The Maulets ( Valencian pronunciation: [mawˈlets] ) was a partisan group of Valencian supporters of Archduke Charles , who claimed the Spanish throne as Charles III during the War of the Spanish Succession . They were antagonists to the Botiflers camp, the supporters of competing claimant and eventual winner of the war, Philip, Duke of Anjou (Philip V).
117-517: (Redirected from Maulet ) Maulets may refer to: Maulets (history) , Valencian supporters of Archduke Charles during the War of the Spanish Succession. Maulets (politics) , a Catalan pro-independence youth political organization. Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
234-487: A common administration: Barcelona , Girona , Lleida and Tarragona . On several occasions during the first third of the 20th century, Catalonia gained and lost varying degrees of autonomy, recovering the administrative unity in 1914, when the four Catalan provinces were authorized to create a commonwealth (Catalan: Mancomunitat ) and, after the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931,
351-554: A complex institutional and political system based on the concept of pact between the estates of the realm and the monarch. The laws (called constitutions) had to be approved in the General Court of Catalonia, one of the first parliamentary bodies of Europe that banned the royal power to create legislation unilaterally, sharing it with the estates represented in the Court (since 1283). The first Catalan constitutions , derived from
468-766: A fortress in English hands. When news came out, effectively the people revolted. In Valencia the shouts of “Long live to Basset, before than Charles III” proved the real allegiances of the Valencian Maulets . In fact, Peterborough had to turn those cannons meant to defend Valencia from the Bourbons, around to aim at the revolting population, to drive them off. During days there were demonstrations of protest, letters sent to Charles in Barcelona and all kind of public declarations in favour of Basset and his reforms . But
585-767: A land that produced and exported the same products , did not compensate them in any way for the losses. Since the year 1704, Francesc Davila , who probably was a leader of the Segona Germania who had escaped persecution, toured all the southern counties of Valencia explaining to the peasants that the Austrian pretender was ready to abolish all the rights of the Nobles to higher taxes than the ones imposed by Jaume I. When Joan Baptista Basset disembarked in Altea in August 1705,
702-613: A large degree of autonomy. At the end of the 12th century in Catalonia, there were 12 vegueries. By the end of the reign of Peter the Great (1285) there were 17, and by the time of James the Just, there were 21. After the French annexion of the vegueries of Perpignan and Vilafranca de Conflent in 1659, Catalonia retained a division of 15 vegueries, nine sotsvegueries and the special district of
819-518: A mile north of the new border. Catalan institutions were suppressed in this part of the territory and, in 1700, public use of Catalan language was prohibited. In recent times, this ceded area has come to be known by nationalist political parties in Catalonia as Northern Catalonia (Roussillon in French), part of the Catalan-spoken territories known as Catalan Countries . Currently, this region
936-443: A new revolt commenced and spread out everywhere. Basset rode to Valencia , via Dénia, Gandia and Alzira without meeting any real resistance. When the mostly Bourbonic supporting Nobles or the fortresses tried to resist, it were the armed villagers who forced them to flee . Together with the viceroy, Duke Gandia, a long list of Nobles and “botiflers” siding with Philip V of Spain fled, not to Valencia, but to Castile; they did not trust
1053-576: A new stage of Catalan-Aragonese expansion, this time over the Kingdom of Naples , over which he eventually gained rule in 1443. However, he aggravated the social crisis in the Principality of Catalonia, both in the countryside and in the cities. Political conflict in Barcelona arose due to the disputes over the control of the Consell de Cent between two political factions, Biga and Busca looking for
1170-543: A renewed Maulet revolt, this time against one whom they considered their legitimate King, all with a Bourbon army at the doors of the Kingdom ready for war, would have been suicidal. A victory of the Bourbons would have meant the return of the Botiflers, and the previous state of affairs. Consequently, Maulets resigned and stopped their protests, believing that the pretender Charles, in coming to Valencia shortly, would repair
