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159-471: Mathura district is situated along the banks of the river Yamuna is a district of Uttar Pradesh state of north-central India . The historic city of Mathura is the district headquarters. Mathura district is home to many important sites associated with goddess Radha and Lord Krishna , who was born in Mathura and grew up in the nearby town of Vrindavan . Both cities are some of the most sacred sites in
318-943: A black board akin to stock prices. Mathura is home to the Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary University , the first of its kind in the state and the fourth in the country to be made independent veterinary universities. The University is located on the Mathura-Agra road, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Mathura. Many schools like Parmeshwari Devi Dhanuka , Hanuman Prashad Dhanuka , Kanha Makhan Public School , Kanha Makhan Millenium School , Amarnath Vidya Ashram , Sacred Heart, Mathura , St. Dominics , Ramanlal Shorawala , SRBS International School , Braj shiksha sadan school and Rajiv International School are also located here. Mathura School of Art , style of Buddhist visual art that flourished in
477-686: A daily removal of 41,200 kg (90,800 lb) of organic pollutants as well as 61,600 kg (135,800 lb) of solids. In August 2009, the Delhi Jal Board (DJB) initiated its plan for resuscitating the Yamuna's 22-kilometre (14 mi) stretch in Delhi by constructing interceptor sewers, at the cost of about ₹ 1,800 crore (18 billion rupees). On 25 April 2014, the National Green Tribunal Act (NGA) recommended
636-582: A gift to Gopala Bhatta Gosvami who built the temple. There is no deity of Radharani in this temple, but a crown is kept next to Krishna signifying her presence. Jaipur Temple which was built by Sawai Madhav Singh, the Maharaja of Jaipur in 1917, is a richly embellished and opulent temple located in Vrindaban. The fine hand - carved sandstone is of unparalleled workmanship. The temple is dedicated to Radha Madhav. Shahji Temple , another temple at Vrindavan,
795-589: A hostile relationship with the Kingdom of Taxila which was ruled by his extended family. When the armies of Alexander crossed the Indus in its eastward migration, probably in Udabhandapura , he was greeted by the ruler of Taxila, Omphis . Omphis had hoped to force both Porus and Abisares into submission leveraging the might of Alexander's forces and diplomatic missions were mounted, but while Abisares accepted
954-463: A king would treat another king". Despite the apparently one-sided results, Alexander was impressed by Porus and chose to not depose him. Not only was his territory reinstated but also expanded with Alexander's forces annexing the territories of Glausaes, who ruled to the northeast of Porus' kingdom. After Alexander's death in 323 BCE , Perdiccas became the regent of his empire, and after Perdiccas's murder in 321 BCE , Antipater became
1113-570: A large portion of the upper catchment area and holds more water than the main stream. It rises from the Hari-ki-dun valley and merges after Kalsi near Dehradun . The drainage system of the river stretches between Giri- Sutlej catchment in Himachal and Yamuna- Bhilangna catchment in Garhwal , also draining the ridge of Shimla . Kalanag (6,387 metres [20,955 ft]) is the highest point of
1272-705: A portion of Bactria , while Chandragupta granted Seleucus 500 elephants. The chief of the Mauryan military was also always a Yaudheyan warrior according to the Bijaygadh Pillar inscription, which states that the Yaudheyas elected their own chief who also served as the general for the Mauryans. The Mauryan military was also made up vastly of men from the Punjab Janapadas. Chandragupta's rule
1431-677: A power until the Ghurid conquest of Lahore by Muhammad of Ghor in 1186, deposing the last Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau Malik . Following the death of Muhammad of Ghor in 1206 by Punjabi assassins near the Jhelum river, the Ghurid state fragmented and was replaced in northern India by the Delhi Sultanate . The Tughlaq dynasty's reign formally started in 1320 in Delhi when Ghazi Malik assumed
1590-410: A resemblance particularly evident in the colossal standing Buddha images of the early Kushān period. In these, and in the more representative seated Buddhas, the overall effect is one of enormous energy. The shoulders are broad, the chest swells, and the legs are firmly planted with feet spaced apart. These days, around 1,000 craftsmen are involved in making wall hangings at Holi gate and Chowk Bazaar in
1749-725: A simulation of an overall NBC (nuclear-chemical-biological) environment. The aim was to show operational ability in high intensity, short duration and 'sudden' battles. Mathura is governed by a number of bodies, the most important being the Mathura Nagar Nigam (Municipal Corporation), which is responsible for the master planning of the city. Now the responsibilities of planning of the city as well as urban areas ( including nagar nigam ) handed over to MATHURA-VRINDAVAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (in brief- "M V D A"). The Authority established in 1977. Mathura Lok Sabha constituency elects MP from this district. In 2019 Hema Malini (BJP) won
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#17327731918701908-435: A traditional gopuram based on khajuraho style of architecture, greeting pilgrims at the entrance. The major festivals of the temple are Sri Krishna Janmashtami, Sri Radhashtami, Kartik Fest (7-day festival during Govardhan Puja time) and Gaura Purnima. Grand abhishekas are performed for Sri Sri Radha Vrindavan-chandra during festivals such as Radhashtami and Janmashtami. Shree Radha Ras Bihari Ashta Sakhi Temple : In Vrindavan,
2067-636: A tributary of the Ganges. While some have argued that this was due to a tectonic event, and may have led to the Sarasvati River drying up, the end of many Harappan civilisation settlements, and creation of the Thar desert , recent geological research suggests that the diversion of the Yamuna to the Ganges may have occurred during the Pleistocene , and thus could not be connected to the decline of
2226-702: A trickling sewage-bearing drain before joining the Chambal at Pachnada in the Etawah District of Uttar Pradesh. The water quality in Upper Yamuna, as the 375-kilometre (233 mi) long stretch of Yamuna is called from its origin at Yamunotri to Okhla barrage , is of "reasonably good quality" until the Wazirabad barrage in Delhi. Below this, the discharge of wastewater in Delhi through 15 drains between Wazirabad barrage and Okhla barrage renders
2385-533: A video went viral in which women were depicted bathing in foam that had emerged in the river. Although it appeared similar to that resulting from cosmetic products such as soap or shampoo, experts determined that the foam was caused by heavy pollution, and was therefore hazardous. Local authorities instructed residents not to bathe in the river for health concerns. The Wazirabad barrage to the New Okhla Barrage segment, "22 km stretch of Yamuna in Delhi,
2544-747: A widespread influenza epidemic disrupted Punjabi society. In 1919, Colonel Reginald Dyer ordered troops under command to fire on a crowd of demonstrators, mostly Sikhs in Amritsar . The Jallianwala massacre fueled the Indian independence movement . Nationalists declared the independence of India from Lahore in 1930 but were quickly suppressed. When the Second World War broke out, nationalism in British India had already divided into religious movements. Many Sikhs and other minorities supported
2703-874: Is Punjabi , which is written in India with the Gurmukhi script, and in Pakistan using the Shahmukhi script. The Punjabi language has official status and is widely used in education and administration in Indian Punjab, whereas in Pakistani Punjab these roles are instead fulfilled by the Urdu language. Several languages closely related to Punjabi are spoken in the various parts of the region. Dogri , Kangri , and other western Pahari dialects are spoken in
2862-429: Is 31.6% in comparison with the state average of 33.1%. But the most alarming statistic is that of mothers who had at least 3 antenatal care visits during the last pregnancy, which is only 21% as compared to the state average of 64.4%. One of the major contributors in the economy of Uttar Pradesh are Mathura Industries. Mathura Refinery located in the city is one of the biggest oil refineries of Asia. This oil refinery of
3021-485: Is a big centre for production of cotton materials;prominent among them being pure white bleached cotton sarees for women and dhotis for men, and cotton niwar tapes for beds. It is also a hub for production of milk based sweet meats, prominent among them being mathura Pedas and burfis. Renowned as the place where rivers of milk flowed, Mathura till today boasts of Milk trading centres where you can buy any amount of fresh milk where rates vary every few minutes and are notified on
