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105-696: (Redirected from Moszkowicz ) Not to be confused with Moskvitch . Moskowitz (also Moskovitz, Moskovits, Moscovitch, Moskovich, Moszkowicz , and other variants) is an Eastern Ashkenazic Jewish surname. A Germanized form of a Slavic patronymic of the Yiddish personal name Moshke, a pet form of Moshe . Moscovici is the Romanian form. People [ edit ] Moscovich, Moscovitch [ edit ] Dylan Moscovitch (born 1984), Canadian Olympic medalist pair skater Hannah Moscovitch (born 1978),

210-704: A 1984 case, Davis v. Bandemer , the Supreme Court held that gerrymandered districts could be struck down based on the Equal Protection Clause , but the Court did not articulate a standard for when districts are impermissibly gerrymandered. However, the Court overruled Davis in 2004 in Vieth v. Jubelirer , and Court precedent holds gerrymandering to be a political question . According to calculations made by Burt Neuborne using criteria set forth by

315-488: A 70% higher pension than other federal employees based on the first 20 years of service. They become eligible to receive benefits after five years of service (two and one-half terms in the House). The FERS is composed of three elements: Members of Congress may retire with full benefits at age 62 after five years of service, at age 50 after 20 years of service, and at any age after 25 years of service. With an average age of 58,

420-912: A Canadian female playwright Ivan Moscovich (1926–2023), Yugoslav-Dutch designer of games, puzzles, toys, and educational aids Maurice Moscovich (1871–1940), Russian-American actor Morris Moscovitch , the Max & Gianna Glassman Chair in Neuropsychology and Aging and Professor of Psychology at the University of Toronto Moscowitz, Moskovitz [ edit ] Dustin Moskovitz , American businessman Jennie Moscowitz (1867/1868–1953), American actress Moshkovich, Moshkovitz, Moschcowitz, Moschkowitz, Moshkowitz [ edit ] Dana Moshkovitz , Israeli computer scientist Eli Moschcowitz (1879–1964), Hungarian-born American doctor,

525-533: A Dutch jurist and former lawyer, son of Max Moszkowicz sr. Daniel Moszkowicz , aka Dawid Chone (1905–1943), Jewish Polish merchant ( pl:Daniel Moszkowicz ) Imo Moszkowicz (1925, Ahlen –2011, Munich), German director, writer and actor ( de:Imo Moszkowicz ) Ludwig Moszkowicz (1873–1945), Jewish Polish/Austro-Hungarian surgeon, pathologist ( pl:Ludwig Moszkowicz ) Martin Moszkowicz (born 1958), German film producer Max Moszkowicz sr. (born 1926),

630-574: A FEHBP plan upon retirement. The ACA and the final rule do not affect members' or staffers' eligibility for Medicare benefits. The ACA and the final rule also do not affect members' and staffers' eligibility for other health benefits related to federal employment, so members and staff are eligible to participate in FSAFEDS (which has three options within the program), the Federal Employees Dental and Vision Insurance Program, and

735-468: A Moscovite". It was used to point out the original location of the cars manufactured there. The Soviet Union entered a series of five-year plans in 1928 under the rule of Joseph Stalin . The goals of the plan was to rapidly industrialise the economy of the Soviet Union . Included in these plans were provisions for the development of domestic automobile production. It was assumed that by improving

840-551: A candidate. Therefore, Article I, Section 5, which permits each House to be the judge of the qualifications of its own members does not permit either House to establish additional qualifications. Likewise a State could not establish additional qualifications. William C. C. Claiborne served in the House below the minimum age of 25. Disqualification: under the Fourteenth Amendment , a federal or state officer who takes

945-520: A federal statutory requirement since 1967 pursuant to the act titled An Act For the relief of Doctor Ricardo Vallejo Samala and to provide for congressional redistricting . Before that law, general ticket representation was used by some states. States typically redraw district boundaries after each census, though they may do so at other times, such as the 2003 Texas redistricting . Each state determines its own district boundaries, either through legislation or through non-partisan panels. Malapportionment

1050-850: A food and wine writer, based in Minneapolis, Minnesota Eva Moskowitz , educator and former City Council member in New York City Eve Merriam, née Moskovitz (1916–1992, Philadelphia), an American poet Gilberte Marin-Moskovitz (1937–2019), French politician Gordon Moskowitz , social psychologist Hannah Moskowitz (born 1991), American author Henry Moskowitz , civil rights leader Henry Moskowitz , New York real estate investor Howard Moskowitz , American market researcher and psychophysicist Irving Moskowitz , Jewish American businessman and philanthropist Isa Chandra Moskowitz , American-born cookbook author Jared E. Moskowitz (born 1980), American member of

