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61-512: The botanical gardens includes outdoor display gardens, the Gaffield Children's Garden, a 10,000+ square-foot conservatory, and natural areas with walking trails. The gardens are named after former Michigan regent Frederick C. Matthaei Sr. and his wife Mildred, who donated 200 acres (0.81 km) of land. The gardens and hardy collections consist of several formal displays and outdoor plantings: The 10,000+ square-foot conservatory

122-520: A body corporate have been defined in the Constitution of Michigan since 1850. There are eight regents, two of whom are elected to an eight-year term by statewide ballot every two years, plus the president of the University of Michigan , who serves ex officio but does not vote. The board of regents is one of three elected university governing boards defined by the constitution of Michigan;

183-470: A Revolutionary War veteran who fought under General George Washington at Bunker Hill . Cass attended the private Phillips Exeter Academy . In 1800, the family moved to Marietta , Ohio , part of a wave of westward migration after the end of the war and defeat of Native Americans in the Northwest Indian War . Cass studied law with Return J. Meigs Jr. , was admitted to the bar, and began

244-581: A band of Native Americans. The Americans killed one Native American and scalped him. Cass and his fellow Americans then withdrew safely. Cass became colonel of the 27th United States Infantry Regiment on February 20, 1813. Soon after, he was promoted to brigadier general in the Regular Army on March 12, 1813. Cass took part in the Battle of the Thames , which saw the death of Tecumseh . Cass resigned from

305-556: A consolation prize for his previous presidential runs. Although retaining incumbent Secretary of State William L. Marcy was considered the best option by many, Buchanan made it clear that he did not want to keep anyone from the Pierce Administration. Moreover, Marcy had opposed his earlier presidential bids, and was in poor health in any event, ultimately dying in July 1857. Cass, aged 75, was seen by most as too old for such

366-411: A demanding position and was thought to likely be little more than a figurehead. Buchanan, weighing many of the other options for Secretary of State, considered that Cass was the best choice to avoid political infighting and sectional tensions. Buchanan wrote a flattering letter offering him the post of Secretary of State, commenting that he was remarkably active and energetic for his advanced age. Cass, who

427-604: A fellow Democrat as president all failed in their bid to do so. Cass made another bid for president in 1852 but neither he nor rival Democratic contenders Buchanan and Stephen Douglas secured a majority of delegates’ votes at the Democratic Convention in Baltimore , and the party went with Franklin Pierce instead. On March 6, 1857, President James Buchanan appointed Cass to serve as Secretary of State as

488-720: A legal practice in Zanesville, Ohio . After serving in the Ohio House of Representatives , he was appointed as a U.S. Marshal . Cass also joined the Freemasons and would eventually co-found the Grand Lodge of Michigan . He fought at the Battle of the Thames in the War of 1812 and was appointed to govern Michigan Territory in 1813. He negotiated treaties with American tribes to open land for American settlement as part of

549-460: A number of bands negotiated being allowed to remain in Michigan. At the end of his term, President Jackson appointed Cass to succeed Edward Livingston as the U.S. Minister to France on October 4, 1836. He presented his credentials on December 1, 1836, and served until he left his post on November 12, 1842, when he was succeeded by William R. King , who later became the 13th Vice President of

610-406: A partisan statewide ballot every two years to an eight-year term, plus the president of the University of Michigan as an ex officio member. The regents (excepting the president) serve without compensation, and meet once a month in public session. As of December 2023, the board consists of six Democrats and two Republicans as well as the university president ex officio: The board of regents

671-893: A position he would hold until 1836. Cass was a central figure in implementing the Indian removal policy of the Jackson administration; Congress had passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. While it was directed chiefly against the Southeastern tribes, especially the Five Civilized Tribes, it also affected tribes in Ohio, Illinois, and other areas east of the Mississippi River. Most were forced to Indian Territory in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma , but

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732-523: A practice in Zanesville . In 1806, Cass was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives . The following year, President Thomas Jefferson appointed Cass as the U.S. Marshal for Ohio. He joined the Freemasons , an increasingly popular fraternal organization in that period, being initiated as an Entered Apprentice in what was later American Union Lodge No.1 at Marietta on December 5, 1803. He achieved his Fellow Craft degree on April 2, 1804, and his Master Mason degree on May 7, 1804. On June 24, 1805, he