1287-473: A result of the War of the Spanish Succession defeat at the beginning of the 18th century. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the role of the political community in local affairs and the general government of the country was increased, while the royal powers remained relatively restricted, which was attested after the two last Courts (1701–1702 and 1705–1706). The prolonged absence of the monarchs, who resided most of
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#17327909603121404-519: A solution to the economic crisis. Meanwhile, the remença (serfs') peasants subjected to the feudal abuses known as evil customs began to organize themselves as a syndicate against seignorial pressures, seeking protection from the monarch. Alfonso's brother, John II ("the Unreliable"), was a deeply hated regent and ruler, both in the Basque kingdom of Navarre and in Catalonia. The opposition of
1521-439: A very high expense for the peasants. Probably, the hunger for land amongst those poor families led them to accept the conditions , and during 50 years there were no known protests. Towards the end of the 17th century, a part of these new peasant population profited from the prosperity arising from cultivating and exporting mainly wine and its derivatives, brandy and prunes, and in lesser extent, silk . Then, they started to question
1638-595: Is administratively part of French Département of Pyrénées-Orientales . In the last decades of the 17th century during the reign of Spain's last Habsburg king, Charles II , despite intermittent conflict between Spain and France and new internal conflicts like the Revolt of the Barretines (1687–1689), the population increased to approximately 500.000 inhabitants and the Catalan economy improved. This economic growth
1755-538: Is also the name of a present-day political organisation for youths supporting Catalan independence from Spain . As a compensation for having lost the Moor workforce which was expelled from Spain in 1492, the King gave the nobility all the right on the lands that these people had farmed before leaving. This allowed them to impose on the newly arrived Christian population taxes and partitions of lands which in some counties became
1872-673: Is an older reference, in a more informal context, in Bernat Desclot 's chronicles, dating from the second half of the 13th century. As the Count of Barcelona and the Courts added more counties under his jurisdiction, such as the County of Urgell , the name of Catalonia, which comprised several counties of different names including the County of Barcelona , was used for the whole. The terms Catalonia and Catalans were commonly used to refer to
1989-543: Is considered the symbolic and historic successor of this institution. In order to recapt the "tax of the General", the Courts of 1359 established a permanent representation of deputies, called Deputation of the General (in Catalan: Diputació del General ) and later usually known as Generalitat , which gained considerable political power over the next centuries. The Principality saw a prosperous period during
2106-521: Is considered to be in the second half of the 12th century when the Catalan counties form a unified and cohesive political entity, –although jurisdictionally divided– called "Catalonia". This happens because the counts of Barcelona became the one hand, the majority of sovereigns Catalan Counties and the other hand kings of Aragon, which helped them prevail in the rest of autonomous Catalan counts ( Pallars , Urgell and Empúries ) if they were not in their feudal vassals, while also incorporated its extensive domain
2223-405: Is where the use of the term "principality" comes in, since at least since the 12th century, the word was synonymous with the term "kingdom" which alluded generically to political entities which categorize historiographically the expression "Medieval States". Yet it was not until the 14th century – specifically, since 1350 – that, thanks to work of Peter III of Aragon ,
2340-633: The Gesta Comitum Barchinonensium were compiled and written, being considered together as the three milestones of Catalan political identity. His son, King Peter II of Aragon , faced the defense of the Occitan territories, acquired from the times of Ramon Berenguer I onwards, from the Albigensian Crusade . The Battle of Muret (12 September 1213) and the unexpected defeat of King Peter and his vassals and allies,
2457-598: The Archduke Charles of Austria (as Charles III of Spain) landed in Barcelona. Previously, the same year, the Principality of Catalonia and the Kingdom of England signed the Pact of Genoa , receiving the first one protection to its institutions and liberties, entering in the pro-Habsburg Grand Alliance . The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) put end to the war, and the allied armies withdrew from Catalonia which, nonetheless, remained fighting with its own army by decision of