1155-532: A four-year term, the resident commissioner's role is identical to the delegates from the other territories. The five delegates and resident commissioner may participate in debates; before 2011, they were also allowed to vote in committees and the Committee of the Whole when their votes would not be decisive. States entitled to more than one representative are divided into single-member districts . This has been

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1260-592: A member requires only a simple majority, and does not remove that member from office. As a check on the regional, popular, and rapidly changing politics of the House, the Senate has several distinct powers. For example, the " advice and consent " powers (such as the power to approve treaties and confirm members of the Cabinet ) are a sole Senate privilege. The House, however, has the exclusive power to initiate bills for raising revenue, to impeach officials, and to choose

1365-556: A more deliberative upper house, elected by the lower house, that would represent the individual states, and would be less susceptible to variations of mass sentiment. The House is commonly referred to as the lower house and the Senate the upper house , although the United States Constitution does not use that terminology. Both houses' approval is necessary for the passage of legislation . The Virginia Plan drew

1470-606: A result, the process to gain ballot access varies greatly from state to state, and in the case of a third party in the United States may be affected by results of previous years' elections. In 1967, Congress passed the Uniform Congressional District Act , which requires all representatives to be elected from single-member-districts. Following the Wesberry v. Sanders decision, Congress

1575-433: A retired Dutch lawyer Michał Moszkowicz (born 1941, Magnitogorsk), Jewish Polish writer ( pl:Michał Moszkowicz ) "Baruch" Robert Moszkowicz (born 1953, Maastricht), son of Max Moszkowicz sr. ( nl:Robert Moszkowicz ) Ruth Handler (née Moskowicz; 1916–2002), American businesswoman and Barbie doll inventor Fictional characters [ edit ] An American Tail , American franchise of animated films where

1680-721: A short period of time. Moskvitch 408 , Moskvitch 412 , Moskvitch 2140 and Moskvitch 2141 Aleko models were license produced in Lovech , Bulgaria by Balkancar under the Rila marque . Some of these vehicles were identical in configuration to those produced by Moskvitch/AZLK, while some, like their Belgian counterparts, made use of British origin Perkins diesel engines . United States House of Representatives Minority (213) Vacant (2) [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The United States House of Representatives

1785-438: A single MRA that can fund any expense—even though each component is calculated individually, the franking allowance can be used to pay for personnel expenses if the member so chooses. In 2011 this allowance averaged $ 1.4 million per member, and ranged from $ 1.35 to $ 1.67 million. The Personnel allowance was $ 944,671 per member in 2010. Each member may employ no more than 18 permanent employees. Members' employees' salary

1890-799: A specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. References [ edit ] ^ ru:Чернявский, Зельман Мошкович ^ de:Martin Moszkowicz Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moskowitz&oldid=1259204587#Moszkowicz " Categories : Surnames Surnames of Jewish origin Polish-language surnames Slavic-language surnames Patronymic surnames Yiddish-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles containing Russian-language text Articles with short description Short description

1995-468: A two-year term, with no term limit. In most states, major party candidates for each district are nominated in partisan primary elections , typically held in spring to late summer. In some states, the Republican and Democratic parties choose their candidates for each district in their political conventions in spring or early summer, which often use unanimous voice votes to reflect either confidence in

2100-741: A voice in committees, and can introduce bills on the floor, but cannot vote on the ultimate passage of bills. Presently, the District of Columbia and the five inhabited U.S. territories each elect a delegate. A seventh delegate, representing the Cherokee Nation , has been formally proposed but has not yet been seated. An eighth delegate, representing the Choctaw Nation is guaranteed by treaty but has not yet been proposed. Additionally, some territories may choose to also elect shadow representatives , though these are not official members of

2205-545: A wholly owned subsidiary of Renault. The bankruptcy of OAO Moskvitch was officially announced in 2006, and the company was liquidated the following year. As of 2016, over a million Moskvitch cars remained on Russian roads. In 2015, Renault announced they had begun the process for obtaining the Moskvitch rights in Russia. In May 2022, as a result of international sanctions against Russia , Renault sold its Moscow plant to

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2310-440: Is calculated based on three components: one for personnel, one for official office expenses and one for official or franked mail. The personnel allowance is the same for all members; the office and mail allowances vary based on the members' district's distance from Washington, D.C., the cost of office space in the member's district, and the number of non-business addresses in their district. These three components are used to calculate

2415-556: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Moskvitch OAO Moskvitch is the name of a privatized venture given to the former factory to avoid legal issues after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Since the factory had no assembly branches outside Russia after 1991, its name is largely used today to refer to the building located in the lower eastern part of Moscow . The word moskvich ( Russian : москвич ) itself translates as "a native of Moscow,

2520-688: Is no charge for outpatient care if it is provided in the National Capital Region , but members are billed at full reimbursement rates (set by the Department of Defense) for inpatient care. (Outside the National Capital Region, charges are at full reimbursement rates for both inpatient and outpatient care). House members are eligible for a Member's Representational Allowance (MRA) to support them in their official and representational duties to their district. The MRA

