following year it started to produce their first own model, the KIM 10 inspired by the Ford Prefect . The plant's newly formed design department

3672-667: The private sector , and the women in the public sector are more likely to be unionized than those in the private sector. In Chile, women are disproportionately affected by the privatization of the pension system because factors such as "women's longer life expectancy, earlier retirement age, and lower rates of labor-force participation, lower salaries" affect their ability to accumulate funds for retirement which leads to lower pensions. Low-income women face an even greater burden; Anjela Taneja, of Oxfam India says "The privatization of public services...implies limited or no access to essential services for women living in poverty, who are often

3780-539: The 15th tour of the OSOAVIAKhIM lottery, with a listed price of 7000 roubles (for the scale, the GAZ M-1 was listed for 9500 roubles). Most KIMs were lost during the war of 1941-45, in which they saw active service. Only several cars survive to this day in the expositions of various museums. The KIM-10 received generally positive reviews from the operators. Conservative mechanicals proved to be simple and robust, and

3888-523: The 412 and the related 408 had their bodies redesigned. These were notable for being the first Moskvitch models to feature rectangular headlights and horizontal rear lights . Safety improvements were also incorporated over time, with the Moskvitch 412 meeting the safety standards adopted by the UNECE , and received an international safety certificate as a result of almost five months of tests in France . The 412

3996-799: The KIM plant assembled 16 sedans, another 70 in January, 1941, 50 in February, 102 in March and 100 in April – 338 units altogether. The exact production numbers for the phaeton are unknown, but they were extremely rare even when new. The production was assisted by ZIS (supplied frames, leaf springs, large forgings), GAZ (stampings and castings), Moscow “Ball Bearing” plant, “Red Etna” factory in Gorky and up to 90 other industrial facilities. There were few differences between

4104-418: The KIM was designed neither for high-speed motoring, nor for the bumpy rural roads. Starting on May 12, 1941 the Red Army subjected one of the production cars (chassis No. 178) to a series of tests, including 4512 km in road conditions varying from the newly built Moscow-Minsk asphalted highway to rural mud roads and off-road. Despite the official “mostly satisfactory” mark, the car proved to be unsuited to

4212-618: The KIM-10 had a displacement of 1170 cm³ and produced 30 hp. Its cooling system lacked a water pump, relying on thermocirculation instead, and a thermostat , the latter being quite impractical during cold Russian winters because the engine took a lot of time to warm up. Rear wheels were driven via a 3-speed manual transmission, with synchromesh on II and III (direct drive) gears. Suspension employed transverse leaf springs, both front and rear. Brakes were mechanically operated drums on all four wheels. Chassis components were mounted on

4320-429: The Moscow city government which intended to nationalize the facility for renewed production of vehicles under the Moskvitch name. Moskvitch presented its new range of models on July 6, 2022: a sedan and 3 SUVs, Model I having both a fuel version as well as an electric version. The cars have names made up of Roman numerals, from I and II to IV. All models are rebadged cars from Chinese manufacturer JAC . On October 20,

4428-547: The NAMI-1 design, which could complement the GAZ cars as a cheaper alternative, but with little success. The situation had changed considerably by the end of 1930s, when USSR's rapidly growing industrial economy provided both the demand for a personally used small car and the means to produce it. As well as improving the quality of life for the citizens affected, it was assumed that people who had learned to drive in peacetime would, in

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4536-701: The Nazi Party." Great Britain privatized its steel industry in the 1950s, and the West German government embarked on large-scale privatization, including sale of the majority stake in Volkswagen to small investors in public share offerings in 1961. However, it was in the 1980s under Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom and Ronald Reagan in the United States that privatization gained worldwide momentum. Notable privatization attempts in

4644-608: The Russian population fall into destitution in just several years as unemployment climbed to double digits by the early to mid 1990s. A 2009 study published in The Lancet medical journal has found that as many as a million working men died as a result of economic shocks associated with mass privatization in the former Soviet Union and in Eastern Europe during the 1990s, although a further study suggested that there were errors in their method and "correlations reported in

