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113-569: Matthew Wayne Shepard (December 1, 1976 – October 12, 1998) was an American student at the University of Wyoming who was beaten, tortured, and left to die near Laramie on the night of October 6, 1998. He was taken by rescuers to Poudre Valley Hospital in Fort Collins, Colorado , where he died six days later from severe head injuries received during the attack. Suspects Aaron McKinney and Russell Henderson were arrested shortly after

226-487: A bipartisan coalition introduced the bill in the Senate on April 28; it had 43 cosponsors as of June 17, 2009. The Matthew Shepard Act was adopted as an amendment to S.1390 by a vote of 63–28 on July 15, 2009. On October 22, 2009, the Senate passed the act by a vote of 68–29. President Obama signed the measure into law on October 28, 2009. On October 26, 2018, just over 20 years after his death, Shepard's ashes were interred at

339-467: A bishop or higher-ranking priest). The rites of "Setting Aside a Taper-bearer" and "Tonsuring a Reader " have now been combined into one service. It is the custom in some traditions, such as the Greek Orthodox or Melkite Catholic, to allow tonsured altar servers to also vest in the orarion , worn crossed over the back like that of a subdeacon but with the ends hanging parallel in front. Among

452-524: A cost of $ 1.75 million, was designed to be a general purpose building for the university. The placement and unique design by the local architects W. Eliot and Clinton A. Hitchcock makes it the focal point of the George Duke Humphrey Science Center. The building also contains four interior mosaics, designed by University of Wyoming art professors James Boyle, Joseph Deaderick, Richard Evans, and Victor Flach, that represent

565-527: A dance studio, a jogging/walking track, and new locker rooms with access to the pool. The original library at the University of Wyoming consisted of 300 books and was located in Old Main. In 1923, the library was moved to the new Aven Nelson Memorial Building. With the 1950s came a larger student population and a greater push for America to excel academically. These factors contributed to the decision by

678-542: A first-year political science major at the University of Wyoming in Laramie with a minor in languages, and was chosen as the student representative for the Wyoming Environmental Council. Shepard was an Episcopalian and once served as an altar boy in the church. He was described by his father as "an optimistic and accepting young man who had a special gift of relating to almost everyone. He

791-433: A gay-bashing victim is to present an incomplete account of his victimization: "Keeping Matthew as the poster boy of gay-hate crime and ignoring the full tragedy of his story has been the agenda of many gay-movement leaders. Ignoring the tragedies of Matthew's life prior to his murder will do nothing to help other young men in our community who are sold for sex, ravaged by drugs, and generally exploited." In June 2019, Shepard

904-438: A high school trip to Morocco . This caused him to experience depression and panic attacks, according to his mother. One of Shepard's friends feared that his depression had driven him to become involved with drugs during his time at college. Multiple times, Shepard was hospitalized due to his clinical depression and suicidal ideation. On the night of October 6, 1998, Shepard was approached by Aaron McKinney and Russell Henderson at

1017-625: A human barrier between the two groups. Angel Action was founded by Patterson in April 1999. In the years following her son's death, Judy Shepard has worked as an advocate for LGBTQ rights , particularly issues relating to gay youth. She was a main force behind the Matthew Shepard Foundation , which she and her husband, Dennis, founded in December 1998. Gay rights activist John Stoltenberg has said that to portray Shepard as

1130-406: A monumental structure, and it was designed to be symmetrical, with a prominent central spire as the focal point. The building was also meant to reflect the character of Wyoming, and the rough stone and smooth trim represented the progressing frontier. The design of Old Main had a lasting effect on university structures, most visible in the use of a sandstone façade on nearly every building. In 1916,

1243-654: A police officer. Shepard's murder continued to attract public attention and media coverage long after the trial was over. In 2004, the ABC News news program 20/20 aired a report that quoted statements by McKinney, Henderson, Price, Rerucha, and a lead investigator. The statements alleged that the murder had not been motivated by Shepard's sexuality but was primarily a drug-related robbery that had turned violent. Price said she had lied to police about McKinney having been provoked by an unwanted sexual advance from Shepard, telling TV journalist Elizabeth Vargas , "I don't think it

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1356-480: A rage when Shepard made a sexual advance toward him. McKinney's girlfriend told police that he had been motivated by anti-gay sentiment , but later recanted her statement, saying that she had lied because she thought it would help him. Henderson pleaded guilty to murder, and McKinney was tried and found guilty of murder; each of them received two consecutive life sentences . Shepard's murder brought national and international attention to hate crime legislation at both

1469-797: A small zoo with living insects, and an interactive discovery cabinet. USNWR graduate school rankings USNWR departmental rankings The University of Wyoming comprises the following colleges and schools: The College of Agriculture and Natural Resources offers teaching, research labs and field environments, and an indoor livestock teaching arena. The College of Arts and Sciences offers more than 50 majors, 60 minors, and seven interdisciplinary programs. Geology, Archaeology, Botany, and Geography programs take advantage of Wyoming's unique environment, while International Studies, Sociology, and Political Science provide global context. A&S emphasizes field study, internships, and individual research projects, and has exchange programs and study abroad. In 2010,