3180-416: Is a habitat for fish for approximately 1,400 km (870 mi) stretch and supports a rich diversity of species. Fish from the family Cyprinidae dominate the variety of fish species found in the river. This includes Indian carp and also invasive species from the family. In a study, 93 species of fish were found in the river including catfish . Species of non-native Tilapia have become established in
3339-543: Is a period of heavy rainfall, providing water for crops in addition to the supply from canals and irrigation systems. The transitional period after the monsoon season is cool and mild, leading to the winter season, when the temperature in January falls to 5 °C (41 °F) at night and 12 °C (54 °F) by day. During the transitional period from winter to the hot season, sudden hailstorms and heavy showers may occur, causing damage to crops. The major language
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#17327731918703498-423: Is a sacred ground, a field of active power, a place where Moksha , final release can be obtained. The Garuda Purana enumerates seven cities as giver of Moksha, They are Ayodhya , Mathura, Māyā , Kāsi , Kāñchī , Avantikā , Puri and Dvārāvatī . Shri Krishna Janmbhoomi is a Hindu temple complex located in heart of city of Mathura . Hindus consider it as one of the most sacred place as they believe that
3657-404: Is also known as Yami. The Agni Purana describes Yamuna as having a dark complexion, mounted on a turtle, and holding a pot in her hand. Yamuna, as a river and goddess, has a close association with Krishna . The Puranas narrate many stories about Krishna in relation to the river and its surroundings. One such story is of Kaliya Daman , the subduing of Kaliya , a Nāga which had inhabited
3816-533: Is between 100,000 and 125,000 per day, whereas on festive and auspicious days it is over twice the population of urban area. The majority of people in Mathura are Hindus. Muslims are equally divided between rural and urban areas while the Hindu population is mainly rural. Languages of Mathura district (2011) At the time of the 2011 Census of India , 75.20% of the population in the district spoke Hindi , 22.25% Braj and 0.81% Urdu as their first language. Mathura
3975-646: Is less than 2% of Yamuna's total length but accounts for nearly 80% of the total pollution in the river", 22 out of 35 sewage treatment plants in Delhi do not meet the wastewater standards prescribed by the Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC), thus untreated wastewater and poor quality of water discharged from the wastewater treatment plants are the major reasons. As of 2019, the river receives 800 million litres of largely untreated sewage and additional 44 million litres of industrial effluents each day, of which only 35 percent of
4134-413: Is located at 27°17′N 77°25′E / 27.28°N 77.41°E / 27.28; 77.41 . It has an average elevation of 174 metres (570 feet ). The climate of Mathura is tropical extreme with very hot summers with temperatures rising beyond 44 °C, and cold and foggy winters with the temperature dipping to 5 °C. The average rainfall is 793 mm, received mostly during
4293-460: Is located near Kesi Ghat in Vrindaban and also called as Kesi temple. Radharaman Temple is another name of ancient Hindu god Krishna which means "one who gives pleasure to Radha". The seva puja of Radharamana was established in 1542, after the Deity self-manifested from a saligram-sila. Also kept in this temple is the wooden sitting place (hoki) and shawl (chaddar) or Chaitanya, that he gave as
4452-462: Is managed by followers of Vallabhacarya. The temple is fairly interesting architecturally. People engaged in Bhajan Kirtan inside temple before daily morning prayer (Mangla Aarti gives an impression of festival and celebration. Gita Mandir is situated at a distance of nearly five kilometers from Mathura Junction (in way of Vrindaban from Matura city) is an attraction of Mathura. The mandir
4611-422: Is over, the figures are adorned with colourful stars and mica pieces to make them attractive. One of the most brilliant art works of Mathura School of Paintings is Goddess Lakshmi in the midst of lotus flowers. Mathura is one of the seven most holy places for Hindus in India. Ayodhyā Mathurā Māyā Kāsi Kāñchī Avantikā I Purī Dvārāvatī chaiva saptaitā moksadāyikāh II - Garuḍa Purāṇa I XVI .14 A Kṣetra
4770-401: Is where the worship of the Yamuna and its pollution is most pronounced. However, more and more Hindus no longer ritually bathe in the Yamuna, drink its water, or use its water for worship. In Vrindavan's holy shrines, bottled water is used instead. In her human form, Yamuna is the daughter of Surya , the sun god, and his wife Saranyu . She is the twin sister of Yama , the god of death, and
4929-730: The Mahabharata are chronicled as being fought in what is now the state of Haryana and historic Punjab. The Gandharas , Kambojas , Trigartas , Andhra , Pauravas , Bahlikas ( Bactrian settlers of the Punjab), Yaudheyas , and others sided with the Kauravas in the great battle fought at Kurukshetra . According to Fauja Singh and L. M. Joshi: "There is no doubt that the Kambojas, Daradas, Kaikayas, Andhra, Pauravas, Yaudheyas, Malavas, Saindhavas, and Kurus had jointly contributed to
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5088-575: The Dakpathar Barrage and pauses at the Asan and Hathnikund Barrages before continuing south. The Western Yamuna Canal (WYC) was built in 1335 CE by Firuz Shah Tughlaq . Excessive silting caused it to stop flowing c. 1750 , when the British Raj undertook a three-year renovation in 1817 by Bengal Engineer Group . The Tajewala Barrage dam was built in 1832–33 to regulate
5247-569: The Ganges , which flows to the east coast of the subcontinent, with points west (via Pakistan). When completed, the SYL will allow shipping from India's east coast to the west coast and the Arabian Sea , shortening important commercial links for north-central India's large population. The canal starts near Delhi, and is designed to transfer Haryana's share of 4.3 km (3,500,000 acre⋅ft) from
5406-593: The Green Revolution during the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, and has been described as the " breadbasket of both India and Pakistan." Punjab's history is a tapestry of conflict, marked by the rise of indigenous dynasties and empires. Following Alexander the Great 's invasion in the 4th century BCE, Chandragupta Maurya allied with Punjabi republics to establish the Maurya Empire . Successive reigns of
5565-688: The Hathni Kund Barrage , its waters are diverted into two large canals: the Western Yamuna Canal flowing towards Haryana, and the Eastern Yamuna Canal flowing towards Uttar Pradesh. Beyond that point the Yamuna is joined by the Somb , a seasonal rivulet from Haryana, and by the highly polluted Hindon River near Noida , by Najafgarh drain near Wazirabad and by various other drains, so that it continues only as
5724-843: The Hindu Shahis rise, known for defeating the Saffarid dynasty and the Samanid Empire . Concurrently, the Tomara dynasty and Katoch Dynasty controlled eastern Punjab, resisting Ghaznavid invasions. Islam took hold in Western Punjab under Ghaznavid rule. The Delhi Sultanate then succeeded the Ghaznavids in which the Tughlaq dynasty and Sayyid dynasty Sultans are described as Punjabi origin. The 15th century saw
5883-755: The Indian Oil Corporation is a highly technologically advanced oil refinery. Mathura Refinery is the first in Asia and third in the world to receive the coveted ISO-14001 certification for Environment Management System in 1996. Textile printing industry that includes both sari-printing and fabric dyeing and silver ornaments manufacturing are major industrial contributors to the region. Majority of these silver ornaments include silver jewellery and statues for gods and goddesses including Krishna. Apart from these other industries are water tap manufacturing units and other decorative and household items. Mathura also
6042-580: The Indo-Aryan migrations that overran the region in waves between 1500 BCE and 500 BCE . Frequent intertribal wars stimulated the growth of larger groupings ruled by chieftains and kings, who ruled local kingdoms known as Mahajanapadas . The rise of kingdoms and dynasties in the Punjab is chronicled in the ancient Hindu epics, particularly the Mahabharata . The epic battles described in
6201-591: The Indo-Greek Kingdom , Kushan Empire , and Indo-Scythians followed, but were ultimately defeated by Eastern Punjab Janapadas such as the Yaudheya , Trigarta Kingdom , Audumbaras , Arjunayanas , and Kuninda Kingdom . In the 5th and 6th centuries CE, Punjab faced devastating Hunnic invasions, yet the Vardhana dynasty emerged triumphant, ruling over Northern India . The 8th century CE witnessed