2625-468: Is no legislation at the federal level mandating one particular system for elections to the House, systems are set at the state level. As of 2022, first-past-the-post or plurality voting is used in 46 states, electing 412 representatives, ranked-choice or instant-runoff voting in two states (Alaska and Maine), electing 3 representatives, and two-round system in two states (Georgia and Louisiana), electing 20 representatives. Elected representatives serve

2730-543: Is occasionally abbreviated as either "MOC" or "MC" (similar to MP ). However, the abbreviation "Rep." for Representative is more common, as it avoids confusion as to whether they are a member of the House or the Senate . All members of Congress are automatically enrolled in the Federal Employees Retirement System , a pension system also used for federal civil servants , except the formula for calculating Congress members' pension results in

2835-545: Is referred to as the "upper" house, and the House of Representatives as the "lower" house. Since December 2014, the annual salary of each representative is $ 174,000, the same as it is for each member of the Senate . The speaker of the House and the majority and minority leaders earn more: $ 223,500 for the speaker and $ 193,400 for their party leaders (the same as Senate leaders). A cost-of-living-adjustment (COLA) increase takes effect annually unless Congress votes not to accept it. Congress sets members' salaries; however,

2940-610: Is the lower chamber of the United States Congress , with the Senate being the upper chamber . Together, they compose the national bicameral legislature of the United States . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills ; those that are also passed by the Senate are sent to the president for signature or veto . The House's exclusive powers include initiating all revenue bills, impeaching federal officers, and electing

3045-504: Is to have one party govern and the other party watch." The leadership structure of the House also developed during approximately the same period, with the positions of majority leader and minority leader being created in 1899. While the minority leader was the head of the minority party, the majority leader remained subordinate to the speaker. The speakership reached its zenith during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon , from 1903 to 1911. The speaker's powers included chairmanship of

3150-579: Is unconstitutional and districts must be approximately equal in population (see Wesberry v. Sanders ). Additionally, Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits redistricting plans that are intended to, or have the effect of, discriminating against racial or language minority voters. Aside from malapportionment and discrimination against racial or language minorities, federal courts have allowed state legislatures to engage in gerrymandering to benefit political parties or incumbents. In

3255-414: Is unique in that it holds an all-party primary election on the general Election Day with a subsequent runoff election between the top two finishers (regardless of party) if no candidate received a majority in the primary. The states of Washington and California use a similar (though not identical) system to that used by Louisiana. Seats vacated during a term are filled through special elections , unless

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3360-565: The American Political Science Association , only about 40 seats, less than 10% of the House membership, are chosen through a genuinely contested electoral process, given partisan gerrymandering. Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for representatives. Each representative must: (1) be at least twenty-five (25) years old; (2) have been a citizen of the United States for

3465-822: The District of Columbia and the U.S. territories of Guam , the U.S. Virgin Islands , the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands , and American Samoa . A non-voting Resident Commissioner, serving a four-year term, represents the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico . As of the 2020 census , the largest delegation was California , with 52 representatives. Six states have only one representative apiece : Alaska , Delaware , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House meets in

3570-742: The Federal Employees Health Benefits Program (FEHBP), an employer-sponsored health insurance program, and were eligible to participate in other programs, such as the Federal Flexible Spending Account Program (FSAFEDS). However, Section 1312(d)(3)(D) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) provided that the only health plans that the federal government can make available to members of Congress and certain congressional staff are those created under

3675-686: The Group One Production Saloon Car Championship in 1972 and 1973, where it easily beat " sharp-handling but underpowered" British Hillman Imps and Austin Minis . Further improvements were also made in the form of the Moskvitch 2138 and Moskvitch 2140 , based on a modified Moskvitch 412 platform. In 1986, the Moskvitch-2141 Aleko became available for the first time. It was influenced by

3780-584: The House of Representatives for Florida's 23rd district Joel Moskowitz , American public health researcher Joseph Moskowitz , Romanian-born American cimbalom player and Restaurateur Miriam Moskowitz . American convicted of conspiracy to obstruct justice during the McCarthy era Naftali Asher Yeshayahu Moscowitz (Moskowitz) , a Melitzer Rebbe of Ashdod Ohad Moskowitz (born 1974), Orthodox Jewish singer Paul Moskowitz , Research Staff Member at

3885-706: The KIM 10 , and as such rejected the KdF-Wagen and DKW F8 . The Opel Kadett K38 was found to match these requirements. In August 1945, the State Defense Committee published Order No. 9905, which prescribed the start of production of the Kadett , under the Moskvitch-400 name. The implementation of this order was however deeply complicated. The Opelwerk Brandenburg plant had been deeply involved in