793-530: A reconnaissance force combined with 150 Ohio infantry troops under Cass were near the bridge leading to Fort Malden. Two British guns fired on the Americans and disabled an American cannon. The Americans captured two British soldiers after they crossed the bridge, before safely withdrawing with their prisoners. On July 28, 1812, Colonel Cass conducted a hit-and-run attack at the Rivière aux Canards driving back

854-520: A small number of slaves continued to reside in Michigan until it achieved statehood. Despite his later claims to the contrary, as territorial governor, Cass is known to have owned at least one slave, a household servant, as evidenced by 1818 correspondence between him and Alexander Macomb . Slavery continued in Michigan until admission to the Union in 1837, when its first state constitution outlawed slavery statewide. In 1830, Cass published an article in

915-498: Is implied for the appointed Regents, except where specifically noted by an asterisk (*) which denotes Regents explicitly named as a successor to the previous one. Source: ( Bentley Historical Library 2006 ) The state constitution of 1850 made the Regents of the University of Michigan a statewide elected body, and also created the office of President of the University of Michigan , who was to be an ex officio member and preside over

976-588: The 30th Congress . In 1848, he resigned from the Senate to run for president in the 1848 election . William Orlando Butler was selected as his running mate. Cass was a leading supporter of the doctrine of popular sovereignty , which held that the (white male) American citizens who lived in a territory should decide whether to permit slavery there. His nomination caused a split in the Democratic Party, leading many antislavery Northern Democrats to join

1037-643: The Free Soil Party , which nominated former President Martin Van Buren . After losing the election to Zachary Taylor , Cass was returned by the state legislature to the Senate, serving from 1849 to 1857. He was the first non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate to lose an election and the first Democrat who was unsuccessful in his bid to succeed another Democrat as president. Apart from James Buchanan's election to succeed Franklin Pierce in 1856, subsequent Democrats who attempted election to succeed

1098-674: The Michigan State University board of trustees and the Wayne State University board of governors are also elected in a similar manner. Michigan is one of four states with public university governing boards elected directly by the people (along with Colorado , Nebraska , and Nevada ). In contrast, the state universities and the consolidated or coordinating boards in other states are controlled by governors and legislatures. The current board of regents consists of eight regents, two of whom are elected on

1159-549: The North American Review that passionately argued that Indians were "inherently inferior" to whites, and incapable of being civilized and thus should be removed from the eastern United States. This article caught the attention and approval of Andrew Jackson. On August 1, 1831, Cass resigned as governor of the Michigan Territory to take the post of Secretary of War under President Andrew Jackson ,

1220-589: The War of 1812 broke out, Cass took command of the 3rd Ohio Volunteer Regiment . During the war, Cass conducted several military operations around the Canada–United States border . On July 16, 1812, a British force consisting of the 41st Regiment of Foot , 60 men of the Canadian Militia and a number of Indians were posted near Fort Malden . Cass and Colonel James Miller led a concealed American reconnaissance force near them. The British detected

1281-595: The Americans, and sent a party of Indians over a nearby bridge to draw them out; however, once the Indians crossed, the concealed Americans opened fire, wounding two and killing one. Cass and Miller send word to General William Hull , requesting permission to attack Fort Malden and hold it until reinforcements arrived. However, Hull, an indecisive officer, was unsupportive and refused to agree to their request, which led Cass and Miller to withdraw their men back to American lines. On July 19, 1812, Colonel Duncan McArthur with

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1342-614: The Army on May 1, 1814. As a reward for his military service, Cass was appointed Governor of the Michigan Territory by President James Madison on October 29, 1813, serving until 1831. As he was frequently traveling on business, several territorial secretaries often acted as governor in his place. During this period, he helped negotiate and implement treaties with Native American tribes in Michigan, by which they ceded substantial amounts of land. Some were given small reservations in

1403-665: The Board of Regents is an independent body answerable to the people of the state, not to the Governor or Legislature. The Homeopathic School at the center of the battle was eventually merged into the Medical School in 1922. The name, size, and method of filling the body now known as the Regents of the University Michigan has changed several times in its history. The Catholepistemiad, or University, of Michigania,

1464-410: The Board without a vote. The first regents elected under the new system were elected in 1852. Originally, one regent was elected from each of the eight judicial circuits in Michigan, for a six-year term, with all regents up for election simultaneously. By the time of the next election, the number of circuits had grown to ten, so ten regents were elected for the term beginning in 1858. This fluctuation in