6360-706: The Indus Basin. Yamuna is one of the National Waterways of India , designated as NW110 in Haryana, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh. Some of its sections are being developed for navigation: Like the Ganges, the Yamuna River is highly venerated in Hinduism in the form of a river and as the goddess Yamuna. The Yamuna is considered a river of heaven. The Rig Veda includes the Yamuna River as one of
6519-647: The Jagannath Temple, Puri , and forced Raja Gajpati of Jajnagar in Orissa to pay tribute. He also laid siege to the Kangra Fort and forced Nagarkot to pay tribute. During this time, Tatar Khan of Greater Khorasan attacked Punjab, but he was defeated and his face slashed by the sword given by Feroz Shah Tughlaq to Raja Kailas Pal who ruled the Nagarkot region in Punjab. Khizr Khan established
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6678-477: The Kailash rock-cut Temple at Ellora , shows the Ganges flanked by the Yamuna and Saraswati. The stretch of the river from its origin at Yamunotri to Okhla barrage in Delhi is called "Upper Yamuna". A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed amongst the five basin states (Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Delhi) on 12 May 1994 for sharing of its waters. This led to
6837-669: The Kumbh Mela , a Hindu festival held every 12 years. Like the Ganges, the Yamuna is highly venerated in Hinduism and worshipped as the goddess Yamuna . In Hinduism, she is believed to be the daughter of the sun god, Surya , and the sister of Yama , the god of death, and so she is also known as Yami. According to popular Hindu legends, bathing in Yamuna's sacred waters frees one from the torments of death. The river crosses several states such as Haryana , Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Delhi. It also meets several tributaries along
6996-583: The Lower Himalayan Range between those two rivers. Moreover, the province as constituted under British rule also included a large tract outside these boundaries. Along the northern border, Himalayan ranges divided it from Kashmir and Tibet . On the west it was separated from the North-West Frontier Province by the Indus, until it reached the border of Dera Ghazi Khan District , which was divided from Baluchistan by
7155-684: The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) under the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP) which has been implemented since 1993 by the MoEF's National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD). The present Sarsuti river which originates in the Shivalik hills in Himachal and Haryana border and merges with Ghaggar River near Pehowa is the palaeochannel of Yamuna. Yamuna changed its course to
7314-414: The Punjab region . With the help of the small Janapadas of Punjab, he had gone on to conquer much of the North West Indian subcontinent. He then defeated the Nanda rulers in Pataliputra to capture the throne. Chandragupta Maurya fought Alexander's successor in the east, Seleucus when the latter invaded. In a peace treaty, Seleucus ceded all territories west of the Indus and offered a marriage, including
7473-503: The Rigveda , the story of the Yamuna describes her "excessive love" for her twin, Yama , who in turn asks her to find a suitable match for herself, which she does in Krishna . Yamuna is mentioned as Iomanes ( Ioames ) in the surveys of Seleucus I Nicator , an officer of Alexander the Great and one of the Diadochi , who visited India in 305 BCE. Greek traveller and geographer Megasthenes visited India sometime before 288 BCE (the date of Chandragupta 's death) and mentioned
7632-422: The Sanskrit word "yama", meaning 'twin', and it may have been applied to the river because it runs parallel to the Ganges. The earliest mention of Yamuna is found at many places in the Rig Veda (c. 1500–1000 BCE), which was composed during the Vedic period c. 1700–1100 BCE, and also in the later Atharvaveda , and the Brahmanas including Aitareya Brahmana and Shatapatha Brahmana . In
7791-405: The Sayyid dynasty , the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate after the fall of the Tughlaqs . Following Timur 's 1398 sack of Delhi , he appointed Khizr Khan as deputy of Multan ( Punjab ). He held Lahore, Dipalpur, Multan and Upper Sindh. Khizr Khan captured Delhi on 28 May 1414 thereby establishing the Sayyid dynasty. Khizr Khan did not take up the title of sultan , but continued
7950-512: The Shivalik Hills Range. Morainic deposits are found along the steep Upper Yamuna, highlighted with geomorphic features such as interlocking spurs , steep rock benches , gorges and stream terraces . Large terraces formed over a long period of time can be seen in the lower course of the river, such as those near Naugoan. An important part of its early catchment area , totalling 2,320 square kilometres (900 sq mi), lies in Himachal Pradesh . The Tons , Yamuna's largest tributary, drains
8109-426: The Shunga Empire dynasty (2nd century BC). It may have come under the control of Indo-Greeks some time between 180 BCE and 100 BC. It then reverted to local rule before being conquered by the Indo-Scythians during the 1st century BC. Mathuran art and culture reached its zenith under the Kushan dynasty which had Mathura as one of their capitals, the other being Purushapura ( Peshawar ). The dynasty had kings with
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#17327731918708268-482: The Sulaiman Range . To the south lay Sindh and Rajputana , while on the east the rivers Jumna and Tons separated it from the United Provinces . In total Punjab had an area of approximately 357 000 km square about the same size as modern day Germany, being one of the largest provinces of the British Raj. It encompassed the present day Indian states of Punjab , Haryana, Chandigarh , Delhi, and some parts of Himachal Pradesh which were merged with Punjab by
8427-404: The Vaishnava tradition, making Mathura district an important Hindu pilgrimage centre. The District is part of Agra division . Total area of Mathura district is 3340 sq. km. There are 5 tehsils in Mathura district. Mathura has an ancient history. The district lies in the centre of the cultural region of Braj . According to the Archaeological Survey of India plaque at the Mathura Museum ,
8586-448: The Yamuna Action Plan (YAP) which has been implemented since 1993 by the MoEF's National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD). The Japan Bank for International Cooperation is participating in the YAP in 15 of the towns (excluding 6 towns of Haryana included later on the direction of the Supreme Court of India ) with soft loan assistance of 17.773 billion Japanese yen (equivalent to about ₹ 700 crore [7 billion rupees]) while
8745-406: The Yamunotri Glacier at a height of about 4,500 m (14,800 ft) on the southwestern slopes of Bandarpunch peaks of the Lower Himalaya in Uttarakhand, it travels 1,376 kilometres (855 mi) and has a drainage system of 366,223 square kilometres (141,399 sq mi), 40.2% of the entire Ganges Basin . It merges with the Ganges at Triveni Sangam , Prayagraj , which is a site of
8904-427: The base flows available in the river during the non-monsoon months by these pump houses is exacerbating river pollution from Mathura to Prayagraj in the absence of adequate fresh water to dilute the polluted drainage from habitations and industries. To address river pollution, measures have been taken by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) in 12 towns of Haryana, 8 towns of Uttar Pradesh, and Delhi, under
9063-407: The province of Punjab . Eventually, a Lieutenant Governorship was formed in Lahore as a direct representative of the Crown . In British India, until the Partition of India in 1947, the Punjab Province was geographically a triangular tract of country of which the Indus River and its tributary the Sutlej formed the two sides up to their confluence, the base of the triangle in the north being
9222-428: The "Lila Sthan" (the place of the divine passion play) of Krishna, lies the temple that is a must visit destination for devotees completing the 84 kosh Vraj Parikrama Yatra. The temple is centuries old and is the first Indian temple that is dedicated to the divine couple and their Ashta Sakhi's - the eight "companions" of Radha who were intimately involved in her love play with the Krishna. The Ashta Sakhis are mentioned in
9381-403: The "Northern Satraps", as opposed to the " Western Satraps " ruling in Gujarat and Malwa . After Rajuvula , several successors are known to have ruled as vassals to the Kushans , such as the "Great Satrap" Kharapallana and the "Satrap" Vanaspara, who are known from an inscription discovered in Sarnath , and dated to the 3rd year of Kanishka (c 130 AD), in which they were paying allegiance to