3990-587: The KIM-10-52 . In August 1945, the plant was renamed to the Moscow Plant of Small Cars (MZMA) ( Russian : Московский Завод Малолитражных Автомобилей ). Following the war, the Soviet Union requested vehicle tooling and designs from Germany as part of war reparations, to compensate for the loss of industrial equipment in the Battle of Moscow . Soviet planners wished for a car similar in specifications to

4095-729: The Nazi German war effort, producing aircraft engines for the Luftwaffe , and had been heavily damaged by Allied bombing . However, a number of Kadetts had been captured by the Red Army and were available for study, and was accomplished through joint Soviet-German ventures overseen by the Soviet Military Administration in Germany . Nonetheless, the majority of stamping dies and tooling were freshly produced in

4200-600: The Simca 1307 (which had also been badged as the Chrysler/Talbot Alpine, and under other names, in western markets). It was upgraded and restyled during the period of its production. It was powered by the 1.5 L UZAM used in the M-412 model and VAZ-2106 1.6 L in-line, four-cylinder engines, which had by then had been used in several LADA models. Aleko was different from any model the factory had made previously; it

4305-477: The Soviet Union due to the amount of damage to the factory. Production of the Moskvitch 400-420 began in December 1946, and continued for ten years until 1956 with the improved Moskvitch 401 . In total 247,439 400 and 401 models had been built, with some being exported to countries such as Belgium , East Germany and Norway . MZMA replaced the 400 and 401 with new designs starting in 1956, developed within

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4410-650: The Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits a change in salary (but not COLA ) from taking effect until after the next election of the whole House. Representatives are eligible for retirement benefits after serving for five years. Outside pay is limited to 15% of congressional pay, and certain types of income involving a fiduciary responsibility or personal endorsement are prohibited. Salaries are not for life, only during active term. Representatives use

4515-450: The Uniform Congressional District Act , sit in single member congressional districts allocated to each state on the basis of population as measured by the United States census , with each district having at least a single representative, provided that that state is entitled to them. Since its inception in 1789, all representatives have been directly elected. Although suffrage was initially limited, it gradually widened, particularly after

4620-603: The United Kingdom , Finland and Norway . The Moskvitch 412 improved on this design with various engine and styling improvements. In 1966 during a visit by French President Charles de Gaulle to the Soviet Union , an agreement was signed between MZMA and Renault . Renault would assist in the reconstruction of the plant in Moscow, as well as cooperate in the establishment of a second plant in Izhevsk. In 1969, both

4725-489: The licensed production of Ford Model A and Ford Model AA vehicles began. These were assembled using knock-down kits . In 1933, the plant became a branch of GAZ and began to assemble GAZ-A and GAZ-AA vehicles. In 1939, KIM was no longer a subsidiary of GAZ and in the following year it started to produce their first own model, the KIM 10 inspired by the Ford Prefect . The plant's newly formed design department

4830-694: The president if a presidential candidate fails to get a majority of the Electoral College votes. Both House and Senate confirmation is now required to fill a vacancy if the vice presidency is vacant, according to the provisions of the Twenty-fifth Amendment . The Senate and House are further differentiated by term lengths and the number of districts represented: the Senate has longer terms of six years, fewer members (currently one hundred, two for each state), and (in all but seven delegations) larger constituencies per member. The Senate

4935-556: The size of the House states: "The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative." Congress regularly increased the size of the House to account for population growth until it fixed the number of voting House members at 435 in 1911. In 1959, upon the admission of Alaska and Hawaii , the number was temporarily increased to 437 (seating one representative from each of those states without changing existing apportionment), and returned to 435 four years later, after

5040-523: The 412 and the related 408 had their bodies redesigned. These were notable for being the first Moskvitch models to feature rectangular headlights and horizontal rear lights . Safety improvements were also incorporated over time, with the Moskvitch 412 meeting the safety standards adopted by the UNECE , and received an international safety certificate as a result of almost five months of tests in France . The 412

5145-594: The ACA or offered through a health care exchange . The Office of Personnel Management promulgated a final rule to comply with Section 1312(d)(3)(D). Under the rule, effective January 1, 2014, members and designated staff are no longer able to purchase FEHBP plans as active employees. However, if members enroll in a health plan offered through a Small Business Health Options Program (SHOP) exchange, they remain eligible for an employer contribution toward coverage, and members and designated staff eligible for retirement may enroll in

5250-564: The Confederation Congress's sanction to "amend the Articles of Confederation". All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates. Congress's structure was a contentious issue among the founders during the convention. Edmund Randolph 's Virginia Plan called for a bicameral Congress: the lower house would be "of the people", elected directly by the people of the United States and representing public opinion , and

5355-608: The Contract did not pass Congress, were vetoed by President Bill Clinton , or were substantially altered in negotiations with Clinton. However, after Republicans held control in the 1996 election , Clinton and the Gingrich-led House agreed on the first balanced federal budget in decades, along with a substantial tax cut. The Republicans held on to the House until 2006 , when the Democrats won control and Nancy Pelosi

