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40-438: ‘Mosi-oa-Tunya’ comes from the Kololo or Lozi language , and the name is now used throughout Zambia and in parts of Zimbabwe. Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park covers 66 km (25 sq mi) from the Songwe Gorge below the falls in a north-west arc along about 20 km (12 mi) of the Zambian river bank. It forms the south-western boundary of the city of Livingstone and has two main sections, each with separate entrances:

80-422: A browser , the klipspringer prefers young plants, fruits and flowers. Grasses, eaten mainly in the wet season, form a minor portion of the diet. Some plants, such as Vellozia , may be preferred seasonally. Klipspringer depend mainly on succulent plants , and not on water bodies, to meet their water requirement. They can stand on their hindlegs to reach tall branches up to 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) above

120-889: A wildlife park at its north-western end and the land adjacent to the Victoria Falls themselves, which in the rainy season form the world's largest curtain of falling water. It extends downstream from the falls and to the south-east along the Batoka Gorges . The wildlife park includes tall riverine forest with palm trees, miombo woodland and grassland with plenty of birds, and animals including Angolan giraffe , Burchell's zebra , warthog , sable , African buffalo , impala and other antelope. Animal numbers have fallen in droughts since 2000. The park currently has ten southern white rhinos , including calves. These are not indigenous to Zambia; they were imported from South Africa (the indigenous black rhino had been extirpated from

160-550: A few metres away from the danger. Other social groups include small family herds of eight or more members or solitary individuals. Klipspringer greet one another by rubbing cheeks at social meetings. Males form territories , 7.5–49 hectares ( 18 + 1 ⁄ 2 –121 acres) large (the size depends on rainfall patterns), in which they stay with their partners and offspring. Males are generally more vigilant than females. Klipspringer form large dung heaps, nearly 1 m (3 ft 3 in) across and 10 cm (4 in) deep, at

200-745: A kingdom called Barotseland or Bulozi . In the 1830s, the Kololo people , originally from the Free State province of South Africa , fled northwards to escape the Mfecane under King Shaka Zulu (died 1828). They employed tactics learned from the Zulu armies to conquer the Luyana on the Zambezi floodplains , imposing their rule and language. However, by 1864, the indigenous population revolted and overthrew

240-567: A large area; 10 to 14 individuals occur per square kilometre in the Simien Mountains National Park , Ethiopia. However, the habitat is typically rocky over long stretches and grassy terrain is discontinuous; consequently the population density is typically between 0.01 and 0.1 individual per square kilometre. The antelope occurs in significant numbers across eastern and southern Africa; its range extends from northeastern Sudan , Eritrea , northern Somalia and Ethiopia in

280-480: A number of creepers and lianas. Small antelopes and warthogs inhabit this area, and may also be seen on the paths through the riverine forest leading to the falls. In November 2005 a new statue of explorer David Livingstone was erected in the park (the original and more famous Livingstone statue is on the Zimbabwean side). A plaque was also unveiled on Livingstone Island to mark the spot from which Livingstone

320-403: A single calf, weighing slightly more than 1 kg (2 lb), is born; births peak from spring to early summer. Births take place in dense vegetation. The newborn is carefully hidden for up to three months to protect it from the view of predators; the mother suckles it three to four times a day, the visits gradually lengthen as the offspring grows. Males are protective of their offspring, keeping

360-733: A supile 80 mashumi a supile ni kalikamu 90 mashumi a supile ni totubeli 100 muanda The following is a sample text in Silozi. Silozi : Kakuli Mulimu U latile hahulu batu ba lifasi, mane U ba file Mwan'a Hae wa libanda kuli mutu ufi ni ufi ya lumela ku Yena a si ke a shwa, kono a be ni bupilo bo bu sa feli. Joani 3:16 English : For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have everlasting life. John 3:16 Klipspringer See text The klipspringer ( / ˈ k l ɪ p ˌ s p r ɪ ŋ ər / ; Oreotragus oreotragus )