9540-410: The 'Destroyer of Hindu deities'. The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb , built the city's Jami Masjid . The noteworthy fact is that the exact place of birth of Krishna, according to historians, is in the place of worship of the Hindus, though the mosque was built near the birthplace of Krishna. The bigger Krishna shrine, better known as Dwarkadheesh temple is a few metres away from birthplace of Krishna. It
9699-417: The 19th century, Maharajah Ranjit Singh established the Sikh Empire based in the Punjab. The empire existed from 1799, when Ranjit Singh captured Lahore , to 1849, when it was defeated and conquered in the Second Anglo-Sikh War . It was forged on the foundations of the Khalsa from a collection of autonomous Sikh misls . At its peak in the 19th century, the Empire extended from the Khyber Pass in
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#17327731918709858-445: The 9th century, the Hindu Shahi dynasty originating from the region of Oddiyana , replaced the Taank kingdom, ruling Western Punjab along with eastern Afghanistan. The tribe of the Gakhars / Khokhars , formed a large part of the Hindu Shahi army according to the Persian historian Firishta . The most notable rulers of the empire were Lalliya, Bhimadeva and Jayapala who were accredited for military victories. Lalliya had reclaimed
10017-506: The Assan River joins the Yamuna at the Asan Barrage , which hosts a bird sanctuary. After passing the Sikh pilgrimage town of Paonta Sahib , the Yamuna reaches Tajewala in Yamuna Nagar district (named after the river) of Haryana . A dam built here in 1873 is the origin of two important canals, the Western and Eastern Yamuna Canals , which irrigate the states of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. The Western Yamuna Canal (WYC) crosses Yamuna Nagar , Karnal , Panipat and Sonipat before reaching
10176-421: The British for administrative purposes (but excluding the former princely states which were later combined into the Patiala and East Punjab States Union ) and the Pakistani regions of the Punjab , Islamabad Capital Territory and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . In 1901 the frontier districts beyond the Indus were separated from Punjab and made into a new province: the North-West Frontier Province . Subsequently, Punjab
10335-441: The Haiderpur treatment plant, which contributes to Delhi's municipal water supply. The Yamuna receives wastewater from Yamuna Nagar and Panipat cities; beyond this it is replenished by seasonal streams and groundwater accrual . During the dry season, the Yamuna remains dry in many stretches between the Tajewala dam and Delhi, where it enters near the Palla barrage after traversing 224 kilometres (139 mi). The Yamuna defines
10494-536: The Harappan civilisation in the region. Most of the great empires which ruled over a majority of India were based in the highly fertile Ganges–Yamuna basin, including the Magadha ( c. 600 BCE ), Maurya Empire (321–185 BCE), Shunga Empire (185–73 BCE), Kushan Empire (1st–3rd centuries CE), and Gupta Empire (280–550 CE), and many had their capitals here, in cities like Pataliputra or Mathura . These rivers were revered throughout these kingdoms that flourished on their banks; since
10653-552: The Hindus, who promised a secular multicultural and multireligious society, and Muslim leaders in Lahore passed a resolution to work for a Muslim Pakistan, making the Punjab region a center of growing conflict between Indian and Pakistani nationalists. At the end of the war, the British granted separate independence to India and Pakistan, setting off massive communal violence as Muslims fled to Pakistan and Hindu and Sikh Punjabis fled east to India. The British Raj had major political, cultural, philosophical, and literary consequences in
10812-403: The Indian subcontinent. Muhammad bin Tughlaq died in March 1351 while trying to chase and punish people for rebellion and their refusal to pay taxes in Sindh and Gujarat . After Muhammad bin Tughlaq's death, the Tughlaq empire was in a state of disarray with many regions assuming independence; it was at this point that Firuz Shah Tughlaq , Ghazi Malik's nephew, took reign. His father's name
10971-415: The Kalinda Mountain, and describes her as the daughter of Kalinda, giving her the name Kalindi , the backdrop of Krishna Leela. The text also talks about her water being the colour of Lord Krishna, which is dark (Shyam). The river is referred to as Asita in some historical texts. Numerous Hindu texts have shlokas (hymns) on Yamuna as follows: The Yamuna from the source to its culmination in Ganges
11130-412: The Kushans. Mathura served as one of the Kushan Empire 's two capitals from the first to the third centuries. Fa Xian mentions the city, as a centre of Buddhism about AD 400; while his successor Xuanzang , who visited the city in 634 AD, which he mentions as Mot'ulo, and said that it contained twenty Buddhist monasteries and five Brahmanical temples. Later, he went east to Thanesar , Jalandhar in
11289-469: The Land of the Five Rivers, is a geopolitical, cultural , and historical region in South Asia. It is located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent , comprising areas of modern-day eastern- Pakistan and northwestern - India . Punjab's major cities are Lahore , Faisalabad , Rawalpindi , Gujranwala , Multan , Ludhiana , Amritsar , Sialkot , Chandigarh , Shimla , Jalandhar , Patiala , Gurugram , and Bahawalpur . Punjab grew out of
11448-491: The Mathura, from the 2nd century bc to the 12th century A.D; its most distinctive contributions were made during the Kushan and Gupta periods (1st–6th century A.d). Images in the mottled red sandstone from the nearby Sīkri quarries are found widely distributed over north central India, attesting to Mathurā's importance as an exporter of sculpture. The Mathura School images are related to the earlier yakṣa (male nature deity) figures,
11607-645: The Mughal era, Saadullah Khan , born into a family of Punjabi agriculturalists belonging to the Thaheem tribe from Chiniot remained grand vizier (or Prime Minister) of the Mughal Empire in the period 1645–1656. Other prominent Muslims from Punjab who rose to nobility during the Mughal Era include Wazir Khan , Adina Beg Arain , and Shahbaz Khan Kamboh . The Mughal Empire ruled the region until it
11766-546: The Province of the Punjab be partitioned. After voting on both sides, partition was decided and the existing Punjab Legislative Assembly was also divided into West Punjab Legislative Assembly and the East Punjab Legislative Assembly. This last Assembly before independence, held its last sitting on 4 July 1947. Historically, Lahore has been the capital of the Punjab region and continues to be
11925-704: The Punjab was known as Sapta Sindhu in the Rigveda or Hapta Hendu in Avesta , translating into "The Land of Seven Rivers", with the other two being Indus and Kabul . The ancient Greeks referred to the region as Pentapotamía ( Greek : Πενταποταμία ), which has the same meaning as that of Punjab. The Punjab region is noted as the site of one of the earliest urban societies, the Indus Valley Civilization which flourished from about 3000 BCE and declined rapidly 1,000 years later, following
12084-529: The Punjab, including the establishment of a new system of education. During the independence movement , many Punjabis played a significant role, including Madan Lal Dhingra , Sukhdev Thapar , Ajit Singh Sandhu , Bhagat Singh , Udham Singh , Kartar Singh Sarabha , Bhai Parmanand , Choudhry Rahmat Ali , and Lala Lajpat Rai . At the time of partition in 1947, the province was split into East and West Punjab. East Punjab (48%) became part of India, while West Punjab (52%) became part of Pakistan. The Punjab bore
12243-594: The Rasa Lila with his beloved Radha and her sakhis. On these nights, devotees have reported hearing the sound of the anklets, beating in tune to a divine melody. Govind Deo Temple was once a seven storeyed structure built in the form of a Greek cross. It is said that the Emperor Akbar donated some of the red sandstone that had been brought for the Red Fort at Agra, for the construction of this temple. Built at
12402-670: The Shahi ally Lawik, Bhimadeva mounted a combined attack around 963 CE. Abu Ishaq Ibrahim was expelled from Ghazna and Shahi-Lawik strongholds were restored in Kabul and adjacent areas. This victory appears to have been commemorated in the Hund Slab Inscription (HSI). The Turkic Ghaznavids in the tenth century overthrew the Hindu Shahis and consequently ruled for 157 years in Western Punjab, gradually declining as
12561-769: The Timurids of Kabul. The last ruler of the Sayyids, Ala-ud-Din , voluntarily abdicated the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in favour of Bahlul Khan Lodi on 19 April 1451, and left for Badaun, where he died in 1478. In 1445, Sultan Qutbudin, chief of Langah (a Jat Zamindar tribe), established the Langah Sultanate in Multan after the fall of the Sayyid dynasty . Husseyn Langah I (reigned 1456–1502)