1525-724: The Cabinet in December 1860 in protest of Buchanan's handling of the threatened secession of several Southern states. Since his death in 1866, he has been commemorated in various ways, including with a statue in the National Statuary Hall . Cass was born on October 9, 1782, in Exeter, New Hampshire , near the end of the American Revolution . His parents were Molly ( née Gilman) Cass and Major Jonathan Cass,

1586-489: The Catholepistemiad to the University of Michigan, and placed control of the university in the hands of a board of trustees consisting of 20 citizens plus the Governor. Their previous positions abolished, Father Richard and Rev. Monteith were both appointed to the board of trustees; Monteith left that summer for a professorship at Hamilton College , while Richard remained on the board until his death in 1832. As it

1647-578: The Legislature revisited the subject and modified the Organic Act to include the provision that "there shall always be one Professor of Homœopathy in the Department of Medicine." The Board of Regents again took no action to comply. In 1867, the Legislature used the power of the purse and passed a statewide property tax to benefit the university "provided the board of regents would comply with

1708-435: The Legislature, while every other corporation the constitution created had its powers specified by the Legislature. Justice Claudius Grant wrote: "No other conclusion was...possible than that the intention was to place the institution in the direct and exclusive control of the people themselves, through a constitutional body elected by them." This ruling established the precedent that regents are constitutional officers and

1769-418: The Legislature. The state constitution of 1850 elevated the Board of Regents to the level of a constitutional corporation, making the University of Michigan the first public institution of higher education in the country so organized. The Legislature did not give up its control easily, and the Board of Regents engaged in a number of battles with legislators before the matter was settled, several of them involving

1830-601: The Medical School. In 1875, the school was actually established, but in Ann Arbor, not Detroit. In 1895, the positions were reversed, and the Legislature tried to force the regents to move the Homeopathic School from Ann Arbor to Detroit. The regents refused, and the Michigan Supreme Court ruled that the state constitution explicitly defined the powers of the Board of Regents independently of

1891-594: The United States under President Franklin Pierce . In the 1844 Democratic convention , Cass stood as a candidate for the presidential nomination, losing on the 9th ballot to dark horse candidate James K. Polk . Cass was elected by the state legislature to represent Michigan in the United States Senate , serving in 1845–1848. He served as chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs in

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1952-595: The United States to accept the islands under a protectorate in June 1858. Cass resigned on December 14, 1860, because of what he considered Buchanan's failure to protect federal interests in the South and failure to mobilize the federal military, actions that might have averted the threatened secession of Southern states. On May 26, 1806, Cass married Elizabeth Spencer (1786–1853), the daughter of Dr. Joseph Spencer Jr. and Deborah (née Seldon) Spencer. Her paternal grandfather

2013-515: The University of Michigan The Regents of the University of Michigan , sometimes referred to as the Board of Regents , is a constitutional office of the U.S. state of Michigan which forms the governing body of the University of Michigan , University of Michigan–Flint , and University of Michigan–Dearborn . The Board of Regents was first created by legislative act in 1837, and the regents as

2074-471: The accumulated results of three thousand years of experience be laid aside, because there has arisen in the world a sect which, by engrafting a medical dogma upon a spurious theology, have built up a system (so-called) and baptized it Homœopathy? Shall the High Priests of this spiritual school be specially commissioned by the Regents of the University of Michigan, to teach the grown up men of this age that

2135-593: The anti-slavery wing of the party. Van Buren led the Free Soil Party 's presidential ticket and appealed to many anti-slavery Democrats, possibly contributing to the victory of Whig nominee Zachary Taylor . Cass returned to the Senate in 1849 and continued to serve until 1857 when he accepted appointment as the Secretary of State . He unsuccessfully sought to buy land from Mexico and sympathized with American filibusters in Latin America . Cass resigned from

2196-535: The appointment. In 1820, Cass led an expedition to the northwestern part of Michigan Territory, in the Great Lakes region in today's northern Minnesota . Its purpose was to map the region and locate the source of the Mississippi River . The headwater of the great river was then unknown, resulting in an undefined border between the United States and British North America , which had been linked to

2257-408: The belief in the 19th century phrase " manifest destiny " at the time, and led a survey expedition into the northwest part of the territory. Cass resigned as governor in 1831 to accept appointment as Secretary of War under Andrew Jackson. As Secretary of War, he helped implement Jackson's policy of Indian removal . After serving as ambassador to France from 1836 to 1842, he unsuccessfully sought