4752-511: The Soviet Union. This marked the second generation of production vehicles for the enterprise. This started with the Moskvitch 402 , followed on by upgraded variants in the form of the Moskvitch 403 and Moskvitch 407 , which featured improvements such as independent suspension, improved interior and radio included, comparable to models such as the Hillman Minx , Fiat 1100 , and Ford Consul . The Moskvitch 402 series could be considered as

4860-586: The Sovnarkom with the exception of the soft insert into the roof, however it was not accepted. Instead, a more conservative body was approved, which closely followed the styling of the Opel Kadett K38, favored by Josef Stalin himself. The car with the new four-door body was designated KIM-10-52, the chassis remained virtually unchanged. Mass production was planned to start in July, 1941, with annual production figures of 50,000 units (30,000 in 1941). However,

4968-690: The Taoist clergy that a strong ruler was virtually invisible. During the Renaissance , most of Europe was still by and large following the feudal economic model. By contrast, the Ming dynasty in China began once more to practice privatization, especially with regards to their manufacturing industries. This was a reversal of the earlier Song dynasty policies, which had themselves overturned earlier policies in favor of more rigorous state control. In Britain,

5076-406: The UK included privatization of Britoil (1982), the radioactive-chemicals company Amersham International (1982), British Telecom (1984), Sealink ferries (1984), British Petroleum (gradually privatized between 1979 and 1987), British Aerospace (1985 to 1987), British Gas (1986), Rolls-Royce (1987), Rover Group (formerly British Leyland , 1988), British Steel Corporation (1988), and

5184-612: The assumption that foreign investment would play a major role. In post- reunification East Germany, by the end of June 1992, the Treuhandanstalt had privatized 8,175 companies, with 5,950 left on hand (4,340 remaining to be sold and the remainder to be liquidated). June 1992 was also when the last East German on the board of the Treuhand left. By the end of 1994, Treuhand had sold almost everything, having only 65 firms left to privatize as of December 1994. More than 80% of

5292-445: The authors identified three methods of privatization: "privatization by sale", "mass privatization", and "mixed privatization". Their calculations showed that "mass privatization" was the most effective method. However, in economies "characterized by shortages" and maintained by the state bureaucracy, wealth was accumulated and concentrated by "gray/black market" operators. Privatizing industries by sale to these individuals did not mean

5400-544: The buyout its shares are withdrawn from being traded at a public stock exchange . The term privatizing first appeared in English, with quotation marks, in the New York Times , in April 1923, in a translation of a German speech referring to the potential for German state railroads to be bought by American companies. In German, the word Privatisierung has been used since at least the 19th century. Ultimately,

5508-403: The car's technical and economic qualities, including the increase of length and height, two doors instead of four and chromed moldings on the body sides. The Sovnarkom demanded these alterations to be reversed before the start of mass production, and also requested several other changes, including increase of the road clearance to at least 185 mm, removal of the running boards, replacement of

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5616-784: The context of the privatization of services or government functions, where private entities are tasked with the implementation of government programs or the performance of government services. Gillian E. Metzger has written that: "Private entities [in the US] provide a vast array of social services for the government; administer core aspects of government programs; and perform tasks that appear quintessentially governmental, such as promulgating standards or regulating third-party activities." Metzger mentions an expansion of privatization that includes health and welfare programs, public education, and prisons. The history of privatization dates from Ancient Greece , when governments contracted out almost everything to

5724-512: The cost of bureaucracy was one of the reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire . Perhaps one of the first ideological movements towards privatization came during China 's golden age of the Han dynasty . Taoism came into prominence for the first time at a state level, and it advocated the laissez-faire principle of Wu wei (無為), literally meaning "do nothing". The rulers were counseled by

5832-714: The countries suggest that a large segment of the public is dissatisfied with or have negative views of privatization in the region. In the 1990s, the governments in Eastern and Central Europe engaged in extensive privatization of state-owned enterprises in Eastern and Central Europe and Russia, with assistance from the World Bank , the U.S. Agency for International Development, the German Treuhand , and other governmental and non-governmental organization . Nippon Telegraph and Telephone 's privatization in 1987 involved