12720-451: The Yamuna basin. Other tributaries in the region are the Giri, Rishi Ganga Kunta, Hanuman Ganga and Bata, which drain the upper catchment area of the Yamuna basin. From the upper catchment area, the river descends onto the plains of Doon Valley , at Dak Pathar near Dehradun. Flowing through the Dakpathar Barrage , the water is diverted into a canal for power generation. Further downstream,
12879-697: The ancient texts of Puranas and the Bhagavata Purana . The temple is called Shree Radha Ras Bihari Ashta Sakhi Mandir and it is home to the divine Rasa Lila of Krishna and Radharani . It is located in close proximity to the Banke Bihari Temple . Legend has it that the Shree Radha Rasa Behari Ashta Sakhi Mandir is one of the two places in Mathura, Vrindavan where the Krishna actually indulges in
13038-500: The astronomical cost of one crore rupees in 1590 by his general Man Singh, the temple combines western, Hindu and Muslim architectural elements in its structure. Yamuna Uttar Pradesh : Kairana and Baghpat Delhi : New Delhi The Yamuna ( pronounced [jəmʊnɑː] ; IAST : Yamunā ) is the second-largest tributary river of the Ganges by discharge and the longest tributary in India . Originating from
13197-411: The battle-ground, in memory of his horse , who died soon after the battle. Later, tetradrachms would be minted depicting Alexander on horseback, armed with a sarissa and attacking a pair of Indians on an elephant. Porus refused to surrender and wandered about atop an elephant, until he was wounded and his force routed. When asked by Alexander how he wished to be treated, Porus replied "Treat me as
13356-466: The brunt of the civil unrest following partition , with casualties estimated to be in the millions. Another major consequence of partition was the sudden shift towards religious homogeneity occurred in all districts across Punjab owing to the new international border that cut through the province. This rapid demographic shift was primarily due to wide scale migration but also caused by large-scale religious cleansing riots which were witnessed across
13515-662: The city is mentioned in the oldest Indian epic, the Ramayana . In the epic, the Ikshvaku prince Shatrughna slays a demon called Lavanasura and claims the land. Afterwards, the place came to be known as Madhuvan as it was thickly wooded, then Madhupura and later Mathura. In the 6th century BCE Mathura became the capital of the Surasena mahajanapada . The city was later ruled by the Maurya empire (4th to 2nd centuries BC) and
13674-475: The coils of the sacred Shesha-nag. The temple built in the Dravidian style has a tall gopuram (gateway) of six storeys and a gold - plated Dhwaja stambha, 50 feet high. A water tank and a picturesque garden lie within the temple enclosure. The annual festival of Jal Vihar of the presiding deity is performed with great pomp and splendour at the tank. The temple is also known for its `Brahmotsdav' celebration during
13833-509: The cultivation of basmati rice. The plain's agriculture supports one-third of India's population. Subsequently, the Yamuna flows through the states of Delhi, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh before merging with the Ganges at a sacred spot known as Triveni Sangam in Prayagraj. Pilgrims travel by boats to platforms erected in midstream to offer prayers. During the Kumbh Mela , held every 12 years, large congregations of people immerse themselves in
13992-526: The decade 2001-2011 was 22.53%. Mathura has a sex ratio of 858 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 72.65%. 29.68% of the population lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes made up 19.89% of the population. The district has about 1,600,000 voters, including 3,00,000 Jat people , 1,50,000 Thakur , 1,70,000 Brahmin and 150,000 Dhangars . Mathura receives a large number of daily visitors besides pilgrims who stay for an average of 3 days. Mathura's urban area's floating population on normal days
14151-700: The east due to a shift in the slope of the Earth's crust caused by plate tectonics . The source of Yamuna lies in the Yamunotri Glacier at an elevation of 6,387 metres (20,955 ft), on the southwestern slopes of Banderpooch peaks, which lie in the Mussoorie range of the Lower Himalayas , north of Haridwar in Uttarkashi district , Uttarakhand. Yamunotri temple, a shrine dedicated to
14310-573: The eastern Punjab , before climbing up to visit predominantly Theravada monasteries in the Kullu valley and turning southward again to Bairat and then Mathura, on the Yamuna river . The city was sacked and many of its temples destroyed by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1018 and again by Sikandar Lodhi , who ruled the Sultanate of Delhi from 1489 to 1517. Sikander Lodhi earned the epithet of 'But Shikan',
14469-487: The economy of Punjab, particularly for agriculture in the region. Climate is not uniform over the whole region, as the areas adjacent to the Himalayas generally receive heavier rainfall than those at a distance. There are three main seasons and two transitional periods. During the hot season, from mid-April to the end of June, the temperature may reach 49 °C (120 °F). The monsoon season , from July to September,
14628-444: The election. Health care facilities in Mathura are provided by Central, State and Local government facilities, besides numerous private providers. As per the recent District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS-3) 2007 – 2008, only 33% of currently married women are using a modern method of contraception, which is lower than the state average of 34.8%. Usage of any modern method, though, is higher in Mathura (29.4%) in comparison to
14787-575: The emergence of the Langah Sultanate in south Punjab, acclaimed for its victory over the Lodi dynasty . After the Mughal Empire's decline in the 18th century, Punjab experienced a period of anarchy. In 1799 CE, the Sikh Empire established its rule, undertaking conquests into Kashmir and Durrani Empire held territories, shaping the diverse and complex history of Punjab. The boundaries of
14946-512: The empire expand to most of the Indian subcontinent, its peak in terms of geographical reach. He attacked and plundered Malwa , Gujarat , Lakhnauti , Chittagong , Mithila and many other regions in India. His distant campaigns were expensive, although each raid and attack on non-Muslim kingdoms brought new looted wealth and ransom payments from captured people. The extended empire was difficult to retain, and rebellions became commonplace all over
15105-513: The fiction of his allegiance to Timur as Rayat-i-Ala (vassal) of the Timurids - initially that of Timur, and later his son Shah Rukh . After the accession of Khizr Khan, the Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Sindh were reunited under the Delhi Sultanate, where he spent his time subduing rebellions. Punjab was the powerbase of Khizr Khan and his successors as the bulk of the Delhi army during their reigns came from Multan and Dipalpur . Khizr Khan
15264-490: The flow of water, and was replaced by the modern Hathni Kund Barrage in 1999. The main canal is 86 kilometres (53 mi) long. When including its branches and many major and minor irrigation channels, it has a total length of 325 km (202 mi) The WYC begins at the Hathni Kund Barrage about 38 km (24 mi) from Dakpathar and south of Doon Valley . The canals irrigate vast tracts of land in
15423-532: The following six functional barrages (eight including old replaced barrages, nine including a new proposed barrage), from north-west to southeast: Use of the Yamuna's waters for irrigation in the Indo-Gangetic Plains is enhanced by its many canals, some dating to the 14th century Tughlaq dynasty , which built the Nahr-i-Bahisht (Paradise) parallel to the river. The Nahr-i-Bahisht
15582-498: The formation of the Upper Yamuna River Board under India's Ministry of Water Resources , whose primary functions are: regulation of the available flows amongst the beneficiary states and monitoring the return flows; monitoring conservation and upgrading the quality of surface and groundwater; maintaining hydro-meteorological data for the basin; overviewing plans for watershed management; and monitoring and reviewing
15741-625: The goddess Yamuna, is one of the holiest shrines in Hinduism , and part of the Chota Char Dham Yatra circuit. Also standing close to the temple, on its 13-kilometre (8 mi) trek route that follows the right bank of the river, lies Markendeya Tirtha, where the sage Markandeya wrote the Markandeya Purana . The river flows southwards for about 200 kilometres (120 mi), through the Lower Himalayas and