1582-552: A variety of layouts in the River Village, Bison Run, Landmark, and Spanish Walk apartment complexes. Two new residence halls, North and South Halls, and dining center are under construction east of Half Acre Gymnasium. Construction is expected to be completed in 2026. This is the former location of Wyoming Hall and a pay by the hour parking lot. The American Heritage Center , located in the Centennial Complex,

1695-434: Is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". In addition to on-campus classes in Laramie, the university's Outreach School offers more than 41  degree, certificate and endorsement programs to distance learners across the state and beyond. These programs are delivered through the use of technology, such as online and video conferencing classes. The Outreach School has nine regional centers in

1808-872: Is a public land-grant research university in Laramie, Wyoming , United States. It was founded in March 1886, four years before the territory was admitted as the 44th state, and opened in September 1887. The University of Wyoming's location is written into the state's constitution. The university also offers outreach education in communities throughout Wyoming and online. The University of Wyoming consists of seven colleges: agriculture and natural resources, arts and sciences, business, education, engineering and applied sciences, health sciences, and law . The university offers over 120 undergraduate, graduate, and certificate programs including Doctor of Pharmacy and Juris Doctor. It

1921-410: Is a large grassy area located within a ring of classroom and administrative buildings and serves as the center mall of the campus. The name is attributed to an obscure rule that the university president, or "prexy", is given exclusive use of the area for livestock grazing. During the administration of Arthur G. Crane , the name "Prexy's Pasture" was formally declared. Prexy's, as it is often called today,

2034-603: Is accredited at the undergraduate and graduate levels by AACSB . More than 100 business scholarships are awarded annually. The College of Education comprises two schools: the School of Counseling, Leadership, Advocacy, and Design; and the School of Teacher Education. Both certificates and programs that lead to initial certification or endorsements by Wyoming's Professional Teaching Standards Board (PTSB) are offered for pre-service teachers. Partnerships with Wyoming public schools provide for hands-on experience in real classrooms, and

2147-403: Is also known for the unique pattern formed by concrete pathways that students and faculty use to cross it. When the University of Wyoming first opened its doors in 1887, Prexy's Pasture was nothing more than an actual pasture covered in native grasses. The football team played their games there until 1922, when Corbett Field opened at the southeast corner of campus. Over time, as the needs of

2260-504: Is also located in the Centennial Complex on East Willet Drive. The museum's collections include art in many media from around the world, including: European and American paintings, prints, sculpture and drawings; 18th and 19th century Japanese Ukiyo-e prints; 15th through 19th century Persian and Indian miniature paintings ; 20th century Haitian art ; 20th century Japanese netsuke ; 20th century and contemporary photography; and Rapa Nui , African, and Native American artifacts. Artists in

2373-406: Is an alb , which is to be tied at the waist with a cincture unless the alb is made to fit without cincture. Acolytes, readers and other lay ministers (such as altar servers) may wear either an alb or other appropriate attire as determined by the local episcopal conference . Servers often wear cassock and surplice , with black and red being the most common colors for a server's cassock. In

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2486-547: Is an extensive repository of manuscripts, photographs, artworks, movies, audio recordings, and other items. It is one of the largest non-governmental archives west of the Mississippi River . Officially established in 1945, it now contains over 90,000 cubic feet (2,500 m ) of historic documents and materials. It is also home to the Toppan Library, which contains over 50,000 rare books. Because of its size,

2599-640: Is carried out by people of any age or dignity. According to the General Instruction of the Roman Missal , "Mass should not be celebrated without a minister, or at least one of the faithful, except for a just and reasonable cause." As in other churches, altar servers are sometimes called acolytes in the Latin Church . Pope Benedict XVI spoke of Saint Tarcisius as "presumably an acolyte, that is, an altar server". However, within

2712-634: Is home to both the vertebrate museum and the Wyoming Natural Diversity Database (WNDD). There is also an ecology lab, a stable isotope facility, and a program in ecology. The building also faculty offices, a teaching lab, display areas, public meeting areas, and a garden on the roof. The university has four residence halls and four apartment complexes. The four residence halls, Orr, White (the second tallest building in Wyoming), Downey, and McIntyre, are connected together via

2825-717: Is operated by the Anthropology Department and is located in the Anthropology Building at 12th and Lewis Streets. Exhibits are spread throughout three floors of the building. Displays include early humans, the Colby Mammoth Site , Vore Buffalo Jump , and other Wyoming archaeology sites. The University of Wyoming Insect Museum is a research museum located in the Agriculture Building. Displays include mounted insects,

2938-659: The 12th governor of Wyoming , who died in office. In 2000, on Ross Hall's fourth floor, the university installed the Wyoming Press Association's Newspaper Hall of Fame wall photos. In 2014, the Rendezvous Cafe open in the lobby. The Half Acre Gym facility was constructed in 1925 to house the National Guard Armory of Laramie , as well as the athletic programs, until the field house opened in 1951. In order to fund this project,

3051-676: The Boston Celtics and the Washington Wizards , and he would come out as gay following the season. After Collins joined the Brooklyn Nets in 2014, NBA marketing reported high interest in his "98" jersey and high sales once the item became available for purchase. The Meaning of Matthew: My Son's Murder in Laramie, and a World Transformed , is a 2009 biographical book by Judy Shepard about her son. Judy Shepard speaks about her loss, her family memories of Matthew, and