5940-537: The design of the car, which significantly deviated from the original specifications of the Economic Committee during the development cycle. In August, 1940 it adopted a resolution, "On the KIM small litrage car," stating that the People's Commissariat of Medium Machine-Building, and its head I. A. Likhachyov personally, had made several unauthorized alterations to the specifications which significantly worsened

6048-495: The event of armed conflict, constituted a cadre of trained drivers for the Red army . In December, 1930 the Moscow State Automotive Assembly Plant No. 2, which had started assembling Ford cars and trucks from CKD kits earlier that year, was named after the Young Communist International organization (Kommunisticheskiy Internatsional Molodyozhi – KIM). In 1939 it was reorganized as a full-cycle car manufacturing plant and renamed accordingly. The plant's newly formed design department

6156-461: The events and ideology of the Russian Revolution , with tens of thousands of vehicles imported during the 1910s and 1920s. This was deemed necessary due to the devastation of the state and its economic output following the Great War , occupation of Russian territories by the Central Powers , and the Russian Civil War . The construction of the Moscow Car Assembly Factory ( Russian : Московский автосборочный завод ) began in 1929. In December 1930,

6264-597: The first attempt at a social welfare analysis of the British privatization program under the Conservative governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major during the 1980s and 1990s, Massimo Florio points to the absence of any productivity shock resulting strictly from ownership change. Instead, the impact on the previously nationalized companies of the UK productivity leap under the Conservatives varied in different industries. In some cases, it occurred prior to privatization, and in other cases, it occurred upon privatization or several years afterward. A 2012 study published by

6372-407: The first step in Soviet and Russian automotive history towards producing adapted models for various use cases. While the Moskvitch 407 provided greater driving comfort at larger expenses, other trim levels included the Moskvitch 407-424 station wagon available for the general public, Moskvitch 431 van and even the Moskvitch 410/411 attempt of creating an early off-road sedan/station wagon. The M-407

6480-489: The first time in its history. However, Ford cars were relatively large and heavy, and, while mass production made them relatively cheap, they still required a considerable amount of resources to build and maintain. It was considered uneconomical to provide such vehicles for personal use by individuals in any significant quantities. The cars produced were virtually all distributed between state and public organisations. The NAMI continued to work on lighter, smaller cars based on

6588-417: The free-standing headlights with recessed units and substitution of the metal roof panel with an artificial leather insert. In August and October 1940 the NATI (former NAMI) developed a very modern-looking streamlined four-door body for the KIM chassis (retrospectively named NATI-KIM), which to some degree resembled the German Auto-Union 's prototype DKW F9 . This body fulfilled all of the requirements set by

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6696-430: The largest share offering in financial history at the time. 15 of the world's 20 largest public share offerings have been privatizations of telecoms. In 1988, the perestroika policy of Mikhail Gorbachev started allowing privatization of the centrally planned economy. Large privatization of the Soviet economy occurred over the next few years as the country dissolved . Other Eastern Bloc countries followed suit after

6804-608: The mayor of Moscow, Sergey Sobyanin , said that the production of Moskvich vehicles will resume in December at Renault's former factory in Moscow, now renamed the Moscow Automobile Factory Moskvich , which has been inactive after Renault decided to leave the Russian market. On December 26, 2022, the Moskvitch 3 and Moskvitch 3e went on sale in Russia, with the JAC JS4 based cars produced in association with truck manufacturer Kamaz . In early 2023, Moskvitch and Yandex Taxi signed an agreement of intent to supply 3,000 Moskvitch 3 , and 2,000 Moskvitch 3e taxi and car share vehicles. This

6912-400: The middle of the 1930s. The firms belonged to a wide range of sectors: steel, mining, banking, local public utilities, shipyard, ship-lines, railways, etc. In addition to this, delivery of some public services produced by public administrations prior to the 1930s, especially social services and services related to work, was transferred to the private sector, mainly to several organizations within