15900-510: The government of India is providing the funds for the remaining 6 towns. In 2007, the Indian government's plans to repair sewage lines were predicted to improve the water quality of the river 90% by 2010. Under the YAP- III scheme, a new sewage treatment plant is being built at the largest such facility in India by the Delhi Jal Board (DJB). The plant is predicted to be able to treat 124 million gallons of wastewater per day, amounting to
16059-584: The government to declare a 52-kilometre (32 mi) stretch of the Yamuna in Delhi and Uttar Pradesh as a conservation zone. A report prepared by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) panel was submitted to the NGA on the same day. The High Court in the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand ordered in March 2017 that the Ganges and its main tributary, the Yamuna, be assigned the status of legal entities, making
16218-492: The ground floor and first floor respectively. The whole premises of temple is covered with different art works depicting the pastimes of Radha Krishna. Sri Vrindavan-Chandra Mandir (HKM Vrindavan), located in Vrindavan, is a replica of that supreme Goloka Vrindavana in the spiritual sky. It was inaugurated in 2006 on the most auspicious day of Sri Rama Navami day. The temple is housed in an ultra-modern geodesic structure with
16377-584: The hands of local Rajput and Jat rulers The findings of ancient stone inscriptions in Maghera , a town 17 kilometres (11 mi) from Mathura, provide historical artifacts giving more details on this era of Mathura. The opening of the 3 line text of these inscriptions are in Brahmi script and were translated as: "In the 116th year of the Greek kings..." The Indo-Scythian satraps of Mathura are sometimes called
16536-456: The heroic tradition and composite culture of ancient Punjab." The earliest known notable local king of this region was known as King Porus , who fought the famous Battle of the Hydaspes against Alexander the Great . His kingdom spanned between rivers Hydaspes ( Jhelum ) and Acesines ( Chenab ); Strabo had held the territory to contain almost 300 cities. He (alongside Abisares ) had
16695-469: The highly fertile alluvial Ganges-Yamuna Doab region between itself and the Ganges in the Indo-Gangetic plain . Nearly 57 million people depend on the Yamuna's waters, and the river accounts for more than 70 percent of Delhi's water supply. It has an annual flow of 97 billion cubic metres, and nearly 4 billion cubic metres are consumed every year (of which irrigation constitutes 96%). At
16854-689: The historical Punjab region during the Sikh Empire: After Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, the empire was severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement. This opportunity was used by the East India Company to launch the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars . The country was finally annexed and dissolved at the end of the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849 into separate princely states and
17013-601: The last major region of the Indian subcontinent to be annexed by the British Empire . The Sikh Empire ruled the Punjab until the British annexed it in 1849 following the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars . Most of the Punjabi homeland formed a province of British India, though a number of small princely states retained local rulers who recognized British authority. The Punjab with its rich farmlands became one of
17172-1017: The lean season to provide a minimum environmental flow in the Yamuna. The last barrage across the Yamuna river is the Mathura barrage at Gokul to supply its drinking water. Downstream of this barrage, many pumping stations are constructed to feed the river water for irrigation needs. These pumping stations are near Pateora Danda 25°55′09″N 80°13′27″E / 25.91917°N 80.22417°E / 25.91917; 80.22417 , Samgara 25°41′13″N 80°46′27″E / 25.68694°N 80.77417°E / 25.68694; 80.77417 , Ainjhi 25°43′35″N 80°49′33″E / 25.72639°N 80.82583°E / 25.72639; 80.82583 , Bilas Khadar 25°31′35″N 81°02′43″E / 25.52639°N 81.04528°E / 25.52639; 81.04528 , and Samari 25°27′19″N 81°11′43″E / 25.45528°N 81.19528°E / 25.45528; 81.19528 . Depletion of
17331-520: The majority in East Punjab (India). Other religious groups include Hinduism , Christianity , Jainism , Zoroastrianism , Buddhism , and Ravidassia . The name Punjab is of Persian origin, with its two parts ( پنج , panj , 'five' and آب , āb , 'water') being cognates of the Sanskrit words पञ्च , pañca , 'five' and अप् , áp , 'water', of
17490-460: The monsoons from July to September. Region of Mathura was added to British territory in 1803 A.D. Till 1832 A.D, when Mathura was recognised as district, the region was partly administered from Agra and partly from Sadabad . Mathura is the home for Indian I Corps (Strike Formation) within the Indian Army's Central Command, hosting Strike I Corps headquarters in a large classified area in
17649-543: The month of Chaitra (March - April), more popularly known as the `Rath ka Mela'. The ten-day-long celebrations are marked by the pulling of the rath (the chariot car) by the devotees from the temple to the adjoining gardens. Jugal Kishor Temple was built in the 17th century after Emperor Akbar's visit to Vridaban in the year 1570, he ordered four temples to be built by the Gaudya Vaisnavas, which were Madana-mohana, Govindaji, Gopinatha and Jugal Kisore. The temple
17808-408: The most expensively built temple in world by ISKCON . Prem Mandir is a religious and spiritual complex situated on a 54-acre site on the outskirts of Vrindavan, is one of the newest temples dedicated to Radha Krishna . The temple structure was established by spiritual guru Kripalu Maharaj. The main structure of temple is made up of white marble. Idols of Radha Krishna and Sita Rama are present on
17967-459: The most important colonial assets. Lahore was a noted center of learning and culture, and Rawalpindi became an important military installation. Most Punjabis supported the British during World War I , providing men and resources to the war effort even though the Punjab remained a source of anti colonial activities. Disturbances in the region increased as the war continued. At the end of the war, high casualty rates, heavy taxation, inflation, and
18126-492: The most polluted rivers in the world. The Yamuna is particularly polluted downstream of New Delhi, the capital of India, which dumps about 58% of its waste into the river. A 2016 study shows that there is 100% urban metabolism of River Yamuna as it passes through the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi. The most pollution comes from Wazirabad, from where Yamuna enters Delhi. In November of 2024,
18285-411: The most populous city in the region, with a population of 11 million for the city proper. Faisalabad is the 2nd most populous city and largest industrial hub in this region. Other major cities are Rawalpindi , Gujranwala , Multan , Ludhiana , Amritsar , Jalandhar , and Chandigarh are the other cities in Punjab with a city-proper population of over a million. The climate has significant impact on
18444-515: The names of Kujula Kadphises , Kanishka , Huvishka and Vasudeva I . Megasthenes , writing in the early 3rd century BC, mentions Mathura as a great city under the name Μέθορα ( Méthora ). The Indo-Scythians (aka Sakas or Shakas ) conquered the area of Mathura over Indian kings around 60 BCE. The district was then ruled by the Guptas and the Vardhas(Harsha) before falling into
18603-468: The new regent. According to Diodorus , Antipater recognized Porus's authority over the territories along the Indus River . However, Eudemus , who had served as Alexander's satrap in the Punjab region, treacherously killed Porus. Chandragupta Maurya , with the aid of Kautilya , had established his empire around 320 BCE . The early life of Chandragupta Maurya is not clear. Kautilya enrolled
18762-433: The outskirts of the city known as Mathura Cantonment (Central Command itself has its headquarters at Lucknow ). It hosts Strike Infantry units, Air Defence units, Armoured Divisions, Engineer brigades, Aritillery Units and classified units of Strategic Nuclear Command . Corps I is primarily responsible for western borders of India. In 2007 during Exercise Ashwamedha, all the armoured, artillery and infantry divisions performed
18921-799: The peasantry and urban middle classes, the Hindus were the most active National Congress supporters, the Sikhs flocked to the Akali movement whilst the Muslims eventually supported the Muslim League . Since the partition of the sub-continent had been decided, special meetings of the Western and Eastern Section of the Legislative Assembly were held on 23 June 1947 to decide whether or not
19080-647: The period of Chandragupta II ( r. 375–415 CE), statues both the Ganges and Yamuna became common throughout the Gupta Empire. Further to the South, images of the Ganges and Yamuna are found amidst shrines of the Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas (753–982), and on their royal seals; prior to them, the Chola Empire also added the river into their architectural motifs. The Three River Goddess shrine, next to