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5460-700: The Federal Long Term Care Insurance Program. The Office of the Attending Physician at the U.S. Capitol provides members with health care for an annual fee. The attending physician provides routine exams, consultations, and certain diagnostics, and may write prescriptions (although the office does not dispense them). The office does not provide vision or dental care. Members (but not their dependents, and not former members) may also receive medical and emergency dental care at military treatment facilities. There

5565-462: The House and are separate individuals from their official delegates. Representatives and delegates serve for two-year terms, while a resident commissioner (a kind of delegate) serves for four years. A term starts on January 3 following the election in November. The U.S. Constitution requires that vacancies in the House be filled with a special election. The term of the replacement member expires on

5670-409: The House would have women-only spaces following the election of Sarah McBride . Under Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution , seats in the House of Representatives are apportioned among the states by population, as determined by the census conducted every ten years. Each state is entitled to at least one representative, however small its population. The only constitutional rule relating to

5775-654: The IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Hawthorne, NY Robert Moskowitz , American painter Sam Moskowitz , writer, critic, and historian Stacy Moskowitz, shooting victim of David Berkowitz Stanley Moskowitz , top official of the Central Intelligence Agency Tobias Jacob "Toby" Moskowitz (born 1971), an American financial economist and professor Moszkowicz [ edit ] Bram Moszkowicz (born 1960),

5880-431: The Moscow city government which intended to nationalize the facility for renewed production of vehicles under the Moskvitch name. Moskvitch presented its new range of models on July 6, 2022: a sedan and 3 SUVs, Model I having both a fuel version as well as an electric version. The cars have names made up of Roman numerals, from I and II to IV. All models are rebadged cars from Chinese manufacturer JAC . On October 20,

5985-420: The Senate did not hold the balance of power between North and South during the war. The years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party , which many Americans associated with the Union's victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877; the ensuing era, known as the Gilded Age , was marked by sharp political divisions in

6090-451: The Soviet Union. This marked the second generation of production vehicles for the enterprise. This started with the Moskvitch 402 , followed on by upgraded variants in the form of the Moskvitch 403 and Moskvitch 407 , which featured improvements such as independent suspension, improved interior and radio included, comparable to models such as the Hillman Minx , Fiat 1100 , and Ford Consul . The Moskvitch 402 series could be considered as

6195-414: The US House of Representatives is older than comparable chambers in Russia and the other G7 nations. Members of Congress are permitted to deduct up to $ 3,000 of living expenses per year incurred while living away from their district or home state. Before 2014, members of Congress and their staff had access to essentially the same health benefits as federal civil servants; they could voluntarily enroll in

6300-542: The ability of a small number of senior members to obstruct legislation they did not favor. There was also a shift from the 1990s to greater control of the legislative program by the majority party; the power of party leaders (especially the speaker) grew considerably. According to historian Julian E. Zelizer , the majority Democrats minimized the number of staff positions available to the minority Republicans, kept them out of decision-making, and gerrymandered their home districts. Republican Newt Gingrich argued American democracy

6405-464: The date that the original member's would have expired. The Constitution permits the House to expel a member with a two-thirds vote. In the history of the United States, only six members have been expelled from the House; in 1861, three were removed for supporting the Confederate states' secession: Democrats John Bullock Clark of Missouri, John William Reid of Missouri, and Henry Cornelius Burnett of Kentucky. Democrat Michael Myers of Pennsylvania

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6510-432: The electorate. The Democratic Party and Republican Party each held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw a dramatic increase in the power of the speaker of the House . The rise of the speaker's influence began in the 1890s, during the tenure of Republican Thomas Brackett Reed . "Czar Reed", as he was nicknamed, attempted to put into effect his view that "The best system

6615-461: The events and ideology of the Russian Revolution , with tens of thousands of vehicles imported during the 1910s and 1920s. This was deemed necessary due to the devastation of the state and its economic output following the Great War , occupation of Russian territories by the Central Powers , and the Russian Civil War . The construction of the Moscow Car Assembly Factory ( Russian : Московский автосборочный завод ) began in 1929. In December 1930,

6720-428: The first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Pursuant to the Uniform Congressional District Act , representatives must be elected from single-member districts . After a census is taken (in a year ending in 0), the year ending in 2 is the first year in which elections for U.S. House districts are based on that census (with the Congress based on those districts starting its term on the following January 3). As there

6825-407: The first step in Soviet and Russian automotive history towards producing adapted models for various use cases. While the Moskvitch 407 provided greater driving comfort at larger expenses, other trim levels included the Moskvitch 407-424 station wagon available for the general public, Moskvitch 431 van and even the Moskvitch 410/411 attempt of creating an early off-road sedan/station wagon. The M-407