3164-547: The Byzantine Rite , altar servers assist the higher clergy during services. They might carry the cross, candles or liturgical fans in processions and entrances ; maintain the censer , ensuring it has enough live charcoal, loading it with incense and handing it to the priest or deacon when required; preparing the hot water ( zeon ) in time for it to be added to the chalice at the Divine Liturgy ; prepare

3277-456: The Matthew Shepard Foundation . Shepard's murder inspired a number of films, novels, plays, songs, and other works , including The Laramie Project ( a 2000 play and 2002 film ) and Judy Shepard's 2009 memoir The Meaning of Matthew . Matthew Shepard was born in 1976 in Casper, Wyoming ; he was the first of two sons born to Judy (née Peck) and Dennis Shepard . His younger brother, Logan,

3390-516: The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) and legal issues surrounding the repatriation of human remains. The University of Wyoming's Geological Museum houses a collection of fossils and minerals with special focus on the history of Wyoming. When the University of Wyoming was founded, the museum was essentially the small personal collection of Professor J.D. Conley. In 1893, Wilbur Knight, who

3503-490: The Russians , however, the orarion is not usually worn by servers, but only by duly ordained subdeacons and deacons, with the exception that laymen who are blessed to perform some of the functions of subdeacons may sometimes be blessed to wear the orar. Before vesting, the server must fold his sticharion and bring it to the priest for him to bless. The priest blesses and lays his hand on the folded sticharion. The server kisses

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3616-483: The Washakie Dining Center, which contains the main dining hall and other student services. These residence halls house primarily freshmen. All incoming freshmen are expected to live in the residence halls during their first year, with some exceptions. Each of the residence halls is named after an influential administrator or faculty member. Downey Hall is an eight-story dormitory located southwest of

3729-418: The antidoron for the people to receive after Holy Communion ; and any other necessary tasks so that the priest need not be distracted during the service. An altar server is vested in the sticharion only. In the early Church , before someone could be a server he had to be tonsured . Nowadays, in many places it is not necessary to be tonsured before one is allowed to serve (since the tonsure must be done by

3842-590: The diaconate must be instituted as acolytes at least six months previously. This ministry was long classified in the Latin Church as a minor order , as by the Council of Trent . The General Instruction of the Roman Missal , which does not use the term "server" and instead speaks of altar servers generically among "other ministers", treats in detail of the functions of the "acolyte", often specifying "instituted acolyte". The 1983 Code of Canon Law altered

3955-599: The AHC has many collecting areas. It features Wyoming and Western history from the early nineteenth to the twenty-first century; women's suffrage; transportation history, including railroad history (especially the transcontinental railroad) as well as aviation; and mineral, coal, and oil extraction. It has extensive entertainment collections in theater, radio and television, film, music, Hollywood (from Jack Benny and Barbara Stanwyck to Stan Lee), politics and journalism, authors, composers, and artists. The University of Wyoming Art Museum

4068-470: The County Attorney's office, they were calling the media and indicating Matthew Shepard is gay and we don't want the fact that he is gay to go unnoticed." Tina Labrie, a close friend of Shepard's, said "[Boulden and Trout] wanted to make [Matt] a poster child or something for their cause". Boulden linked the attack to the absence of a Wyoming criminal statute providing for a hate crimes charge. In

4181-477: The Fireside Lounge in Laramie; all three men were in their early 20s. McKinney and Henderson offered to give Shepard a ride home. They subsequently drove to a remote rural area and proceeded to rob, pistol-whip , and torture Shepard, tying him to a split-rail fence and leaving him to die. It was erroneously reported by the news that he had been tied to a barbed wire fence . Many media reports contained

4294-511: The House of Representatives on May 3, 2007. Similar legislation passed in the Senate on September 27, 2007 ( S. 1105 ), however then-President George W. Bush indicated he would veto the legislation if it reached his desk. The Democratic leadership dropped the legislation in response to opposition from conservative groups and Bush, and because the measure was attached to a defense bill there

4407-553: The Latin Church, the term "acolyte" is also used in a more restricted sense, often specified as "instituted acolyte", to mean an adult woman or man who has received the instituted ministry of that name. Acolytes in this narrower sense are not necessarily preparing for ordination as deacons and priests. They are authorized to carry out some functions, in particular that of cleansing the Eucharistic vessels, that are not entrusted to ordinary servers. Those who are to be ordained to

4520-790: The United States, after the Arlington Diocese's decision to allow them, the Diocese of Lincoln, Nebraska in 2006 became the only diocese in the country that did not allow females to be altar servers. However, it was joined by a church in the Diocese of Phoenix in August 2011, when it was announced that girls would no longer be allowed to altar serve. In the absence of instituted acolytes, some of their functions at Mass may be carried out by altar servers. The vestment common to all ordained and instituted ministers of whatever rank

4633-612: The Washakie Dining Center and is named after June Downey . Located west of the Washakie Dining Center is White Hall, a dormitory named after Laura Amanda White. At twelve stories and 146 feet, White Hall is the second tallest building in the state of Wyoming, two feet shorter than the Wyoming Financial Center in Cheyenne. McIntyre Hall, named after Clara Frances McIntyre, is located east of

