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33-656: In ca. 765, Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria established the Mattsee Benedictine Abbey, which became a part of the Diocese of Passau in 993 and was transformed into a college of canons . The Bishops of Passau had the Mattsee Castle built in the 12th century. Under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Salzburg , the college has existed since 1807. The abbey church, a Gothic building, has

66-534: A Baroque equipment and a prominent 60m/197 ft high steeple added in 1766. Adjacent is a museum showing paintings of Johann Michael Rottmayr , an astronomical clock , and an 860 grant deed by King Louis the German . The lake's water has a reputation of being of excellent quality, being fed by underground springs. The fahr(T)raum museum exhibits the car collection of Ernst Piëch, grandson of Ferdinand Porsche . This Salzburg state location article

99-632: A bad Latin translation, consulted with his theologians and sent the Pope the Capitulare contra synodum (792), a response critical of several passages found in the council's acts. He also had his theologians, including Theodulf of Orleans , compose the more comprehensive Libri Carolini . Pope Adrian reacted to the Capitulare with a defense of the Council. In 794, a synod held at Frankfurt discussed

132-550: A reason for Rome's lack of support for him during his later conflict with Charlemagne. Still, there is a consensus among historians that Tassilo, despite acting as a kingly sovereign, did not intend to become king himself. Tassilo nevertheless undertook such kingly duties as founding Kremsmünster Abbey . In 772, Tassilo sent his son Theodo to Italy to visit the court of his grandfather, Desiderius, and to be baptised by Pope Adrian I in Rome on 19 May. In 773, Tassilo sent an embassy to

165-423: A treaty with Duke Tassilo, and married Liutperga's sister, Desiderata , to surround Carloman with his own allies. Less than a year later, Charlemagne repudiated Desiderata and married Hildegard , the daughter of Count Gerold of Kraichgau and his wife Emma, daughter, in turn, of Duke Nebe (Hnabi) of Alemannia. Hildegard's father had extensive possessions in the territory under Carloman's dominion. This marriage

198-422: A vassal, Roper Pearson suggests that to be the beginning of a campaign to depict Tassilo as an oath-breaker and someone unprepared to carry out the main function of his office, to fight, which would make him unfit for rule. Stuart Airlie has argued that the reason why Charlemagne removed Tassilo from power was the greater power he had in the duchy of Bavaria and the greater independency he displayed, Airlie compares

231-457: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tassilo III of Bavaria Tassilo III ( c. 741 – c. 796) was the duke of Bavaria from 748 to 788, the last of the house of the Agilolfings . He was the son of Duke Odilo of Bavaria and Hitrud , daughter of Charles Martel . Tassilo, then still a child, began his rule as a Frankish ward under the tutelage of his uncle,

264-683: Is reported that Tassilo had gained such a reputation that he was regarded as a kingly ruler when his cousins Charles and Carloman assumed power in the Frankish realm in 768. That year, he founded Gars Abbey on the Inn River , in southern Bavaria. In the following year, 769, Tassilo issued in Bolzano the foundation charter of the Innichen Abbey . He was, however, not able to protect the pope against Lombard expansions, which has been seen as

297-655: The Carolingian Mayor of the Palace Pepin the Short (later king ) after Tassilo's father, Duke Odilo of Bavaria , had died in 748 and Pepin's half-brother Grifo had tried to seize the duchy for himself. Pepin removed Grifo and installed the young Tassilo as duke, but under Frankish overlordship in 749. In 757, according to the Royal Frankish Annals , Tassilo became Pepin's vassal and

330-730: The Duchy of Rome , the Exarchate of Ravenna , and the Pentapolis in the Marches , which consisted of the "five cities" on the Adriatic coast from Rimini to Ancona with the coastal plain as far as the mountains. He celebrated the occasion by striking the earliest papal coin, and in a mark of the direction the mediaeval papacy was to take, no longer dated his documents by the Emperor in

363-758: The Lombards , and Adrian was compelled to seek the assistance of the Frankish king Charlemagne , who entered Italy with a large army. Charlemagne besieged Desiderius in his capital of Pavia . After taking the town, he banished the Lombard king to the Abbey of Corbie in France , and adopted the title "King of the Lombards" himself. The pope, whose expectations had been aroused, had to content himself with some additions to