6930-539: The incumbent or the result of bargaining in earlier private discussions. Exceptions can result in so-called floor fights—convention votes by delegates, with outcomes that can be hard to predict. Especially if a convention is closely divided, a losing candidate may contend further by meeting the conditions for a primary election. The courts generally do not consider ballot access rules for independent and third party candidates to be additional qualifications for holding office and no federal statutes regulate ballot access. As

7035-439: The influential Rules Committee and the ability to appoint members of other House committees. However, these powers were curtailed in the "Revolution of 1910" because of the efforts of Democrats and dissatisfied Republicans who opposed Cannon's heavy-handed tactics. The Democratic Party dominated the House of Representatives during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945), often winning over two-thirds of

7140-403: The land gained during the Mexican–American War . Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War (1861–1865), which began soon after several southern states attempted to secede from the Union. The war culminated in the South's defeat and in the abolition of slavery. All southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, and therefore

7245-614: The mayor of Moscow, Sergey Sobyanin , said that the production of Moskvich vehicles will resume in December at Renault's former factory in Moscow, now renamed the Moscow Automobile Factory Moskvich , which has been inactive after Renault decided to leave the Russian market. On December 26, 2022, the Moskvitch 3 and Moskvitch 3e went on sale in Russia, with the JAC JS4 based cars produced in association with truck manufacturer Kamaz . In early 2023, Moskvitch and Yandex Taxi signed an agreement of intent to supply 3,000 Moskvitch 3 , and 2,000 Moskvitch 3e taxi and car share vehicles. This

7350-427: The most voting members. Under the Articles of Confederation , the Congress of the Confederation was a unicameral body with equal representation for each state, any of which could veto most actions. After eight years of a more limited confederal government under the Articles, numerous political leaders such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton initiated the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which received

7455-680: The namesake of the Moschkowitz Syndrome Shulem Moshkovitz (died 1958), Romania-born rabbi, known as the Shotzer Rebbe Zelman Moshkovich Chernyavsky ( Russian : Зельман Мошкович Чернявский ; 1903–1968), a Jewish Soviet cinematographer Moskowitz [ edit ] Abraham Moskowitz Yiddish-language singer Avigdor Moskowitz (born 1953), Israeli basketball player Barry Ted Moskowitz (born 1950, Paterson, New Jersey), United States federal judge Belle Moskowitz , political advisor to New York Governor and 1928 presidential candidate Alfred E. Smith Clara Moskowitz , American science journalist Dara Moskowitz Grumdahl, née Moskowitz ,

7560-436: The newly built Moscow-Minsk Highway to rural mud roads and off-road. Despite the official “mostly satisfactory” mark, the car proved to be unsuited to the requirements of the military service. In October, 1941 the plant was hastily evacuated to Ural. Most of the manufacturing equipment was abandoned or destroyed during the Battle of Moscow . In 1944, with a Soviet Victory imminent, plans were in place to continue production of

7665-456: The next 3 years, but none were successful. Technopolis Moscow was opened in 2012 on the premises of the factory. A portion of the abandoned plant was acquired by Avtoframos (later renamed as Renault Russia), a joint venture between the City of Moscow and French automaker Renault . In 2005, Avtoframos commenced assembly of Renault Logan sedans from imported knock-down kits . It later became

7770-525: The other (the Senate) would provide equal representation amongst the states. The Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states (nine out of the 13) in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4, 1789. The House began work on April 1, 1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time. During the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery . The North

7875-427: The past seven years; and (3) be (at the time of the election) an inhabitant of the state they represent. Members are not required to live in the districts they represent, but they traditionally do. The age and citizenship qualifications for representatives are less than those for senators . The constitutional requirements of Article I, Section 2 for election to Congress are the maximum requirements that can be imposed on

7980-563: The plant received the name of KIM (Factory named after Communist Youth International) Russian : КИМ (Завод имени Коммунистического Интернационала Молодёжи) , from 1930 to 1939 its official name was Moscow Car Assembly Factory named after KIM ( Russian : Московский автосборочный завод имени КИМ ) and then from 1939 until the beginning of the Great Patriotic War it was called Moscow Car Factory named after KIM ( Russian : Московский автомобильный завод имени КИМ ). In 1930,

8085-573: The position of chairman of the board of directors. Moser had previously worked for the Russian truck manufacturer Kamaz , as well as the German industrial firm Knorr-Bremse . In addition, Moskvitch further announced an expansion of their dealer network to more cities across Russia, as well as the impending release of a new Moskvitch 6 model later in 2023, as well as the Moskvitch 5. The current model lines of Moskvitch cars are: The Moskvitch 408