2318-481: The board of trustees of the University of Michigan that was formed in 1821, and with the Catholepistemiad, or University, of Michigania that was formed in 1817. In 1817, Michigan Chief Justice Augustus B. Woodward drafted a territorial act establishing a "Catholepistemiad, or University, of Michigania. The territorial act was signed into law August 26, 1817, by Woodward, Judge John Griffin , and acting governor William Woodbridge (in place of Governor Lewis Cass , who

2379-516: The board, a move which was reversed by the constitutional convention of 1963. Source: Names and dates ( Bentley Historical Library 2006 ), party affiliations ( Kestenbaum ) Lewis Cass Lewis Cass (October 9, 1782 – June 17, 1866) was a United States Army officer and politician. He represented Michigan in the United States Senate and served in the Cabinets of two U.S. Presidents, Andrew Jackson and James Buchanan . He

2440-442: The board. In fact, however, the Regents never appointed a chancellor, instead leaving administrative duties up to a rotating roster of professors, and the Governor chaired the board himself. Although the name of the institution they governed was the same, the Board of Regents was a distinct legal entity from the board of trustees. The Board of Trustees transferred all of their property to the new board of regents, but forgot to include

2501-460: The decillionth of a grain of sulphur will, if administered homœopathically, cure seven-tenths of their diseases, whilst in every mouthful of albuminous food they swallow, every hair upon their heads, and every drop of urine distilled from the kidneys, carries into or out of their system as much of that article as would make a body, if incorporated with the required amount of sugar, as large as the planet Saturn? Nothing further happened until 1855, when

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2562-420: The establishment of a school of homeopathy . In 1851, a group of citizens who supported the homeopathy movement petitioned the Legislature to force the Board of Regents to add professors of homeopathy to the medical school staff. The board took no action, but Zina Pitcher wrote a detailed account of their thinking to leave for their incoming replacements (the first class of elected regents in 1852): ...shall

2623-619: The extradition of William Walker to the United States. Cass attempted to buy more land from Mexico , but faced opposition from both Mexico and congressional leaders. He also negotiated a final settlement to the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty , limiting U.S. and British control of Latin American countries. The chiefs of Raiatea and Tahaa in the South Pacific, refusing to accept the rule of King Tamatoa V , unsuccessfully petitioned

2684-528: The final four months of Buchanan's administration. As expected, the aged Cass largely delegated major decision-making to subordinates, but eagerly signed his name on papers and dispatches penned by them. While sympathetic to American filibusters in Central America, he was instrumental in having Commodore Hiram Paulding removed from command for his landing of Marines in Nicaragua and compelling

2745-404: The law of 1855, and appoint at least one professor in the medical department of the university." Although the money was desperately needed, the regents again refused to comply, and two years later the money was released by the Legislature without restriction. By 1871, the expressed public desire for a Homeopathic School led the Board of Regents to consider establishing one at Detroit, separate from

2806-643: The lot in Detroit where the Catholepistemiad had first been located. The court case involving the eventual recovery of this property led to the Michigan Supreme Court deciding in 1856 that the board of regents, the board of trustees, and the Didactors of the Catholepistemiad were a legally continuous entity. The Regents continued to treat 1837 as the founding year of the University of Michigan until 1929, when they reversed policy and adopted 1817 as

2867-714: The modern board of regents. In its original form, it consisted of 12 members appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate , along with the Governor himself, the Lieutenant Governor , the Justices of the Michigan Supreme Court , and the Chancellor of the state. The act also created the office of chancellor of the university, who was to be appointed by the Regents and serve as ex officio President of

2928-465: The official founding date. That act makes the University of Michigan officially, if not actually, the oldest university in the Big Ten; in actuality, Indiana University, founded in 1820 and granting degrees before the University of Michigan was in existence, is the oldest Big Ten school. Note: Successorship is well-defined for the ex officio Regents, but no specific predecessor/successor relationships

2989-511: The presidential nomination at the 1844 Democratic National Convention ; a deadlock between supporters of Cass and former President Martin Van Buren ended with the nomination of James K. Polk . In 1845, the Michigan Legislature elected Cass to the Senate, where he served until 1848. Cass's nomination at the 1848 Democratic National Convention precipitated a split in the party, as Cass's advocacy for popular sovereignty alienated