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396-508: The 10th century, villages were carved out of Adrian's Capracorum estate: Campagnano , mentioned first in 1076; Formello , mentioned in 1027; Mazzano , mentioned in 945; and Stabia (modern Faleria ), mentioned in 998. While the Lombards had always been openly respectful of the papacy, the popes distrusted them. The popes had sought aid from the Eastern Roman Empire to keep them in check. Adrian continued this policy. Because

429-533: The Aquitanian duke Hunoald I during his conflict with Pepin in 743. Whatever the motivations behind Tassilo's abandonment of the campaign, the Royal Frankish Annals for that year are particularly scathing of him, saying that he "brushed aside his oaths and all his promises and sneaked away on a wicked pretext". Working on the premise that the annals may have been revised to emphasise Tassilo as

462-592: The East could offer no direct aid, Adrian then looked to the Franks to offset the power of the Lombards. Upon the death of Pepin the Short in 768, his kingdom was left to his sons Charlemagne and Carloman I . Relations between the brothers is said to have been strained. In 770 Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria married a Lombard princess, Liutperga , daughter of King Desiderius, to confirm the traditional alliance between Lombardy and Bavaria. That same year, Charlemagne concluded

495-512: The Franks". When the Pope failed to do so, Desiderius invaded Papal territory and seized the Duchy of the Pentapolis . Charlemagne besieged Pavia and took the Lombard crown for himself. He then restored the Pentapolis to the Papacy as well as some of the captured Lombard territory. Shortly after Adrian's accession in 772, the territory ruled by the papacy was invaded by Desiderius , king of

528-487: The Lombard court at Pavia. Desiderius made overtures to Pope Adrian, requesting that he acknowledge Carloman's sons' right to succeed their father, and crown them as Kings of the Franks. With Charlemagne occupied with a campaign against the Saxons, Desiderius saw an opportunity to take all of Italy. He invaded the Duchy of the Pentapolis which had been given to the papacy in 756 by Charlemagne's father. Desiderius's support of

561-494: The Lombards to expand their holdings in Italy at the expense of the papacy. Not receiving any support from Constantinople, the popes looked for help to the Franks. Adrian's tenure saw the culmination of on-going territorial disputes between Charlemagne and his brother Carloman I . The Lombard king Desiderius supported the claims of Carloman's sons to their late father's land, and requested Pope Adrian crown Carloman's sons "Kings of

594-492: The Muslims, he maintained the prohibition of Pope Zachary of selling slaves to Muslims, whom Adrian described as "the unspeakable race of Saracens ," in order to guarantee a labor pool and to keep the power of Muslim rivals in check. He also encouraged Charlemagne to lead his troops into Spain against the Muslims there, and was generally interested in expanding Christian influence and eliminating Muslim control. The rise in

627-526: The churches of Santa Maria in Cosmedin , decorated by Greek monks fleeing from the iconoclast persecutions, and of San Marco in Rome. At the time of his death at the age of 95, his was the longest pontificate since Saint Peter (the first pope) until it was surpassed by the 24-year papacy of Pius VI in the late 18th century. Only three other popes – Pius IX , Leo XIII , and John Paul II  – have reigned for longer periods since. Adrian's epitaph

660-484: The claims of Carloman's sons posed a potential challenge to the legitimacy of Charlemagne's possession of his brother's lands. In 773, he cut short a military campaign near Paderborn, crossed the Alps, and laid siege to Pavia. In exchange for their lives, the Lombards surrendered and Desiderius was sent to the abbey of Corbie. Charlemagne assumed the title "King of the Lombards". From 781 Adrian began dating papal documents by

693-489: The countryside north of Veii . The villa is documented in Liber Pontificalis , but its site was not rediscovered until the 1960s, when excavations revealed the structures on a gently-rounded hill that was only marginally capable of self-defense, but fully self-sufficient for a mixed economy of grains and vineyards , olives , vegetable gardens and piggery with its own grain mill, smithies and tile-kilns . During

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726-543: The duchy of Bavaria was similar to Aquitaine in the independent nature and threat to Carolingian rule. The incident was the linchpin in Charlemagne and Pope Adrian's argument that Tassilo was not an independent prince but a rebellious vassal, deserving punishment. The punishment was carried out, after much political maneuvering, during a diet in the Imperial Palace Ingelheim in 788, when Tassilo