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#17327909603122574-582: The Byzantine Empire to fight the Turks, defeating them in several battles. After the assassination of Roger de Flor by orders of the emperor's son Michael Palaiologos (1305), the Company took revenge by sacking Byzantine territory, and they conquered the duchies of Athens and Neopatras in the name of the King of Aragon. Catalan rule over Greek lands lasted until 1390. This territorial expansion
2691-569: The Count-Duke of Olivares , minister of Philip IV , tried to establish the military contribution of the states of the monarchy, the Unión de Armas ( Union of Arms ), but the resistance of Catalonia to the project was strong. This events, alongside other factors such as the economic crisis, the continuous presence of royal soldiers and the peasants' revolts led to the Reapers' War (1640–1652), in
2808-515: The Duchy of Milan , for example. Following the Nueva Planta decrees of 1716 at the end of the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) and the subsequent dismantling of the Catalan institutional system, the territory being annexed to Castile became a province of the new and more unified Kingdom of Bourbon Spain, but "principality" continued to be the definition of the territory, as witnessed in
2925-552: The Junta de Braços until the capitulation of Barcelona after a long siege on 11 September 1714. The victorious army of Philip V occupied the capital of Catalonia and (as happened to the kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia, also loyals to Charles) the king enacted the Nueva Planta decrees in 1716. The decrees abolished the main Catalan institutions and public laws (except the civil and mercantile laws ), establishing absolutism as
3042-594: The Languedoc and recognized the Capetian king of France Louis IX as heir of the Carolingian dynasty . In return, the King of France formally renounced his claims of feudal lordship over all the Catalan counties. This treaty confirmed, from French point of view, the independence of the Catalan counties established and exercised during the previous three centuries, but also meant the irremediable separation between
3159-663: The Middle Ages stemming from a number of these small counties throughout the northernmost part of Catalonia. The counts of Barcelona were Frankish vassals nominated by the Carolingian emperor, then the king of the Franks, to whom they were feudatories (801–988). In 878, Wilfred the Hairy , count of Urgell and Cerdanya, was appointed count of Barcelona, Girona and Osona. Since then, these last three counties were always ruled by
3276-599: The Romanesque art in Catalonia (monasteries of Santa Maria de Ripoll and Montserrat , collegiate church of Cardona, cathedral of Girona ...) as well as to the maintenance of rich libraries nourished by Classical, Visigothic and Arab works. The scholar and mathematician Gerbert d'Aurillac (future pope under the name of Sylvester II ) studied in Vic and Ripoll and knowledge of mathematics and astronomy were introduced from Arabic. In 988 Count Borrell II did not recognise
3393-583: The Spanish Empire , which engaged in frequent warfare in Europe striving for world domination. In 1516 Charles I of Spain became the first king to rule the Crowns of Castile and Aragon simultaneously by his own right. Following the death of his paternal ( House of Habsburg ) grandfather, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor , he was also elected Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , in 1519. The reign of Charles V
3510-541: The Val d'Aran . These administrative divisions remained until 1716 when they were replaced by the Castilian corregimientos . The Usage Princeps namque , dating from the 11th century, regulated the defense of the prince and the Principality, and became the basis of the organization of self-defense and paramilitary units throughout Catalan history, materialized in mutual-protection agreements known as Sagramental , while
3627-637: The Western Roman Empire 's collapse near the end of the 5th century. Moorish Al-Andalus gained control in the early 8th century, after conquering the Visigothic kingdom in 711–718. After the defeat of Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi 's troops at Tours in 732, the Franks gradually gained control of the former Visigoth territories north of the Pyrenees, which had been captured by
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3744-590: The "battle" of Setla de Nunyes . The peasants in this Segona Germania revolt claimed more or less the same as the Maulets would a few years later. They refused the right of the Lords on the former Moorish lands, and called on the Medieval rights given by James I of Aragon during the conquest of the Kingdom, to denounce an alleged lack of legality of the exploitation by the lords, “who treated them like Moors”, given