400-516: A watch for other males and predators. The calf is weaned at four to five months, and leaves its mother when it turns a year old. The klipspringer lives for around 15 years. The klipspringer inhabits places characterised by rocky terrain and sparse vegetation. It migrates to lowlands at times of food scarcity. The klipspringer occurs at altitudes as high as 4,500 m (15,000 ft) on Mount Kilimanjaro . The klipspringer can occur at high population densities in favourable habitats extending over

440-469: Is a shrill whistle, given out by the klipspringer pair in a duet, as a means of communication or anti-predator response. Predators include the baboon , black-backed jackal , caracal , crowned eagle , leopard , martial eagle , serval , spotted hyena and Verreaux's eagle . Birds such as familiar chats , pale-winged starlings , red-winged starlings and yellow-bellied bulbuls have been observed feeding on ectoparasites of klipspringer. Primarily

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480-416: Is a small antelope found in eastern and southern Africa . The sole member of its genus and subfamily/tribe, the klipspringer was first described by German zoologist Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann in 1783. The klipspringer is a small, sturdy antelope; it reaches 43–60 centimetres (17– 23 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches) at the shoulder and weighs from 8 to 18 kilograms (18 to 40 pounds). The coat of

520-565: Is a small undeveloped stretch of the park which is currently the only riverfront location that can be accessed without paying a fee. It is a crucial location for elephants to cross the river. The tops of the deep gorges below the falls can be reached by road and walking tracks through the park and are good places to see klipspringers , clawless otters and 35 species of raptors, such as the Taita falcon , Verreaux's eagle , peregrine falcon and augur buzzard , all of which breed there. This park

560-526: Is based on this study. Tragelaphus Suni ( Neotragus moschatus ) Klipspringer ( Oreotragus oreotragus ) Kirk's dik-dik ( Madoqua kirkii ) Cephalophus Philantomba As many as 11 subspecies have been identified, though zoologists Colin Groves and Peter Grubb treat a few of them as independent species in a 2011 publication: The klipspringer is a small, sturdy antelope reaching 43–60 cm (17– 23 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) at

600-640: Is considered for inclusion in the five-nation Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area . [REDACTED] Media related to Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park at Wikimedia Commons Lozi language Lozi , also known as Silozi and Rozi , is a Bantu language of the Niger–Congo language family within the Sotho–Tswana branch of Zone S (S.30) , that is spoken by the Lozi people , primarily in southwestern Zambia and in surrounding countries. The language

640-481: Is most closely related to Northern Sotho ( Sesotho sa Leboa ), Tswana ( Setswana ), Kgalagari ( SheKgalagari ) and Sotho ( Sesotho /Southern Sotho). Lozi, sometimes written as Rotse , and its dialects are spoken and understood by approximately six per cent of the population of Zambia. Silozi is the endonym (the name of the language used by its native speakers) as defined by the United Nations . Lozi

680-597: Is the exonym . The origins of Silozi can be traced back to a mixture of languages, primarily Luyana and Kololo . The Luyana people migrated south from the Kingdom of Luba and Kingdom of Lunda in the Katanga area of the Congo River basin , either late in the 17th century or early in the 18th century. They settled on the floodplains of the upper Zambezi River in what is now western Zambia , where they established

720-620: The Kololo. By then, the original Luyana language had largely been replaced by a new hybrid language, Silozi. Today, Silozi is spoken in Angola , Botswana , Namibia , Zambia , and Zimbabwe , reflecting its historical development and cultural significance in the region. Lozi has 5 vowels: 20 consonants are in Lozi: Tone is marked as high or low. Lozi uses the Latin script , which

760-481: The Maasai klipspringer, Stevenson's klipspringer and Zambian klipspringer. Cape klipspringer populations tend to have the largest males, while Maasai klipspringer exhibit the largest females. Typically nocturnal (active mainly at night), the klipspringer rests during the midday and at late night; the animal tends to be more active on moonlit nights. It basks in the morning sunlight to warm itself. A gregarious animal,