7020-419: The more competitive the industry, the greater the improvement in output, profitability, and efficiency. Such efficiency gains mean a one-off increase in GDP , but through improved incentives to innovate and reduce costs also tend to raise the rate of economic growth . More recent research and literature review performed by Professor Saul Estrin and Adeline Pelletier concluded that "the literature now reflects

7128-408: The needed time to wait for a return. Another economic factor that influences this area is the resulting efficiency of SOEs once privatised. Commonly, governments aren’t able to provide the required investments required to ensure profitability for various reasons. These factors may lead to a government deciding to privatize. There are several main methods of privatization: The choice of sale method

7236-436: The newly built Moscow-Minsk Highway to rural mud roads and off-road. Despite the official “mostly satisfactory” mark, the car proved to be unsuited to the requirements of the military service. In October, 1941 the plant was hastily evacuated to Ural. Most of the manufacturing equipment was abandoned or destroyed during the Battle of Moscow . In 1944, with a Soviet Victory imminent, plans were in place to continue production of

7344-405: The next 3 years, but none were successful. Technopolis Moscow was opened in 2012 on the premises of the factory. A portion of the abandoned plant was acquired by Avtoframos (later renamed as Renault Russia), a joint venture between the City of Moscow and French automaker Renault . In 2005, Avtoframos commenced assembly of Renault Logan sedans from imported knock-down kits . It later became

7452-446: The ones more in need of these services." The increase in privatization since the 1980s has been a factor in rising income and wealth inequality in the United States. Due to low levels of native capital accumulation in the former Central and Eastern Europe, the rapid privatization preferred by international institutions ( EBRD , IMF , World Bank ) and other foreign banks was a de facto call for international bidding, reflecting

7560-611: The original article are simply not robust." A subsequent body of scholarship, while still controversial, demonstrates that rapid privatization schemes associated with neoliberal economic reforms did result in poorer health outcomes in former Eastern Bloc countries during the transition to markets economies, with the World Health Organization contributing to the debate by stating "IMF economic reform programs are associated with significantly worsened tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates in post-communist Eastern European and former Soviet countries." Historian Walter Scheidel ,

7668-430: The other hand, however, privatisation has been largely met with a negative criticism and citizen coalitions. This neoliberal criticism highlights the ongoing conflict between varying visions of economic development. Karl Polanyi emphasizes the societal concerns of self-regulating markets through a concept known as a "double movement". In essence, whenever societies move towards increasingly unrestrained, free-market rule,

7776-459: The plans never came to fruition because of the German invasion on June 22, 1941 - only a small series of four-door prototypes was ever built. The original two-door version was more fortunate, as the plant was allowed to assemble 500 cars using the test bodies produced by Budd – 250 KIM-10-50 two-door sedans and 250 KIM-10-51 phaetons were initially planned to be built. In November and December 1940

7884-563: The plant received the name of KIM (Factory named after Communist Youth International) Russian : КИМ (Завод имени Коммунистического Интернационала Молодёжи) , from 1930 to 1939 its official name was Moscow Car Assembly Factory named after KIM ( Russian : Московский автосборочный завод имени КИМ ) and then from 1939 until the beginning of the Great Patriotic War it was called Moscow Car Factory named after KIM ( Russian : Московский автомобильный завод имени КИМ ). In 1930,

7992-460: The position of chairman of the board of directors. Moser had previously worked for the Russian truck manufacturer Kamaz , as well as the German industrial firm Knorr-Bremse . In addition, Moskvitch further announced an expansion of their dealer network to more cities across Russia, as well as the impending release of a new Moskvitch 6 model later in 2023, as well as the Moskvitch 5. The current model lines of Moskvitch cars are: The Moskvitch 408

8100-611: The private sector. In the Roman Republic private individuals and companies performed the majority of services including tax collection ( tax farming ), army supplies ( military contractors ), religious sacrifices and construction. However, the Roman Empire also created state-owned enterprises —for example, much of the grain was eventually produced on estates owned by the Emperor. David Parker and David S. Saal suggest that