3861-561: The 13th century and the first half of the 14th. The population increased; Catalan language and culture expanded into the islands of the Western Mediterranean. The reign of Peter III of Aragon ("the Great") included the conquest of Sicily and the successful defense against a French crusade ; his son and successor Alfonso III ("the Generous") conquered Menorca; and Peter's second son James II conquered Sardinia; Catalonia
3978-544: The 14th century saw crucial changes for Catalonia, marked by a succession of natural catastrophes, demographic crises, stagnation and decline in the Catalan economy, and the rise of social tensions. The year 1333 was known as Lo mal any primer (Catalan: "The first bad year") due to poor wheat harvest. The domains of the Aragonese Crown were affected severely by the Black Death pandemic and by later outbreaks of
4095-562: The Basque kingdom . This resulted in the reinforcement of the concept of Spain, which was already present in the mind of these kings, made up by the former Crown of Aragon, Castile, and a Navarre annexed to Castile (1515). In 1492, the last remaining portion of Al-Andalus around Granada was conquered and the Spanish conquest of the Americas began. Political power began to shift away from Aragon toward Castile and, subsequently, from Castile to
4212-585: The Bourbonics after a fierce battle, and was afterwards razed and set on fire as a reprisal. In Valencia, the Maulets tried in vain to hinder the entrance of the Bourbonic army, but Berwick and Asfeld managed their way in. When, in 1710, the war seemed to turn back in favor of Charles III, the city of Valencia raised again in anti-Bourbon revolt. The Maulets appeared on the streets again, awaiting in vain an Austriacista fleet that had to disembark troops at
4329-603: The Catalan Church from the bishopric of Narbonne . In 1137 Count Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona married Queen Petronilla of Aragon , establishing the dynastic union of the County of Barcelona and its dominions with the Kingdom of Aragon , which was to create the Crown of Aragon . The reign of Ramon Berenguer IV saw the Catalan conquest of Lleida and Tortosa. Their son, Alfons , was the first king of Aragon who, in turn
4446-630: The Catalan Courts. After decades of conflict, the remença peasants were liberated from most of feudal abuses by the Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe (1486), in exchange for a payment. The marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon (1469) unified two of the three major Christian kingdoms in the Iberian peninsula, while the Kingdom of Navarre was incorporated later following Ferdinand II's 1512 invasion of
4563-404: The Catalonia under Spanish administration (now as a province) continued the process of proto-industrialization , relatively helped at the end of the century from the beginning of open commerce to America and protectionist policies enacted by the Spanish government (although the policy of Spanish government during those times changed many times between free trade and protectionism), consolidating
4680-613: The Crown, including Valencia , the Balearic Islands , Sardinia , Sicily , Naples , and Athens , constituting a thalassocracy across the Mediterranean. The crisis of the 14th century , the end of the rule of House of Barcelona (1410) and a civil war (1462–1472) weakened the role of the Principality in Crown and international affairs. The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in 1469 laid
4797-546: The Frankish king Hugh Capet and his new dynasty, effectively taking Barcelona out of Frankish rule. From that point on, the counts of Barcelona often referred to themselves as princeps (prince), in order to show their preeminence over the other Catalan counts. During the 9th and 10th centuries, the counties increasingly became a society of aloers , peasant proprietors of small, family-based farms, who lived by subsistence agriculture and owed no formal feudal allegiance. At
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4914-639: The Generalitat was restored as an institution of self-government, but as in most regions of Spain, Catalan autonomy and culture were crushed to an unprecedented degree after the defeat of the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) which brought Francisco Franco to power. Public use of the Catalan language was again banned after a brief period of general recuperation. The Franco era ended with Franco's death in 1975; in