800-485: The borders of territories; another form of marking is the secretion of a thick, black substance, measuring 5 mm ( 1 ⁄ 4  in) across, from the preorbital glands onto vegetation and rocks in the territories. A study revealed that the tick Ixodes neitzi detects and aggregates on twigs marked by the klipspringer. Another study showed that plants near the borders with neighbouring territories are particularly preferred for marking. The main vocalisation

840-607: The county, though a pilot project is reintroducing them in North Luangwa National Park ). The original introduction consisted of two rhinos; both were poached during the night of June 6, 2007. One was shot dead not far from the gate and its horn extracted; the other suffered serious bullet wounds but survived and still lives in the park under 24-hour surveillance. By 2009 the number of rhinos had been increased to five animals, with plans to introduce further ones in due course. As of 2022, there were 10 white rhinos in

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880-597: The east to South Africa in the south, and along coastal Angola and Namibia. Smaller populations occur in the northern and western highlands of Central African Republic , southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo , Jos Plateau and east of Gashaka Gumti National Park in Nigeria . It is feared to be extinct in Burundi . The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) classifies

920-409: The east to South Africa in the south, and along coastal Angola and Namibia. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) classifies the klipspringer as Least Concern . There are no major threats to the survival of the klipspringer, as its habitat is inaccessible and unfavourable for hunting. Significant numbers occur on private farmlands. As of 2008, nearly 25% of

960-418: The eyes, and white lips and chin. The horns , short and spiky, present only on males, typically measure 7.5–9 cm (3– 3 + 1 ⁄ 2  in); the maximum recorded horn length is 15.9 cm ( 6 + 1 ⁄ 4  in). The coat of the klipspringer, yellowish gray to reddish brown, acts as an efficient camouflage in its rocky habitat; the underbelly is white. Unlike most other antelopes,

1000-503: The ground; some individuals in Namibia were observed climbing Faidherbia albida trees up to a height of 5.4 m (17 ft 9 in). The klipspringer is a seasonal breeder; the time when mating occurs varies geographically. Females become sexually mature by the time they are a year old; males take slightly longer to mature. Mating behaviour has not been extensively observed. Gestation lasts around six months, following which

1040-565: The hair is less coarse. The hair often turns erect, especially if the animal is ill or if its temperature increases. Another feature unique to the klipspringer is its gait; it walks on the tips of its cylindrical, blunt hooves. This enhances the grip on the ground, enabling the animal to deftly climb and jump over rocky surfaces. The subspecies vary in coat colour – from golden yellow in the Cape klipspringer, Ethiopian klipspringer, golden klipspringer and Transvaal klipspringer to ochre or rufous in

1080-433: The klipspringer as Least Concern . The klipspringer is hunted for its meat, leather and hair. However, there are no major threats to the survival of the klipspringer, as its habitat is inaccessible and unfavourable for hunting. Moreover, the antelope does not have to compete with livestock, that do not frequent montane areas . However, populations at lower altitudes are more vulnerable to elimination. In 1999, Rod East of

1120-402: The klipspringer has a thick and coarse coat with hollow, brittle hairs. The incisors might even get damaged by the hairs while grooming. However, the coat is a significant adaptation that saves the animal during steep falls and provides effective insulation in the extreme climates characteristic of its mountain habitat. A study showed that ticks occur in larger numbers on the underbelly, where

1160-404: The klipspringer is monogamous to a much greater extent than other antelopes; individuals of opposite sexes exhibit long-term to lifelong pair bonding . The mates tend to stay as close as within 5 m (16 ft) of each other at most times. Males form territories , 7.5–49 hectares ( 18 + 1 ⁄ 2 –121 acres), in which they stay with their partners and offspring. Primarily a browser ,

1200-405: The klipspringer prefers young plants, fruits and flowers. Gestation lasts around six months, following which a single calf is born; births peak from spring to early summer. The calf leaves its mother when it turns a year old. The klipspringer inhabits places characterised by rocky terrain and sparse vegetation. Its range extends from northeastern Sudan , Eritrea , Somaliland and Ethiopia in