8208-464: The private sector. In the 1990s, privatization revenue from 18 Latin American countries totaled 6% of gross domestic product. Private investment in infrastructure from 1990 and 2001 reached $ 360.5 billion, $ 150 billion more than in the next emerging economy. While economists generally give favorable evaluations of the impact of privatization in Latin America, opinion polls and public protests across

8316-887: The privatization of common lands is referred to as enclosure (in Scotland as the Lowland Clearances and the Highland Clearances ). Significant privatizations of this nature occurred from 1760 to 1820, preceding the Industrial Revolution in that country. The first mass privatization of state property occurred in Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1937: "It is a fact that the government of the National Socialist Party sold off public ownership in several state-owned firms in

8424-575: The privatized businesses were bought by foreigners (chiefly West Germans – 75%). Romania's first privatization took place on 3 August 1992. There was "very little" privatization during 1992: only 22 state-owned enterprises were privatized. The pace picked up throughout the following year, with more than 260 companies privatized. Four of the 22 enterprises privatized in 1992 were sold to foreign investors. In 1993, 265 companies were privatized, followed by 604 in 1994. Two companies were sold to foreign investors during this period, one each in 1993 and 1994. At

8532-465: The prototypes and the production cars, including the use of recessed headlights and the absence of body side moldings and running boards on the latter. In October, 1941 the plant was hastily evacuated to Ural. Most of the manufacturing equipment was abandoned or destroyed during the Siege of Moscow . No version of the KIM-10 was ever officially sold to the general public. 64 cars were awarded as prizes in

8640-448: The public sector into the private sector. It is also sometimes used as a synonym for deregulation when a heavily regulated private company or industry becomes less regulated. Government functions and services may also be privatised (which may also be known as "franchising" or "out-sourcing"); in this case, private entities are tasked with the implementation of government programs or performance of government services that had previously been

8748-465: The purview of state-run agencies. Some examples include revenue collection, law enforcement , water supply , and prison management . Another definition is that privatization is the sale of a state-owned enterprise or municipally owned corporation to private investors; in this case shares may be traded in the public market for the first time, or for the first time since an enterprise's previous nationalization . This type of privatization can include

8856-617: The quality of life for the affected citizens and providing them with the opportunity to learn to drive during peacetime, they would constitute a cadre of trained drivers for the Red army in the event of armed conflict. Industrial cooperation between Russia and the American Ford Motor Company dated back to the era of Nicholas II , with the company being an important supplier of passenger and commercial vehicles such as tractors and trucks. This cooperation persisted despite

8964-428: The regional water authorities (mostly in 1989). After 1979, council house tenants in the UK were given the right to buy their homes (at a heavily discounted rate). One million purchased their residences by 1986. Such efforts culminated in 1993 when British Rail was privatized under Thatcher's successor, John Major . British Rail had been formed by prior nationalization of private rail companies. The privatization

9072-605: The requirements of the military service. After the war the USSR managed to obtain the production lines for the four-door version of the Opel Kadett K38 as a part of the war reparations package. This car was quite close to the KIM-10-52 in specifications and appearance, making it a suitable replacement. The equipment was installed at the former KIM plant which was renamed MZMA (Moscow Small Car Plant). In 1946 it started producing cars under "Moskvitch" brand. The side-valve engine of

9180-425: The sale of the state-owned companies. Those with political connections unfairly gained large wealth, which has discredited privatization in these regions. While media have widely reported the grand corruption that accompanied those sales, according to research released by the World Bank there has been increased operating efficiency, daily petty corruption is, or would be, larger without privatization, and that corruption

9288-504: The sales may not raise as much capital as would be justified by the fair value of the company being privatized. Many governments, therefore, elect for listings in more sophisticated markets, for example, Euronext , and the London , New York and Hong Kong stock exchanges. Governments in developing countries and transition countries more often resort to direct asset sales to a few investors, partly because those countries do not yet have