5031-483: The Islamic territories of Tortosa and Lleida . The political entity resulting from this process since the 13th century, was repeatedly mentioned the term "kingdom" as a medieval state, i.e. public domain political regime monarchist government. However, it consolidated this denomination officially, because, for various historical reasons, the rulers of the Kingdom of Aragon never used the title "King of Catalonia". This
5148-628: The King John II. The Civil War saw one of the first generalised use of firearms in a military conflict of Western Europe. In the Catalan Courts of 1493, King Ferdinand II confirmed the usage of Princeps namque . After the establishment of the monarchy of Spain in the 16th century, Catalans were found in Habsburg military, however, the Usage Princeps namque and the lack of a large Catalan manpower limited their presence in comparison to
5265-459: The Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula , it was colonized by Ancient Greeks , who chose to settle in Roses . Both Greeks and Carthaginians interacted with the main Iberian population. After the Carthaginian defeat, it became, along with the rest of Hispania , a part of the Roman Empire , Tarraco being one of the main Roman posts in the Iberian Peninsula and the capital of the province of Tarraconensis . The Visigoths ruled after
5382-458: The Muslims or had become allied with them, in what is today Catalonia. In 795, Charlemagne created what came to be known by historiography and some Frankish chronicles as the Marca Hispanica , a buffer zone beyond the province of Septimania , made up of locally administered separate counties which served as a defensive barrier between the Umayyad of Al-Andalus and the Frankish Kingdom . A distinctive Catalan culture started to develop in
5499-428: The Nobles, most of them siding with the Bourbons . Sure enough, Charles III, as an owner of royal lands and main lord of the Order of Montesa , had experienced a reduction in his income, by the Maulets refusal to pay. This money was absolutely necessary to keep the very expensive army together with which he hoped to win the war. In consequence, it was necessary to stop the Maulets and their chief, general Basset, but it
5616-411: The Nueva Planta decrees created by the Royal Audience of the Principality of Catalonia in 1716. This situation remained until the Kingdom of Spain was transformed permanently, despite several Carlist Wars , into a liberal state in 1833, when Javier de Burgos eliminated the province of the Principality of Catalonia, dividing the territory into the existing four provinces. Thus, the term disappeared from
5733-452: The Principality and limited the power of the kings. The General Court of Catalonia (or Catalan Courts), with roots dating from the 11th century, is one of the first parliamentary bodies of Europe that, since 1283, obtained the power to create legislation with the monarch. The Courts were composed of the three Estates organized in to "arms" (braços), were presided over by the monarch as count of Barcelona. The current Parliament of Catalonia
5850-400: The Principality of Catalonia and the other realms of the Crown of Aragon has been defined by historiography as "pactism". It designate the explicit or tacit pact between king and kingdom (in its organic and estamental representation), which decisively limited the royal power. The vegueria was a territorial organization of Catalonia headed by a veguer (Latin: vigerius ). The origins of
5967-436: The Principality of Catalonia became an official and popular name. This political entity was part of some composite monarchies or dynastic conglomerates, such as the Crown of Aragon, the Spanish monarchy and the Kingdom of France (1641–1652), being on an equal footing with other political communities of the time, or external in relation to great empires, as were the kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Valencia, England , Scotland or
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#17327909603126084-402: The Usages of Barcelona, are of the ones from the Catalan Courts ( Corts ) of Barcelona from 1283. The last ones were promulgated by the Courts of 1705–1706, presided by the disputed Habsburg King Charles III . The compilations of the Constitutions and other rights of Catalonia followed the Roman tradition of the Codex. This constitutions developed a compilation of rights for the inhabitants of
6201-441: The Valencian Maulets carried on fighting for their cause devoid of international allies. When the Bourbonic armies, led by Berwick himself, laid siege on Barcelona two regiments of Valencians were formed, the Mare de Déu dels Desamparats and the Sant Vicent Ferrer , to fight along their comrades in Catalonia. On September 11, 1714, when Barcelona fell in Bourbonic hands after a determined fight, many Maulets were counted among