8190-629: The prefix " The Honorable " before their names. A member of the House is referred to as a representative , congressman , or congresswoman . Representatives are usually identified in the media and other sources by party and state, and sometimes by congressional district, or a major city or community within their district. For example, Democratic representative Nancy Pelosi , who represents California's 11th congressional district within San Francisco , may be identified as "D–California", "D–California–11" or "D–San Francisco". "Member of congress"

8295-502: The president if no candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College . Members of the House serve a fixed term of two years, with each seat up for election before the start of the next Congress. Special elections also occur when a seat is vacated early enough. The House's composition was established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who, pursuant to

8400-410: The protagonist is a mouse named Fievel Mousekewitz (word play on Moskowitz) " Merry Christmas, Mrs. Moskowitz ", the tenth episode in season 6 of American sitcom Frasier Minnie and Moskowitz , a film by John Cassavetes Princess Diaries series of books by Meg Cabot where Moscovitz siblings, Michael and Lilly, are the oldest friends of protagonist Mia Thermopolis and important characters of

8505-617: The quality of life for the affected citizens and providing them with the opportunity to learn to drive during peacetime, they would constitute a cadre of trained drivers for the Red army in the event of armed conflict. Industrial cooperation between Russia and the American Ford Motor Company dated back to the era of Nicholas II , with the company being an important supplier of passenger and commercial vehicles such as tractors and trucks. This cooperation persisted despite

8610-643: The ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment and the civil rights movement . Since 1913, the number of voting representatives has been at 435 pursuant to the Apportionment Act of 1911 . The Reapportionment Act of 1929 capped the size of the House at 435. However, the number was temporarily increased from 1959 until 1963 to 437 following the admissions of Alaska and Hawaii to the Union. In addition, five non-voting delegates represent

8715-510: The reapportionment consequent to the 1960 census . The Constitution does not provide for the representation of the District of Columbia or of territories . The District of Columbia and the territories of Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , and the U.S. Virgin Islands are each represented by one non-voting delegate . Puerto Rico elects a resident commissioner , but other than having

8820-532: The requisite oath to support the Constitution, but later engages in rebellion or aids the enemies of the United States, is disqualified from becoming a representative. This post–Civil War provision was intended to prevent those who sided with the Confederacy from serving. However, disqualified individuals may serve if they gain the consent of two-thirds of both houses of Congress. Elections for representatives are held in every even-numbered year, on Election Day

8925-431: The seats. Both Democrats and Republicans were in power at various times during the next decade. The Democratic Party maintained control of the House from 1955 until 1995. In the mid-1970s, members passed major reforms that strengthened the power of sub-committees at the expense of committee chairs and allowed party leaders to nominate committee chairs. These actions were taken to undermine the seniority system , and to reduce

9030-664: The south wing of the United States Capitol . The rules of the House generally address a two-party system, with a majority party in government, and a minority party in opposition. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof. Other floor leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conference , depending on whichever party has

9135-663: The story. Eli "Hawk" Moskowitz, character in TV series Cobra Kai Sid Moscowitz, character in the 1990 film Alice Kevin Moskowitz better known as The Deep, one of the main superheroes in the TV series The Boys See also [ edit ] Moskvitch (disambiguation) Moscovici (Romanian form) [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with the surname Moskowitz, Moschcowitz, Moscovich, Moscovitch, Moshkovich, Moshkovitz, Moskovitz, Moskowitz, Moszkowicz . If an internal link intending to refer to

9240-721: The support of delegates from large states such as Virginia , Massachusetts , and Pennsylvania , as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan , which called for a unicameral Congress with equal representation for the states. Eventually, the Convention reached the Connecticut Compromise or Great Compromise, under which one house of Congress (the House of Representatives) would provide representation proportional to each state's population, whereas

9345-634: The system was, in Gingrich's words, "morally, intellectually and spiritually corrupt". Gingrich followed Wright's successor, Democrat Tom Foley , as speaker after the Republican Revolution of 1994 gave his party control of the House. Gingrich attempted to pass a major legislative program, the Contract with America and made major reforms of the House, notably reducing the tenure of committee chairs to three two-year terms. Many elements of

9450-410: The vacancy occurs closer to the next general election date than a pre-established deadline. The term of a member chosen in a special election usually begins the next day, or as soon as the results are certified. Historically, many territories have sent non-voting delegates to the House. While their role has fluctuated over the years, today they have many of the same privileges as voting members, have

9555-459: Was also the case with a diesel version. In the early 1990s, AZLK still remained one of the largest auto companies in the USSR . Design and experimental work were prepared to create a new model car ( sedan M-2142) and an engine plant. However, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , due to a financial crisis , disruptions in the work of the company, and financial mismanagement , the engine plant

9660-470: Was being ruined by the Democrats' tactics and that the GOP had to destroy the system before it could be saved. Cooperation in governance, says Zelizer, would have to be put aside until they deposed Speaker Wright and regained power. Gingrich brought an ethics complaint which led to Wright's resignation in 1989. Gingrich gained support from the media and good government forces in his crusade to persuade Americans that