9396-432: The start of 1999, 4,330 companies were left to be privatized, with 5,476 having been sold during 1993–1998. At the end of 1998, only 2.4% of privatized companies had foreign participation. Arguments for and against the controversial subject of privatization are presented here. KIM-10-52 KIM-10 was the first Soviet small car designed for large-scale mass production. The very first passenger car designed in

9504-411: The stock market, bidders compete to offer higher prices, generating more revenue for the state. Voucher privatization, on the other hand, could represent a genuine transfer of assets to the general population, creating a sense of participation and inclusion. A market could be created if the government permits transfer of vouchers among voucher holders. Some privatization transactions can be interpreted as

9612-442: The styling was one of the most advanced among the prewar Soviet passenger cars. The interior was quite roomy for the car's class, with individually adjustable separate front seats and a high back seat cushion which gave the passengers an unobstructed view over the heads of the driver and the front passenger. The car was also found to be somewhat underpowered and have insufficient road clearance, however just as its British counterpart,

9720-434: The subsequent sale of state-run firms saw the number of shareholders double by 1985. By the time of her resignation in 1990, there were more than 10 million shareholders in Britain. Privatization in Latin America was extensive in the 1980s and 1990s, as a result of a Western liberal economic policy. Companies providing public services such as water management , transportation, and telecommunications were rapidly sold off to

9828-402: The voices of workers, community members and academics. Some reports show that the results of privatization are experienced differently between men and women for numerous reasons: when public services are privatized women are expected to take on the health and social care of dependents , women have less access to privatized goods, public sector employs a larger proportion of women than does

9936-524: The word came to German through French from the Latin privatus . The term reprivatization , again translated directly from German ( Reprivatisierung ), was used frequently in the mid-1930s as The Economist reported on Nazi Germany's sale of nationalized banks back to public shareholders following the 1931 economic crisis. The word became common in the late 1970s and early 1980s as part of UK prime minister Margaret Thatcher's economic policies . She

10044-556: The world. Results of privatization may vary depending on the privatization model employed. According to Irwin Stelzer , "it is somewhere between difficult and impossible to separate the effects of privatisation from the effects of such things as trends in the economy". According to research performed by the World Bank and William L. Megginson in the early 2000s, privatization in competitive industries with well-informed consumers, consistently improved efficiency. According to APEC ,

10152-459: Was also the case with a diesel version. In the early 1990s, AZLK still remained one of the largest auto companies in the USSR . Design and experimental work were prepared to create a new model car ( sedan M-2142) and an engine plant. However, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , due to a financial crisis , disruptions in the work of the company, and financial mismanagement , the engine plant

10260-481: Was always private, but heavily regulated, which becomes less regulated through a process of deregulation . The term may also be used descriptively for something that has always been private, but could be public in other jurisdictions. There are also private entities that may perform public functions. These entities could also be described as privatized. Privatization may mean the government sells state-owned businesses to private interests, but it may also be discussed in

10368-410: Was controversial, and its impact is still debated today , as doubling of passenger numbers and investment was balanced by an increase in rail subsidy . This has been reverted by the same party in Britain in the early 2020s with the state-owned Great British Railways . The United Kingdom's largest public share offerings were privatizations of British Telecom and British Gas during the 1980s under

10476-505: Was drawing on the work of the pro-privatization Member of Parliament David Howell , who was himself drawing on the Austrian-American management expert Peter Drucker 's 1969 book, The Age of Discontinuity . The word privatization may mean different things depending on the context in which it is used. It can mean moving something from the public sphere into the private sphere, but it may also be used to describe something that

10584-616: Was followed by the introduction of Moskvitch 3 vehicles for the car services Citydrive, BelkaCar, Taxovichkof and Citymobil. Furthermore, traffic police in Moscow Oblast and Stavropol Krai began to be equipped with Moskvitch 3e electric crossovers. Furthermore, delivery was in progress for traffic police in Moscow City , Krasnodar and Krasnoyarsk . In June 2023, Hans Peter Moser was appointed General Manager of Moskvitch, replacing Dmitry Valentinovich Pronin, who would move to