19239-474: The pilgrim town of Mathura. These wall hangings delve on religious themes and mostly revolve around Radha and Krishna seated on a swing, Krishna playing flute along with Radha and Gopis, Krishna with herds of cattle, Goddess Saraswati, Vaishno Devi and Vishnu. Wall hangings have the gods and goddesses in highly embellished form, marking the highpoints of the Mathura School of Paintings. Once the brush work
19398-659: The present Indian states and union territories of Punjab , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Chandigarh , and Delhi , and the Pakistani regions of Punjab , and Islamabad Capital Territory . The predominant ethnolinguistic group of the Punjab region are the Punjabi people , who speak the Indo-Aryan Punjabi language . Punjabi Muslims are the majority in West Punjab (Pakistan), while Punjabi Sikhs are
19557-446: The progress of all projects up to and including Okhla barrage. Flood forecasting systems are established at Poanta Sahib, where Tons, Pawar and Giri tributaries meet. The river take 60 hours to travel from Tajewala to Delhi, thus allowing a two-day advance flood warning period. The Central Water Commission started flood-forecasting services in 1958 with its first forecasting station on Yamuna at Delhi Railway Bridge. Yamuna has
19716-720: The region are ill-defined and focus on historical accounts and thus the geographical definition of the term "Punjab" has changed over time. In the 16th century Mughal Empire the Punjab region was divided into three, with the Lahore Subah in the west, the Delhi Subah in the east and the Multan Subah in the south. Under the British Raj until the Partition of India in 1947, the Punjab Province encompassed
19875-460: The region at the time. According to historical demographer Tim Dyson , in the eastern regions of Punjab that ultimately became Indian Punjab following independence, districts that were 66% Hindu in 1941 became 80% Hindu in 1951; those that were 20% Sikh became 50% Sikh in 1951. Conversely, in the western regions of Punjab that ultimately became Pakistani Punjab , all districts became almost exclusively Muslim by 1951. The geographical definition of
20034-401: The region in Ambala , Karnal , Sonipat , Rohtak , Jind , Hisar and Bhiwani districts . The major branch canals are: A proposed heavy freight canal, the Sutlej–Yamuna Link (SYL), is being built westwards from near Yamuna's headwaters through the Punjab region near an ancient caravan route and highlands pass to the navigable parts of the Sutlej – Indus watershed . This will connect
20193-401: The river and terrorised the people of Braja . Due to Krishna's connection with the River and the Braja region, the Yamuna River is a center of pilgrimage for his devotees. In the Pushti Marga , founded by Vallabhacharya and in which Krishna is the main deity, Yamuna is worshipped as a goddess. The Yamunashtakam is a 16th-century Sanskrit hymn composed by Vallabhacharya which describes
20352-442: The river in his Indica , where he described the region around it as the land of Surasena. In Mahabharata , the Pandava capital of Indraprastha was situated on the banks of Yamuna, considered to be the site of modern Delhi. Geological evidence indicates that in the distant past the Yamuna was a tributary of the Ghaggar River (identified by some as the Vedic Sarasvati River ). It later changed its course eastward, becoming
20511-428: The river severely polluted. Wazirabad barrage to Okhla Barrage, 22 km (14 mi) stretch of Yamuna in Delhi, is less than 2% of Yamuna's total length but accounts for nearly 80% of the total pollution in the river. Untreated wastewater and poor quality of water discharged from the wastewater treatment plants are the major reasons of Yamuna's pollution in Delhi. To address river pollution, measures have been taken by
20670-447: The river. They have been implicated in the decline of the Ghariyal (Indian crocodile) population in the river. Large turtles used to be a common sight on the river a few decades ago but they have mostly disappeared. In 1909, the waters of the Yamuna were distinguishable as clear blue, when compared to the silt-laden yellow of the Ganges. However, due to high-density population growth and fast industrialisation, Yamuna has become one of
20829-606: The rivers "legal and living entities having the status of a legal person with all corresponding rights, duties and liabilities". This decision meant that polluting or damaging the rivers is equivalent to harming a person. The court cited the example of the New Zealand Whanganui River , which was also declared to possess full rights of a legal person. Punjab region Europe North America Oceania Punjab ( / p ʌ n ˈ dʒ ɑː b , - ˈ dʒ æ b , ˈ p ʊ n -/ ; Punjabi: [pə̞ɲˈdʒäːb] ; also romanised as Panjāb or Panj-Āb ), also known as
20988-480: The sacred waters of the confluence. The cities of Baghpat , Delhi, Noida , Mathura , Agra , Firozabad , Etawah , Kalpi , Hamirpur , and Prayagraj lie on its banks. At Etawah, it meets it another important tributary, Chambal , followed by a host of tributaries further down, including, Sindh, the Betwa , and Ken . Yamuna's tributaries make up 70.9% of the catchment area and the river has six important tributaries: The name Yamuna seems to be derived from
21147-503: The same meaning. The word pañjāb is thus calque of Indo-Aryan "pañca-áp" and means "The Land of Five Waters", referring to the rivers Jhelum , Chenab , Ravi , Sutlej , and Beas . All are tributaries of the Indus River , the Sutlej being the largest. References to a land of five rivers may be found in the Mahabharata , in which one of the regions is named as Panchanada ( Sanskrit : पञ्चनद , romanized : pañca-nada , lit. 'five rivers'). Earlier,
21306-420: The settlements along the five rivers, which served as an important route to the Near East as early as the ancient Indus Valley civilization , dating back to 3000 BCE , followed by migrations of the Indo-Aryan peoples . Agriculture has been the chief economic feature of the Punjab and formed the foundation of Punjabi culture . The Punjab emerged as an important agricultural region, especially following
21465-424: The seven sacred rivers, along with the Ganges. According to Hindu mythology, the River was brought to Earth by the ascetic practice of the Seven Sages where she first descended on Mount Kalinda. Therefore, Yamuna is also known as Kalindi. The Padma Purana describes Yamuna's purifying properties and states that her waters cleanse the mind from sin. It also mentions that bathing in her sacred waters frees one from
21624-537: The sewage released into the river are believed to be treated. In 1994, the states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan and Delhi made a water sharing agreement that is due for revision in 2025. To achieve a water quality suitable for bathing ( BOD <3 mg/L and DO >5 mg/L) would require a greater rate of water flow in the river. A study has recommended that 23 cubic metres (23,000 L; 5,100 imp gal) per second of water should be released from Hathni Kund Barrage during
21783-420: The state borders between Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, and between Haryana, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh . When the Yamuna reaches the Indo-Gangetic plain , it runs almost parallel to the Ganges, the two rivers creating the Ganges-Yamuna Doab region. Spread across 69,000 square kilometres (27,000 sq mi), one-third of the alluvial plain, the region is known for its agricultural output, particularly for
21942-403: The state's average of 26.7%. The percentage of IUD, Pill and Condom usage is again below the state average. The DLHS 3 estimates unmet Family Planning need in Mathura at 38.9%: 9.8% unmet need for spacing methods and 29.1% unmet need for limiting methods. The percentage of birth of order 3 and above is quite high at 46.9%. Mathura has lesser percentage of girls marrying before 18 years of age, which
22101-458: The story of Yamuna's descent to meet her beloved Krishna and to purify the world. The hymn also praises her for being the source of all spiritual abilities. And while the Ganges is considered an epitome of asceticism and higher knowledge and can grant Moksha or liberation , it is Yamuna, who, being a holder of infinite love and compassion, can grant freedom, even from death, the realm of her elder brother. Vallabhacharya writes that she rushes down
22260-432: The submission, Porus refused. This led Alexander to seek for a face-off with Porus. Thus began the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BCE; the exact site remains unknown. The battle is thought to be resulted in a decisive Greek victory; however, A. B. Bosworth warns against an uncritical reading of Greek sources that were exaggerated. Alexander later founded two cities— Nicaea at the site of victory and Bucephalous at