9765-435: Was expelled after his criminal conviction for accepting bribes in 1980, Democrat James Traficant of Ohio was expelled in 2002 following his conviction for corruption, and Republican George Santos was expelled in 2023 after he was implicated in fraud by both a federal indictment and a House Ethics Committee investigation. The House also has the power to formally censure or reprimand its members; censure or reprimand of

9870-620: Was followed by the introduction of Moskvitch 3 vehicles for the car services Citydrive, BelkaCar, Taxovichkof and Citymobil. Furthermore, traffic police in Moscow Oblast and Stavropol Krai began to be equipped with Moskvitch 3e electric crossovers. Furthermore, delivery was in progress for traffic police in Moscow City , Krasnodar and Krasnoyarsk . In June 2023, Hans Peter Moser was appointed General Manager of Moskvitch, replacing Dmitry Valentinovich Pronin, who would move to

9975-596: Was headed by A. N. Ostrovtsev, an engineer from the NAMI , and tasked by the Economic Committee of Sovnarkom with designing a small economy car suitable for large scale manufacture. From November 1940 to April 1941, 338 sedans were assembled. Exact production numbers for the phaeton version are unknown. In May 1941 the Red Army subjected a KIM-10 to a series of tests, including in road conditions varying from

10080-404: Was larger and more luxurious, made with more comfort, safety , and aerodynamics in mind. The new car had such features as front-wheel drive , a hatchback body style, MacPherson strut front suspension and torsion-crank rear suspension . It had rack-and-pinion steering and a collapsible steering column . The 1.8-liter gasoline engine for the new car was planned, but never materialized, as

10185-509: Was manufactured in Belgium under the Scaldia name. In 1965, this name was changed to Scaldia-Volga. These vehicles were imported partially built from the Soviet Union , with their engines and transmission installed after arrival in Belgium . Some of these vehicles were equipped with British origin Perkins diesel engines . The Moskvitch 2141 Aleko was also assembled by Scaldia-Volga for

10290-479: Was motivated by fears that courts would impose at-large plurality districts on states that did not redistrict to comply with the new mandates for districts roughly equal in population, and Congress also sought to prevent attempts by southern states to use such voting systems to dilute the vote of racial minorities. Several states have used multi-member districts in the past, although only two states (Hawaii and New Mexico) used multi-member districts in 1967. Louisiana

10395-580: Was much more populous than the South , and therefore dominated the House of Representatives. However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery. One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso , which sought to ban slavery in

10500-475: Was not finished and the Moskvitch company fell into decline. The factory, which had been renamed to OAO Moskvitch (Moskvitch Joint-Stock Company) in the early 1990s, filed for bankruptcy in 2002 and ceased production. Unfinished bodyshells remained on the production line in various stages of completion, while furniture, computers, office supplies, and documents remained in the plant's administration building. Several attempts to restart production had been made over

10605-400: Was produced between 1969 and 1976. It had the same engine and transmission as its predecessor, but an updated body fitted with rectangular headlights and horizontal rear lights, with triangular turn signal markers mounted on tailfins. It additionally included separated bucket seats and the transmission used a floor-mounted gear lever. The 408 was popular due to its good value in countries such as

10710-443: Was subsequently elected by the House as the first female speaker. The Republicans retook the House in 2011 , with the largest shift of power since the 1930s. However, the Democrats retook the house in 2019 , which became the largest shift of power to the Democrats since the 1970s. In the 2022 elections, Republicans took back control of the House, winning a slim majority. In November 2024, House Speaker Mike Johnson announced that

10815-615: Was the first Moskvitch vehicle to pass safety-feature tests in France , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , Sweden and West Germany . In October 1968, the name of the factory was changed from MZMA to Automobile Factory in Honour of the Leninist Communist Youth Union (AZLK) ( Russian : Автомобильный Завод имени Ленинского Комсомола ), to mark the 50th anniversary of the Komsomol . SATRA Motors entered M-412s in

10920-543: Was the first Soviet automotive export to be truly successful in the West . Up to half of all Moskvitch 407 production was reserved for export, mainly to the Eastern Bloc countries, Norway , Finland , and France . The 1960s bought about a third generation of cars, with the more advanced Moskvitch 408 , Moskvitch 412 and Moskvitch 2140 . On May 18, 1967, the company produced its one millionth car. The Moskvitch 408

11025-431: Was the first Soviet-built car to be designed with extra safety features in mind, including crumple zones, safer steering column, soft interior parts, seat belts, a padded dashboard, and a split circuit braking system. The first series of Moskvitch 408 cars had vertical rear lights, two or four round headlights , a front bench seat, and a 4-speed manual transmission with column mounted gear lever . The second generation 408

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