10692-527: Was headed by A. N. Ostrovtsev, an engineer from the NAMI , and tasked by the Economic Committee of Sovnarkom with designing a small economy car suitable for large scale manufacture. From November 1940 to April 1941, 338 sedans were assembled. Exact production numbers for the phaeton version are unknown. In May 1941 the Red Army subjected a KIM-10 to a series of tests, including in road conditions varying from

10800-542: Was headed by A. N. Ostrovtsev, an engineer from the NAMI, and tasked by the Economic Committee of Sovnarkom with designing a small economy car suitable for large scale manufacture which was named KIM-10. Initially two sub-models were planned for release – KIM-10-50 sedan and KIM-10-51 phaeton (convertible). The Economic Committee demanded the car to be based on the British Ford Prefect E93A – essentially

10908-404: Was larger and more luxurious, made with more comfort, safety , and aerodynamics in mind. The new car had such features as front-wheel drive , a hatchback body style, MacPherson strut front suspension and torsion-crank rear suspension . It had rack-and-pinion steering and a collapsible steering column . The 1.8-liter gasoline engine for the new car was planned, but never materialized, as

11016-509: Was manufactured in Belgium under the Scaldia name. In 1965, this name was changed to Scaldia-Volga. These vehicles were imported partially built from the Soviet Union , with their engines and transmission installed after arrival in Belgium . Some of these vehicles were equipped with British origin Perkins diesel engines . The Moskvitch 2141 Aleko was also assembled by Scaldia-Volga for

11124-609: Was most improved out of all the 27 EU nations from 1997 to 2012. The report examined a range of 14 different factors and the UK came top in four of the factors, second and third in another two and fourth in three, coming top overall. Nonetheless, the impact of the privatisation of British Rail has been the subject of much debate, with the stated benefits including improved customer service, and more investment; and stated drawbacks including higher fares, lower punctuality and increased rail subsidies. Privatizations in Russia and Latin America were accompanied by large-scale corruption during

11232-475: Was not finished and the Moskvitch company fell into decline. The factory, which had been renamed to OAO Moskvitch (Moskvitch Joint-Stock Company) in the early 1990s, filed for bankruptcy in 2002 and ceased production. Unfinished bodyshells remained on the production line in various stages of completion, while furniture, computers, office supplies, and documents remained in the plant's administration building. Several attempts to restart production had been made over

11340-400: Was produced between 1969 and 1976. It had the same engine and transmission as its predecessor, but an updated body fitted with rectangular headlights and horizontal rear lights, with triangular turn signal markers mounted on tailfins. It additionally included separated bucket seats and the transmission used a floor-mounted gear lever. The 408 was popular due to its good value in countries such as

11448-615: Was the first Moskvitch vehicle to pass safety-feature tests in France , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , Sweden and West Germany . In October 1968, the name of the factory was changed from MZMA to Automobile Factory in Honour of the Leninist Communist Youth Union (AZLK) ( Russian : Автомобильный Завод имени Ленинского Комсомола ), to mark the 50th anniversary of the Komsomol . SATRA Motors entered M-412s in

11556-541: Was the first Soviet automotive export to be truly successful in the West . Up to half of all Moskvitch 407 production was reserved for export, mainly to the Eastern Bloc countries, Norway , Finland , and France . The 1960s bought about a third generation of cars, with the more advanced Moskvitch 408 , Moskvitch 412 and Moskvitch 2140 . On May 18, 1967, the company produced its one millionth car. The Moskvitch 408

11664-431: Was the first Soviet-built car to be designed with extra safety features in mind, including crumple zones, safer steering column, soft interior parts, seat belts, a padded dashboard, and a split circuit braking system. The first series of Moskvitch 408 cars had vertical rear lights, two or four round headlights , a front bench seat, and a 4-speed manual transmission with column mounted gear lever . The second generation 408

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