3050-666: The river. The Cass expedition erroneously identified what became known as Cass Lake as the Mississippi's source. It was not until 1832 that Henry Rowe Schoolcraft , the Cass expedition's geologist, identified nearby Lake Itasca as the headwater of the Mississippi. Though the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory , which included what later became Michigan Territory,

3111-525: The size of the board, combined with the controversy over the regents' firing of President Henry Philip Tappan just before the end of their term in 1863, led to a new law that fixed the size of the board at eight members, elected on a statewide basis to an eight-year term, with terms staggered such that two are up for election every two years. The constitutional convention of 1908 added the Superintendent of Public Instruction as an ex officio member of

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3172-528: The territory. In 1817, Cass was one of the two commissioners (along with Duncan McArthur ), who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Meigs , which was signed on September 29 with several Native American tribes of the region, under which they ceded large amounts of territory to the United States. This helped open up areas of Michigan to settlement by Euro-Americans. That same year, Cass was named to serve as Secretary of War under President James Monroe , but he declined

3233-684: Was Joseph Spencer , a Continental Congressman who was a major general in the Continental Army . Lewis and Elizabeth were the parents of seven children, five of whom lived past infancy: Cass died on June 17, 1866, in Detroit , Michigan . He is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit. Through his daughter Mary, he was the great-grandfather of Cass Canfield (longtime president and chairman of Harper & Brothers , later Harper & Row ). Through his daughter Matilda, he

3294-442: Was absent on a trip with President James Monroe ). In consequence of the foregoing territorial act and the 1856 ruling, the present-day University of Michigan recognizes 1817 as the year of its founding. Prior to 1850, the University of Michigan in its various incarnations was a product of the Michigan Legislature (or its territorial equivalents), and the Board of Regents and its predecessors were subject to oversight and control by

3355-480: Was admitted as Charter member of the Lodge of Amity 105 (later No.5), Zanesville. He served as the first Worshipful Master of the Lodge of Amity in 1806. Cass was one of the founders of the Grand Lodge of Ohio , representing the Lodge of Amity at the first meeting on January 4, 1808. He was elected Deputy Grand Master on January 5, 1809, and Grand Master on January 3, 1810, January 8, 1811, and January 8, 1812. After

3416-424: Was also the 1848 Democratic presidential nominee. A slave owner himself, he was a leading spokesman for the doctrine of popular sovereignty , which at the time held the idea that people in each U.S state should have the right to decide on whether to permit or prohibit slavery , believing in the idea of states' rights . Born in Exeter, New Hampshire , he attended Phillips Exeter Academy before establishing

3477-582: Was common during this era for the Governor to be absent, the various men who served as Acting Governor are included in this list in italics , but no specific dates should be inferred as to when exactly they were Acting Governor. Also, no predecessor/successor relationship among specific Trustees should be inferred from their relative position in the table. Using the terms in office cited in the historical sources, at some points there are up to 22 simultaneous Trustees, even though only 20 were called for. Source: ( Shaw 1942 ) The Organic Act of March 18, 1837, created

3538-408: Was created by the Organic Act of March 18, 1837, that established the modern University of Michigan. The terms of the regents and their method of selection have undergone several changes since 1837, but the board has served as a continuous body since then. Although the board of regents was formed as a new legal entity in 1837, the Michigan Supreme Court ruled in 1856 that it was legally continuous with

3599-509: Was designed by architect Alden Dow , and completed in 1964. It is believed to be the largest university-operated display greenhouse in the United States. The conservatory contains three distinct areas: The natural areas include mature woodlands, wetlands, several ponds, and a constructed tall-grass prairie, with four nature trails covering 3.2 miles. 42°18′4.2″N 83°39′50.5″W  /  42.301167°N 83.664028°W  / 42.301167; -83.664028 Board of Regents of

3660-443: Was established by the Governor and Judges of Michigan Territory in 1817, following a plan devised by Chief Justice Augustus Woodward . The Catholepistemiad was self-governed by the professors (or Didactors ) that held its thirteen professorships ( didaxiim ). In fact, the thirteen didaxiim were divided up between just two men, who thus controlled the entire institution: In 1821, the Governor and Judges of Michigan Territory renamed

3721-465: Was retiring from the Senate, but not eager to leave Washington and return home to Michigan, immediately accepted. Taking the position, Cass promised to refrain from making anti-British remarks in public (having served in the War of 1812, Cass had a low opinion of London). Most assumed Cass was a temporary Secretary of State until a younger, more fit man could be found, however, he ultimately served for all but

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