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4746-512: The Washakie Dining Center. This twelve-story building underwent extensive renovations in 2004 and 2005. Just northeast of McIntyre Hall is the eight-story Orr Hall, named after Harriet Knight Orr. From 2005 to 2006, Orr Hall also underwent extensive renovations to modernize its living space. The University Apartments are located east of War Memorial Stadium. They are available on a first-come, first-serve basis to all University of Wyoming students above freshman standing. There are apartment units in

4859-597: The altar is one of the "other functions" open to lay persons in general, without distinguishing between male and female. In reference to this authentic interpretation, the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments sent on 15 March 1994 a circular letter to presidents of episcopal conferences , clarifying that the canon in question is only of permissive character. It does not require

4972-569: The area is host to campus barbecues and fall welcome events. In September 1937, the university obtained a Public Works Administration loan during the Great Depression for $ 149,250 for construction of a student union. On March 3, 1938, ground was broken and construction began on what would become the Wyoming Union. Many students were involved in the construction, and twenty-five students were trained to be stone-cutters. From

5085-442: The ashes of a national figure at the cathedral since Helen Keller 's 50 years earlier. Matthew Shepard's life, death, trial, and its aftermath have inspired numerous works , including documentary and narrative films and television shows, stage plays (such as The Laramie Project ), and musical and written works. Additionally, NBA player Jason Collins wore the jersey number "98" in honor of Shepard during his 2012–13 season with

5198-419: The attack and charged with first-degree murder following Shepard's death. Significant media coverage was given to the murder and what role Shepard's sexual orientation played as a motive for the crime, as he was gay . The prosecutor argued that the murder of Shepard was premeditated and driven by greed . McKinney's defense counsel countered by arguing that he had intended only to rob Shepard but killed him in

5311-463: The back of his head and in front of his right ear. He experienced severe brainstem damage, which affected his body's ability to regulate his heart rate , body temperature , and other vital functions . There were also about a dozen small lacerations around his head, face, and neck. His injuries were deemed too severe for doctors to operate. Shepard never regained consciousness and remained on full life support . While he lay in intensive care and in

5424-430: The beginning, the union housed an assortment of student needs and activities. The formal and informal social needs were met by including a ballroom , banquet room, lounges, and game rooms. It also contained offices for student government , committees, organizations, and publications, to help meet the political and organizational needs of the student population. Lastly, a student store, post office, and bookstore completed

5537-404: The board of trustees that it was necessary to construct a new library. However, in 1951, the state legislature rejected the funding request. William Robertson Coe , a financier and philanthropist, came to the aid of president Humphrey in 1954 by contributing $ 750,000 in securities to the university. The trustees called the grant "one of the most outstanding contributions that has ever been made to

5650-481: The collection include Thomas Hart Benton , Ralston Crawford , Jun Kaneko , Hung Liu , Aristide Maillol , Joan Miró , Richard Misrach , Robert Rauschenberg and Paul Signac . The museum also hosts changing exhibits of art from around the world. The Centennial Complex was designed by Antoine Predock and opened in 1993. In collaboration with the College of Law , the museum conducts research and instruction on

5763-749: The copper Tyrannosaurus at the entrance, the initial mounting of the Apatosaurus skeleton centerpiece, and the terracotta Stegosaurus and Triceratops panels. One of the most famous exhibits at the museum is the Allosaurus known as " Big Al ". It was featured in the BBC documentary The Ballad of Big Al . The University of Wyoming Geological Museum has also received coverage from National Geographic , CNN , Earth Magazine , Walter Cronkite , and NBC Nightly News with Tom Brokaw , and it has been shown on many dinosaur programs. On June 30, 2009,

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5876-603: The crypt of Washington National Cathedral . The ceremony was presided over by the first openly gay Episcopal bishop Gene Robinson , and the Bishop of Washington the Right Reverend Marianne Edgar Budde . Music was performed by the Gay Men's Chorus of Washington, D.C. ; GenOUT; and Conspirare , which performed Craig Hella Johnson 's Considering Matthew Shepard . His was the first interment of

5989-447: The days following the attack, candlelight vigils were held in countries around the world. Shepard was pronounced dead six days after the attack at 12:53 a.m. on October 12, 1998. He was 21 years old. McKinney and Henderson were arrested and initially charged with attempted murder , kidnapping , and aggravated robbery . After Shepard's death, the charges were upgraded from attempted murder to first-degree murder, which meant that

6102-619: The death penalty. Shepard's parents brokered a deal that resulted in McKinney receiving two consecutive life terms without the possibility of parole. Henderson and McKinney were incarcerated in the Wyoming State Penitentiary in Rawlins and were later transferred to other prisons because of overcrowding. Following her testimony at McKinney's trial, Price pleaded guilty to a reduced charge of misdemeanor interference with

6215-502: The design. The original design has been modified several times to accommodate changing needs and a growing student population. The first addition was completed in January 1960. This section, added to the northeast of the original structure, expanded the ballroom, made a lounge area and senate chambers adjacent to the ballroom, created the main lobby and breezeway , and provided a larger food area called The Gardens. In 1973, an addition to

6328-586: The fence in near-freezing temperatures, McKinney and Henderson returned to town. McKinney proceeded to pick a fight with two men, 19-year-old Emiliano Morales and 18-year-old Jeremy Herrara. The fight resulted in head wounds for both Morales and McKinney. Police officer Flint Waters arrived at the scene of the fight. He arrested Henderson, searched McKinney's truck, and found a blood-smeared gun along with Shepard's shoes and credit card. Henderson and McKinney later tried to persuade their girlfriends to provide alibis for them and help them dispose of evidence. Still tied to