759-522: The east, but by the reign of Charles, king of the Franks. He recognized the authority of Pope Adrian I, and in return the pope gave Charlemagne the title of "Patrician of Rome". A mark of such newly settled conditions in the Duchy of Rome is the Domusculta Capracorum , the central Roman villa that Adrian assembled from a nucleus of his inherited estates and acquisitions from neighbors in

792-575: The issue but refused to receive the Libri and contented itself with condemning extreme forms of veneration of icons. In 787 Adrian elevated the English diocese of Lichfield to an archdiocese at the request of the English bishops and King Offa of Mercia to balance the ecclesiastic power in that land between Kent and Mercia . He gave the Lichfield bishop Hygeberht the pallium in 788. Regarding

825-406: The lord for his lands at an assembly held at Compiegne . There, he is reported to have sworn numerous oaths to Pepin and, according to reports that may have been written much later, promised fealty to him and his sons, Charles and Carloman . However, the highly legalistic account is quite out of character for the period. K. L. Roper Pearson has suggested that it probably represents a reworking of

858-461: The number of Christian girls being married to Muslims in al-Andalus prompted a letter of concern from Adrian. Adrian's response was due to dispatches from bishop Egila, who had been tasked with preaching the gospel in the peninsula. Egila eventually fell in with the Migetians , a rigorist sect, provoking Adrian's condemnation. Adrian restored some of the ancient aqueducts of Rome and rebuilt

891-463: The original document by the annalist to emphasise Charlemagne's overlordship over Tassilo during the period of hostilities between the two rulers. Around 760, Tassilo married Liutperga , daughter of the Lombard king, Desiderius , continuing a tradition of Lombardo-Bavarian connections. He made several journeys to Italy to visit his father-in-law and to establish political relations with the pope. It

924-571: The pope, but it was blocked by Charles, who was suspicious of the duke's alliances with Saxons , Wends , and Avars . In 788 Tassilo was accused by the Franks of defaulting on his military obligations to Pepin, leaving the Frankish campaign in Aquitaine on grounds of ill health way back in 763. Roper Pearson suggests that he left because he felt an obligation to the Aquitanians in light of an earlier alliance, made between Tassilo's father and

957-468: The years of Charlemagne's reign, instead of the reign of the Byzantine Emperor . Friendly relations between pope and king were not disturbed by the theological dispute about the veneration of icons. In 787, Second Council of Nicaea , approved by Pope Adrian, had confirmed the practice and excommunicated the iconoclasts . Charlemagne, however, who had received the Council's decisions only in

990-744: Was advantageous to Charlemagne because it allowed him to strengthen his position east of the Rhine and also bind the Alemannian nobility to his side. With Desiderata's return to her father's court at Pavia, Desiderius was grievously insulted, and appears to have made an alliance with Carloman against Charlemagne and the Papacy, which looked to the Franks for protection against Lombard incursions into Papal territory. Carloman died in December 771, and when Charlemagne seized his brother's territory, Carloman's widow, Gerberga , and their two sons fled for refuge to

1023-484: Was finally deposed and then entered a monastery. In 794, Tassilo was again compelled, at the Synod of Frankfurt , to renounce his and his family's claims to Bavaria . He formally handed over to the king all of the rights that he had held. Tassilo died reportedly on 11 December 796 at Lorsch Abbey, to which he had been banished by Charlemagne. A lost chronicle of Tassilo's reign was kept by his chancellor, Creontius . It

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1056-601: Was originally located in his burial chapel in St. Peter's Basilica , which was demolished in the mid-15th century as reconstruction works were initiated by Pope Nicholas V ; since 1619 it has been preserved in the portico as rebuilt by Carlo Maderno . It is placed high on the wall between the Door of the Dead and the Door of Good and Evil. Charlemagne commissioned it in 796 and organized

1089-494: Was partially preserved in the 16th century, when Johannes Aventinus incorporated some of its material into his Bavarian history. Pope Adrian I Pope Adrian I ( Latin : Hadrianus I ; 700 – 25 December 795) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 1 February 772 until his death. He was the son of Theodore, a Roman nobleman. Adrian and his predecessors had to contend with periodic attempts by

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