22419-452: The temple stands on the same place where ancient Hindu god Krishna was born. The complex have a Keshavdev temple where spiritual environment could be felt during morning prayer (Mangla Aarti ). The temple complex have a museum, where numerous articles excavated from the site related to story of Sri Krishna’a birth are displayed. Dwarkadheesh Temple , built in 1814, is a temple near the banks of Yamuna river in Mathura city. This temple
22578-435: The term "Punjab" has changed over time. In the 16th century Mughal Empire it referred to a relatively smaller area between the Indus and the Sutlej rivers. At its height in the first half of the 19th century, the Sikh Empire spanned a total of over 200,000 sq mi (520,000 km ). The Punjab was a region straddling India and the Afghan Durrani Empire . The following modern-day political divisions made up
22737-436: The territory at and around Kabul between 879 and 901 CE after it had been lost under his predecessor to the Saffarid dynasty . He was described as a fearsome Shahi. Two of his ministers reconstructed by Rahman as Toramana and Asata are said to of have taken advantage of Amr al-Layth 's preoccupation with rebellions in Khorasan, by successfully raiding Ghazna around 900 CE. After a defeat in Eastern Afghanistan suffered on
22896-545: The throne under the title of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq after defeating Khusrau Khan at the Battle of Lahrawat . During Ghazi Malik's reign, in 1321 he sent his eldest son Jauna Khan, later known as Muhammad bin Tughlaq , to Deogir to plunder the Hindu kingdoms of Arangal and Tilang (now part of Telangana ). His first attempt was a failure. Four months later, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq sent large army reinforcements for his son asking him to attempt plundering Arangal and Tilang again. This time Jauna Khan succeeded and Arangal fell, it
23055-425: The torments of death. Art from the Gupta period depict Yamuna and Ganga on the entrances and doorjambs of temples and sacred places. Upon passing through these doors, visitors were symbolically purified by these rivers. Some religious figures (notably pilgrim priests of Mathura and Vrindavan ) do not regard the physical pollution of the Yamuna to have any effect on the river's spiritual purity. The Braj region
23214-448: The way, including Tons , Chambal , its longest tributary which has its own large basin, followed by Sindh , the Betwa , and Ken . From Uttarakhand, the river flows into the state of Himachal Pradesh . After passing Paonta Sahib , Yamuna flows along the boundary of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh and after exiting Haryana it continues to flow till it merges with the river Ganges at Sangam or Prayag in Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh). It helps create
23373-402: The west to western Tibet in the east, and from Mithankot in the south to Kashmir in the north. It was divided into four provinces: Lahore , in Punjab, which became the Sikh capital; Multan , also in Punjab; Peshawar ; and Kashmir from 1799 to 1849. Religiously diverse, with an estimated population of 3.5 million in 1831 (making it the 19th most populous country at the time ), it was
23532-416: The young Chandragupta in the university at Taxila to educate him in the arts, sciences, logic, mathematics, warfare, and administration. Megasthenes ' account, as it has survived in Greek texts that quote him, states that Alexander the Great and Chandragupta met, which if true would mean his rule started earlier than 321 BCE . As Alexander never crossed the Beas River , so his territory probably lay in
23691-458: Was Rajab (the younger brother of Ghazi Malik) who had the title Sipahsalar . His mother Naila was a Punjabi Bhatti princess (daughter of Rana Mal) from Dipalpur and Abohar according to the historian William Crooke . The southern states had drifted away from the Sultanate and there were rebellions in Gujarat and Sindh, while "Bengal asserted its independence." He led expeditions against Bengal in 1353 and 1358. He captured Cuttack , desecrated
23850-459: Was built by Birla, one of the leading industrial powers of India. The architecture of the temple attracts tourists from all over India. The whole of Gita, the sacred book of the Hindus, is inscribed on the temple. Carvings and paintings also enhance the temple. There is an image of Krishna is present in the sanctum of the Mandir. Rangaji Temple , built in 1851 is dedicated to Ranganatha or Rangaji depicted as Vishnu in his sheshashayi pose, resting on
24009-419: Was built in 1815 by Seth Gokuldas Parikh, Treasurer of Gwalior . According to the 2011 census Mathura district has a population of 2,547,184, roughly equal to the nation of Kuwait or the US state of Nevada . This gives it a ranking of 167th in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 761 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,970/sq mi). Its population growth rate over
24168-522: Was designed and built in 1876 by a wealthy jeweller, Shah Kundan Lal of Lucknow. The deities at the temple are popularly known as the Chhote Radha Raman. Noted for its architecture and marble sculpture, the temple has twelve spiral columns each 15 feet high. The `Basanti Kamra' - the darbar hall is famed for its Belgian glass chandeliers and fine paintings. Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir is the world's tallest temple under-construction at Mathura . At cost of ₹ 300 crore (US$ 36 million) it will be one of
24327-430: Was divided into four natural geographical divisions by colonial officials on the decadal census data: The struggle for Indian independence witnessed competing and conflicting interests in the Punjab. The landed elites of the Muslim, Hindu and Sikh communities had loyally collaborated with the British since annexation, supported the Unionist Party and were hostile to the Congress party–led independence movement. Amongst
24486-577: Was renamed to Sultanpur, and all plundered wealth, state treasury and captives were transferred from the captured kingdom to the Delhi Sultanate.The Muslim aristocracy in Lukhnauti (Bengal) invited Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq to extend his coup and expand eastwards into Bengal by attacking Shamsuddin Firoz Shah , which he did over 1324–1325 CE, after placing Delhi under control of his son Ulugh Khan, and then leading his army to Lukhnauti. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq succeeded in this campaign. After his father's death in 1325 CE, Muhammad bin Tughlaq assumed power and his rule saw
24645-399: Was restored and extended by the Mughals in the first half of the 17th century, by engineer Ali Mardan Khan, starting from Benawas where the river enters the plains and terminating near the Mughal capital of Shahjahanabad , the present city of Delhi. As the Yamuna enters the Northern Plains near Dakpathar at an elevation of 790 metres (2,590 ft), the Eastern Yamuna Canal commences at
24804-415: Was severely weakened in the eighteenth century. As Mughal power weakened, Afghan rulers took control of the region. Contested by the Marathas and Afghans, the region was the center of the growing influence of the misls , who expanded and established the Sikh Confederacy as the Mughals and Afghans weakened, ultimately ruling the Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , and territories north into the Himalayas . In
24963-475: Was succeeded by his son Mubarak Shah after his death on 20 May 1421. Mubarak Shah referred to himself as Muizz-ud-Din Mubarak Shah on his coins, removing the Timurid name with the name of the Caliph, and declared himself a Shah. He defeated the advancing Hoshang Shah Ghori , ruler of Malwa Sultanate and forced him to pay heavy tribute early in his reign. Mubarak Shah also put down the rebellion of Jasrath Khokhar and managed to fend off multiple invasions by
25122-428: Was the second ruler of Langah Sultanate. He undertook military campaigns in Punjab and captured Chiniot and Shorkot from the Lodis. Shah Husayn successfully repulsed attempted invasion by the Lodis led by Tatar Khan and Barbak Shah , as well as his daughter Zeerak Rumman. The Mughals came to power in the early 16th century and gradually expanded to control all of the Punjab from their capital at Lahore . During
25281-485: Was very well organised. The Mauryans had an autocratic and centralised administration system, aided by a council of ministers, and also a well-established espionage system. Much of Chandragupta's success is attributed to Chanakya , the author of the Arthashastra . Much of the Mauryan rule had a strong bureaucracy that had regulated tax collection, trade and commerce, industrial activities, mining, statistics and data, maintenance of public places, and upkeep of temples. In
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