6441-482: The fence, Shepard was in a coma eighteen hours after the attack when he was discovered by Aaron Kreifels, a cyclist who initially mistook Shepard for a scarecrow . Reggie Fluty, the first police officer to arrive at the scene, found Shepard alive but covered in blood. Shepard was transported first to Ivinson Memorial Hospital in Laramie before being moved to the more advanced trauma ward at Poudre Valley Hospital in Fort Collins, Colorado . He had suffered fractures to

6554-408: The first class of 42 men and women began their college education. For the next decade, the building housed classrooms, a library, and administration offices. The style of Old Main set a precedent for all future university buildings. The main stone is rough-cut sandstone from a quarry east of Laramie, and the trim stone is smooth Potsdam Sandstone from a quarry near Rawlins. Old Main was supposed to be

6667-549: The following session of the Wyoming Legislature, a bill was introduced that defined certain attacks motivated by a victim's sexual orientation as hate crimes. The measure failed on a 30–30 tie in the Wyoming House of Representatives . President Bill Clinton renewed attempts to extend federal hate crime legislation to include gay people, women, and people with disabilities . A Hate Crimes Prevention Act

6780-543: The graphic account of the pistol-whipping and his fractured skull. Reports described how Shepard was beaten so brutally that his face was completely covered in blood, except where it had been partially cleansed by his tears. The assailants' girlfriends testified that neither McKinney nor Henderson was under the influence of alcohol or other drugs at the time of the attack. McKinney and Henderson testified that they learned of Shepard's address and intended to steal from his home as well. After attacking Shepard and leaving him tied to

6893-424: The grounds that the young man is no longer innocent enough to serve in the altar. Altar servers, regardless of age, are subject to all the normal restrictions for those not of higher clerical position. Anyone who is bleeding, or has an open sore, is not permitted to enter the altar. They may not touch the altar table or anything on it under any circumstances, nor the prothesis without a blessing. They may not touch

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7006-412: The incident. Under existing United States federal law and Wyoming state law, crimes committed on the basis of sexual orientation could not be prosecuted as hate crimes. A few hours after Shepard was discovered, his friends Walt Boulden and Alex Trout began to contact media organizations, claiming that Shepard had been assaulted because he was gay. According to prosecutor Cal Rerucha, "They were calling

7119-557: The investigation have criticized Jimenez's conclusions, while other police said that there was evidence that drugs were an important factor that led to the murder. Members of the Westboro Baptist Church , led by Fred Phelps , received national attention for picketing Shepard's funeral with signs bearing homophobic slogans, such as "Matt in Hell" and "God Hates Fags". Church members also mounted anti-gay protests during

7232-605: The juridical situation: without distinguishing between male and female, it declared: "Lay persons can fulfill the function of lector in liturgical actions by temporary designation. All lay persons can also perform the functions of commentator or cantor , or other functions, according to the norm of law." On 30 June 1992, the Pontifical Council for the Interpretation of Legislative Texts issued an authentic interpretation of that canon declaring that service of

7345-400: The local press. The uproar that followed caused the board to decide on a new location for the science center and resulted in a new state statute making it necessary for any new structure built on the pasture to receive legislative approval. The statue known as University of Wyoming Family was installed in 1983 by UW professor Robert Russin in anticipation of the centennial celebration. In

7458-472: The look and feel of the interior. Ross Hall was built in 1959 and first used as a women's dormitory. In 1975, Ross Hall was converted to academic offices. It is located on the south side of Prexy's Pasture and is named after Nellie Tayloe Ross , Wyoming's and the nation's first woman governor, elected in 1924. There is a brass plaque relief of Nellie Ross in Ross Hall. She was married to William B. Ross ,

7571-516: The museum was closed to meet state budget cuts. Following this controversial decision, an endowment fund was set up to support the museum. After substantial infrastructure upgrades, the museum reopened to the public on January 12, 2013 and resumed its regular hours with free admission. Some exhibits, like the Late Cretaceous display, have been completed, while others are still under renovation. The University of Wyoming Anthropology Museum

7684-717: The noble tradition of having boys serve at the altar". As priests in charge of churches are not obliged to avail of a diocesan bishop's permission in this matter, those belonging to traditionalist Catholic groups such as the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter , the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest , the Institute of The Good Shepherd , the Society of Saint Pius X and the self-professed Catholic CMRI and some other priests do not. In

7797-505: The north was completed to make a food court , add more space for the bookstore, and create additional offices. Also, parts of the original building were remodeled to create the Campus Activities Center, an art gallery, and a ticket outlet. In 2000, the Wyoming Union underwent extensive renovation. The $ 12 million project moved the food court to the main level, expanded the bookstore to the lower level, and revitalized

7910-612: The on-campus, K-9 lab school provides a model of teaching and learning. The Counselor Education Training Clinic within the college offers free services for individuals, couples, families, adults, adolescents, and children. Services are provided by advanced graduate students under qualified clinical supervision. Offering 12 programs of study, the College of Engineering and Applied Science provides also undergraduate research opportunities, an International Engineering Program, and Earth Systems Science. The Enhanced Oil Recovery Institute (EORI)