1240-433: The klipspringer, like the dik-diks and the oribi , exhibits monogamy to a much greater extent than other antelopes; individuals of opposite sexes form pairs that might last until one dies. The mates tend to stay as close as within 5 m (16 ft) of each other at most times; for instance, they take turns at keeping a lookout for predators while the other feeds, and face any danger together. The klipspringer will hop

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1280-423: The klipspringer, yellowish gray to reddish brown, acts as an efficient camouflage in its rocky habitat. Unlike most other antelopes, the klipspringer has a thick and coarse coat with hollow, brittle hairs. The horns , short and spiky, typically measure 7.5–9 cm (3– 3 + 1 ⁄ 2  in). Typically nocturnal , the klipspringer rests during the middle of the day and late at night. A gregarious animal,

1320-481: The park, with further plans to start a breeding program for the lions within the soon to be expanded Dambwa Forest section of the park. Within the wildlife park is the Old Drift Cemetery , where the first European settlers were buried. They made camp by the river, but kept succumbing to a strange and fatal illness. They blamed the yellow-and-green-barked "fever trees" for this incurable malady, while all

1360-491: The park. African elephants are often seen in the park when they cross the river in the dry season from the Zimbabwean side. Hippopotamus and crocodile can be seen from the river bank. Vervet monkeys and baboons are common, as they are in the rest of the national park outside the wildlife section. As of January 2009 the commercial wildlife company Lion Encounter has been operating a "walking with lions" experience within

1400-417: The populations occur in protected areas throughout its range. The scientific name of the klipspringer is Oreotragus oreotragus / ˌ ɔːr i ˈ ɒ t r ə ɡ ə s / , from Greek ὄρος ( óros ), "mountain", and τράγος ( trágos ), "he-goat". It is the sole member of the genus Oreotragus and subfamily Oreotraginae or tribe Oreotragini , and is classified under the family Bovidae . The species

1440-460: The shoulder. The head-and-body length is typically between 75 and 115 cm (30 and 45 in). It weighs from 8 to 18 kg (18 to 40 lb). The klipspringer is sexually dimorphic ; females are slightly larger and heavier than the males. The tail measures 6.5–10.5 cm ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 – 4 + 1 ⁄ 4  in). Prominent facial features include the brown forehead, short ears marked with black, prominent preorbital glands near

1480-466: The time it was the malarial mosquito causing their demise. Before long the community moved to higher ground and the town of Livingstone emerged. The falls section of the national park includes the rainforest on the cliff opposite the Eastern Cataract, which is sustained by spray from the falls. It contains plants rare for the area such as pod mahogany, ebony, ivory palm, wild date palm and

1520-548: Was first described by German zoologist Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann in 1783. The vernacular name "klipspringer" is a compound of the Afrikaans words klip ("rock") and springer ("leaper"). Another name for this antelope is "klipbok". A 2012 phylogenetic study showed that the klipspringer is closely related to Kirk's dik-dik ( Madoqua kirkii ) and the suni ( Neotragus moschatus ). The klipspringer evolved nearly 14 million years ago. The cladogram below

1560-400: Was introduced by missionaries . In 1977, Zambia standardised the language's orthography. Counting numbers in Silozi 1 kalikamu 2 totubeli 3 totulalu 4 totune 5 ketalizoho 6 silezi 7 supile 8 ketalizoho ni totulalu 9 ketalizoho ni totune 10 lishumi 20 mashumi a mabeli 30 mashumi a malalu 40 mashumi a mane 50 mashumi a ketalizoho 60 mashumi a silezi 70 mashumi

1600-749: Was the first European to see the falls. The Knife-Edge Bridge was constructed in this area in the 1960s to enable access on foot to the cliffs looking over the Rainbow Falls and the First Gorge's exit to the Boiling Pot in the Second Gorge. A steep footpath also goes down to the Boiling Pot, with views of the Second Gorge and the Victoria Falls Bridge. In the area directly before the river plunges over Victoria Falls, there

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