8023-454: The original building, such as the circular design and mosaics, were maintained. The Berry Biodiversity Conservation Center was added to the University of Wyoming campus in January 2012. This building, which focuses on the study of biodiversity, is dedicated to Robert and Carol Berry, who gifted it to the University. The cost of the building was $ 15 million. It has three floors and 40,000 square feet with labs and an auditorium. The Berry Center

8136-718: The perpetuation of the American heritage" and assured Coe that the building would be "appropriately named". In 1955, the state legislature matched the Coe grant for an overall amount of $ 1.5 million. Laramie architects Eliot and Clinton Hitchcock, whose father had designed the Aven Nelson Memorial Building, teamed up with the Porter and Porter firm in Cheyenne to design the new library. Their modular design

8249-434: The president's office and the boardroom where the trustees often meet. In order to preserve the natural and open beauty of that portion of the University of Wyoming campus commonly known and referred to as "Prexy's Pasture", no structures, other than ornamental improvements, or buildings of any kind or type shall be located or constructed upon [that] portion of the campus ... Wyoming Legislature Statute Prexy's Pasture

8362-701: The priest's hand and the Cross on the vestment, and then withdraws to vest. Any server who has not been tonsured must remove the sticharion when he receives Holy Communion , because communicants receive the Mysteries according to their order within the Church (so tonsured clergy vest while laymen remove their vestments). Before divesting at the end of the service, the server must receive the priest's blessing. The minimum age varies by local circumstance, but boys must be mature enough to carry out their duties without disrupting

8475-434: The project involved the construction of a plaza at each corner, featuring trees and rocks styled after the rocky outcrops of nearby Vedauwoo . Two of the plazas, Simpson Plaza and Cheney Plaza, have been completed. In 2015, several exhibits from the exhibition Sculpture: A Wyoming Invitational were featured along the exterior walkway. In addition to its primary use by students travelling to and from classes or socializing,

8588-499: The quadrant of Wyoming they face. Each mosaic is over 2,200 square feet (200 m ) In 2007, after a two-year, $ 14.7 million renovation project, the Classroom Building reopened. The goal of the renovation was to incorporate new technology and redesign the seating better to meet the needs of students who carry laptops and backpacks. The building was also retrofitted with air conditioning. The unique characteristics of

8701-490: The real world settings, and transfer the information to Wyoming producers by forming partnerships and conducting workshops and conferences. The School of Energy Resources (SER) at the University of Wyoming was created in 2006 to enhance the university's energy-related education, research, and outreach. SER showcases the many energy research projects at UW and bridges academics and industry. The University of Wyoming's Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources (ENR) advances

8814-415: The reopening of the east portion and the closure and construction of the west portion, which is the historical section of the building. Throughout the renovation, the university hoped to keep and incorporate as much of the historical structure and facade as possible. The improvements included elevators, added classrooms, a space for athletic training, new racquetball courts, a climbing wall for Bouldering ,

8927-484: The request of fans following her tours at the time. In 1999, American singer-songwriter Melissa Etheridge released the song " Scarecrow " in Shepard's memory, from her sixth studio album Breakdown . In 2006, American metal band Trivium released the song " And Sadness Will Sear ", which was written as a tribute and reminder about Shepard's murder. University of Wyoming The University of Wyoming ( UW )

9040-522: The sacred vessels, the chalice and diskos (paten) at any time. They may not stand directly in front of the altar table or pass between the front of it and the iconostasis , but must cross between the altar and the High Place if they need to move to the opposite side. In general, women do not serve in the altar except in women's monasteries . In that case they do not receive the clerical tonsure (though they must be tonsured nuns ), and do not vest in

9153-515: The sanctity of the altar. Although it is common in North America for boys to act as altar servers, in some places this practice is virtually unknown and these duties are always carried out by adult men. In other places where altar servers are normally boys, adult men will not vest if called upon to serve. In yet other places, boys are not permitted to serve in the Altar on reaching their teens on

9266-612: The shelf space of the original Coe Library. The most recent renovation of the library was completed in the fall of 2009 and officially dedicated on November 19, 2009. Hinthorne Mott Architects designed the new wing, referred to as Coe East, which added 94,500 square feet (8,780 m ) to the library. The addition was part of a larger, $ 50 million project to modernize the library by integrating technology and information. The renovation created an additional 20 group study rooms, space for 180 computer terminals, and features art by James Surls . The Classroom Building, dedicated in 1971 at

9379-546: The state and federal level. In October 2009, the United States Congress passed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act (commonly the "Matthew Shepard Act" or "Shepard/Byrd Act" for short), and on October 28, 2009, President Barack Obama signed the legislation into law. Following their son's murder, Dennis and Judy Shepard became LGBTQ rights activists and established

9492-408: The state, with several on community college campuses, to give Wyoming residents access to a university education without relocating to Laramie. On September 27, 1886, the cornerstone of Old Main was laid, marking the beginning of the University of Wyoming. The stone is inscribed Domi Habuit Unde Disceret , which is often translated, "He need not go away from home for instruction." The following year,

9605-455: The sticharion, but wear their normal religious habit for attending services, and serve at a certain distance from the actual altar table. Normally, only older nuns may serve in the altar; but the Hegumenia ( Abbess ) is permitted to enter even if she is younger. A few parishes have begun to use women as altar servers. In many Anglican churches, and Lutheran churches, all who serve in

9718-933: The summer of 1994, and Shepard's parents subsequently resided at the Saudi Aramco Residential Camp in Dhahran . During that time, Shepard attended the American School in Switzerland (TASIS), from which he graduated in May 1995. There, he participated in theater, and took German and Italian courses. He then attended Catawba College in North Carolina and Casper College in Wyoming , before settling in Denver , Colorado . Shepard became

9831-419: The summer of 2004, Prexy's Pasture was remodeled as the first step in a two-part redesign project. The first step involved removing the asphalt roadway that circled the pasture and replacing it with concrete walkways to make the area a walking campus, as recommended by the 1966 and 1991 campus master plans. The grassy area was also increased, and new lampposts were installed for better lighting. The second phase of

9944-534: The tragic event that changed the Shepards' lives and America. The Meaning of Matthew follows the Shepard family in the days immediately after the crime to see their incapacitated son, kept alive by life support machines; how the Shepards learned of the huge public response, the candlelit vigils and memorial services for their child; and their struggles to navigate the legal system. American musician Tori Amos frequently dedicated her 1998 song "Merman" to Shepard, at

10057-522: The trials of Henderson and McKinney. In response, Romaine Patterson , one of Shepard's friends, organized a group that assembled in a circle around the Westboro Baptist Church protesters. The group wore white robes and gigantic wings (resembling angels ) that blocked the protesters. Despite this, Shepard's parents were able to hear the protesters shouting anti-gay remarks and comments directed toward them. The police intervened and created

10170-569: The two defendants were eligible for the death penalty . Their girlfriends, Kristen Price and Chasity Pasley, were charged with being accessories after the fact . At McKinney's November 1998 pretrial hearing, Sergeant Rob Debree testified that McKinney had stated in an interview on October 9 that he and Henderson had identified Shepard as a robbery target and pretended to be gay to lure him out to their truck, and that McKinney had attacked Shepard after Shepard put his hand on McKinney's knee. Detective Ben Fritzen testified that Price stated McKinney told her

10283-709: The understanding and resolution of environmental and natural resource challenges through education, dissemination of information, and collaborative decision-making support. Its academic programs emphasize interdisciplinary learning, providing students with applied learning experiences that prepare them to consider multiple perspectives to address natural resource issues. The Ruckelshaus Institute produces reports and convenes events on natural resource issues. The school offers courses in negotiation, facilitation, and media relations for natural resource professionals. The Biodiversity Institute provides research, education, and outreach to support biodiversity conservation and management. In 2016,

10396-512: The university announced a $ 27 million renovation to begin in the Spring of 2013 and be completed by the Fall of 2014. Groathouse Construction, a local construction management firm, carried out the project in two phases to allow maximum use of the facility while it was under construction. Phase One would consist of the demolition and recreation of the east portion of the building. Phase Two would include

10509-535: The university announced that it had received its largest estate gift ever, from the artist Neltje Doubleday Kings , known as Neltje, consisting of her ranches, art collection, and other holdings. When realized, the gif created the UW Neltje Center for the Visual and Literary Arts, combining programs of three of the university's departments: creative writing, arts, and the art museum. The College of Business

10622-503: The university announced that the Haub School would become a full academic college beginning in the 2017 academic year. The College of Health Sciences offers programs in pharmacy, nursing, social work, kinesiology, communication disorders, and dental hygiene, and students have the opportunity to receive pre-professional advising. Altar boy While the function of altar server is commonly associated with children, it can be and

10735-410: The university have changed, the area has been altered and redesigned. The original design was established in 1924, and in 1949, the area was landscaped with blue spruce and mugo pine . In February 1965, the board of trustees decided to construct the new science center on the west side of Prexy's Pasture. The board president, Harold F. Newton, who was concerned about the location, leaked the decision to

10848-640: The university received a $ 100,000 gift from the Wyoming State Legislature, designated to be used for new buildings, such as a library, the gymnasium and armory, a power plant, an engineering building, and an expansion of the Hoyt Hall dormitory. The original structure occupied half an acre (0.20 ha), hence the name "Half Acre Gym". It was one of the largest facilities of its type at the time. The building has undergone several renovations to increase its size and structural safety. In 2012,

10961-406: The university removed the central spire because of structural concerns. The size of auditorium was reduced during a 1936 renovation. In 1949, the university thoroughly remodeled the building and completely removed the auditorium and exterior stairs. At that time, it officially became known as Old Main, and the name was carved above the east entrance. Old Main houses university administration, including

11074-431: The use of female altar servers. It is thus for each diocesan bishop to decide whether to allow them in his diocese. A later document from 2001 states that even if a bishop permits female altar servers, the priest in charge of a church in that diocese is not obliged to recruit them, since no one, male or female, has a right to become an altar server. The document also states that "it will always be very appropriate to follow

11187-546: The violence against Shepard was triggered by how McKinney "[felt] about gays". In December 1998, Pasley pleaded guilty to being an accessory after the fact to first-degree murder. On April 5, 1999, Henderson avoided going to trial when he pleaded guilty to murder and kidnapping charges. In order to avoid the death penalty, he agreed to testify against McKinney and was sentenced by District Judge Jeffrey A. Donnell to two consecutive life terms . At Henderson's sentencing, his lawyer argued that Shepard had not been targeted because he

11300-476: Was a hate crime at all." Rerucha said, "It was a murder that was once again driven by drugs." Stephen Jimenez , the producer of the 2004 20/20 segment, went on to write a book, The Book of Matt: Hidden Truths About the Murder of Matthew Shepard , which was published in September 2013. The book said that Shepard and McKinney—the killer who inflicted the injuries—had been occasional sex partners and that Shepard

11413-541: Was a lack of support from antiwar Democrats. On December 10, 2007, congressional powers attached bipartisan hate crimes legislation to a Department of Defense Authorization bill, although it failed to pass. Nancy Pelosi , Speaker of the House, said she was "still committed to getting the Matthew Shepard Act passed". Pelosi planned to get the bill passed in early 2008 although she did not succeed. Following his election as president, Barack Obama stated that he

11526-481: Was a methamphetamine dealer. Jimenez wrote that Fritzen told an interviewer "Matthew Shepard's sexual preference or sexual orientation certainly wasn't the motive in the homicide...". Many commentators have criticized Jimenez's views on the attack by classifying them as being sensational and misleading, criticisms which were shared by gay advocacy organizations and cultural critics. Some commentators, however, have spoken up to defend them. Some police that were involved in

11639-439: Was born in 1981. The two brothers had a close relationship. Shepard attended Crest Hill Elementary School , Dean Morgan Junior High School , and Natrona County High School for his freshman through junior years. As a child, he was "friendly with all his classmates", but was targeted and teased due to his small stature and lack of athleticism. He developed an interest in politics at an early age. Saudi Aramco hired his father in

11752-439: Was committed to passing the act. The U.S. House of Representatives debated expansion of hate crimes legislation on April 29, 2009. During the debate, Representative Virginia Foxx of North Carolina called the "hate crime" labeling of Shepard's murder a "hoax". Foxx later called her comments "a poor choice of words". The House passed the act, designated H.R. 1913 , by a vote of 249 to 175. Ted Kennedy , Patrick Leahy , and

11865-458: Was driven to temporary insanity by alleged sexual advances by Shepard. This defense was rejected by the judge. McKinney's lawyer stated that the two men wanted to rob Shepard but never intended to kill him. Rerucha argued that the killing had been premeditated, driven by "greed and violence", rather than by Shepard's sexual orientation. The jury found McKinney not guilty of premeditated murder but guilty of felony murder and began to deliberate on

11978-510: Was formed regarding the implementation of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques in Wyoming. The mission of EORI is "to promote the recovery of Wyoming's 'stranded' oil." The Institute assists Wyoming operators with EOR projects by applying existing technologies and creating new knowledge when necessary, maximize the economic potential, minimize the risk of EOR projects, facilitate the testing, evaluation, and documentation of EOR recommendations in

12091-456: Was gay. McKinney's trial took place in October and November 1999. Prosecutor Cal Rerucha alleged that McKinney and Henderson pretended to be gay to gain Shepard's trust. Price, McKinney's girlfriend, testified that Henderson and McKinney had "pretended they were gay to get [Shepard] in the truck and rob him." McKinney's lawyer attempted to put forward a gay panic defense , arguing that McKinney

12204-486: Was hired as a professor of mining and geology, took over as the museum curator. The museum moved to the Hall of Science in 1902 and continued to expand. By the time the collection was moved to its current location in 1956, Knight's son Samuel Howell Knight had made the university's Geology Department well known around the country. Samuel Howell Knight acquired many of the exhibits and paintings that are still on display, including

12317-468: Was introduced as federal bipartisan legislation in the U.S. Congress , sponsored by Democrat John Conyers with 171 co-sponsors. It would amend the existing federal hate crimes definition and expand it to cover gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability, and require reporting by the FBI of those crimes included in the expansion. Shepard's parents attended the introduction ceremony. The bill passed

12430-590: Was introduced in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives in November 1997, and reintroduced in March 1999, but was passed by only the Senate in July 1999. In September 2000, both houses of Congress passed such legislation; however, it was stripped out in conference committee . On March 20, 2007, the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act ( H.R. 1592 )

12543-756: Was one of the inaugural 50 American "pioneers, trailblazers, and heroes" inducted on the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor within the Stonewall National Monument (SNM) in New York City 's Stonewall Inn . The SNM is the first U.S. national monument dedicated to LGBTQ rights and history , and the wall's unveiling was timed to take place during the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots . Requests for new legislation to address hate crimes gained momentum during coverage of

12656-493: Was popular at the time and they intended to make the space very functional. The layout provided room for over 500,000 books and seating for at least 900 students. In May 1956, one year after the death of Coe, ground was broken and construction began on the building. The William Robertson Coe Library was finished in time for the Fall 1958 semester. In 1979, the stack tower was completed. This structure, designed by Kellogg and Kellogg of Cheyenne and Rock Springs, Wyoming, almost doubled

12769-424: Was the type of person who was very approachable and always looked to new challenges. Shepard had a great passion for equality and always stood up for the acceptance of people's differences." Michele Josue, who had been Shepard's friend and later created a documentary about him, Matt Shepard Is a Friend of Mine, described him as "a tenderhearted and kind person." In 1995, Shepard was abducted, beaten and raped during

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