6318-430: The Valencian country, had to organize armed resistance against Bourbonic attacks. He realized quickly that his peasant army of Maulets was no match for the professional Bourbonic army, let alone their French allies. Basset asked Charles III for military help. The help came, in the form of Earl of Peterborough and his English soldiers. Even though his arrival saved the delicate situation from enemies attacks, it also meant
6435-430: The Viceroy, the whole administration and surviving troops. The people and the Maulets were left at the mercy of the Bourbon advance. King Philip never hid his intentions to overrun the Furs (the Valencian laws) “by the just right of conquest”. The Valencian kingdom disappeared as a legal structure, and was only left as a name, empty of meaning. The Maulets resisted, especially in Xàtiva, a town which had to be taken by
6552-439: The administrative and political reality of the country. In 1931, Republican movements favoured its abandonment because it is historically related to the monarchy. Neither the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia , Spanish Constitution nor French Constitution , mention this denomination, but, despite most of them being republican, it is moderately popular among Catalan nationalists and independentists . The political system of
6669-425: The case that the Laws of the Kingdom banned these kind of taxes and tributes to the Christians. The Nobles, alleged that the King Philip III , expelling the Moriscos , had given them those lands in property, on which they then had every right to regulate. After their military defeat, the peasants unrest loomed. New clashes were ready to start in 1700 when Charles II of Spain died with no sons or clear heir, setting
6786-399: The collection of laws that ruled the county since the early 11th century. Usage #64 calls principatus the group of counties of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona, all of them under the authority of the count of Barcelona. The first reference to the term Principat de Cathalunya is found in the dispute between Peter IV of Aragon and III of Barcelona and the Kingdom of Mallorca in 1343, and it
6903-416: The conditions for the War of the Spanish Succession. When Philip V of Spain took possession of the Kingdom of Valencia (one of the component kingdoms of the larger Spanish Kingdom) as a Felip IV of Valencia, there were already many supporters of the archduke Charles of Austria in this territory, as well as in the Principality of Catalonia and Majorca . Their reasons were various, ranging from loyalty to
7020-448: The context of the Franco-Spanish War , in which Catalonia, governed by a Junta de Braços (revolutionary assembly or States-General) led by the president of the Generalitat, Pau Claris , broke with the Spanish king and briefly established itself as an independent republic under French protection in 1641, and later entered in a personal union with the Kingdom of France, appointing French king Louis XIII as count of Barcelona, but, after
7137-429: The counts of Toulouse, Comminges and Foix, against the French–Crusader armies, resulted in the fading of the strong human, cultural and economic ties existing between the ancient territories of Catalonia and the Languedoc. In the Treaty of Corbeil , 1258, James I of Aragon , descendant of Sunifred and Bello of Carcassonne and therefore heir of the House of Barcelona , relinquished his family rights and dominions in
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#17327909603127254-400: The creation of another political power led by count Cardona , with a military force independent from the Maulets and with no intention of allowing what they considered “plebeian excesses”. It all points to the fact that count Cardona and the English general had instructions, probably from the King, to end the “excesses” of Basset and the Maulets, in this way trying to gain back the support of
7371-465: The dawn of the War of the Spanish Succession , the Bourbon Duke of Anjou claimed the throne of Spain as Philip V , and the Principality initially supported his claim. However, repressive mesures of the viceroy Francisco de Velasco and authoritarian decisions of the king (some of them contrary to Catalan legislation), as well the economic policy and distrust to the French absolutism provoked that Catalonia to change sides in 1705, when Habsburg candidate,
7488-447: The dynasty of the House of Austria, hate towards the French by a part of the merchants and the industrials, and distrust for the suspected centralist attitude of Philip V of Spain, as seen by the Bourbon rule in France. Merchants and exporters of wine, brandy, silk, and other farming products, which was politically and economically very important, contacted a key person for their cause : General Joan Baptista Basset . General Basset
7605-420: The end of the century, most of the aloers had been converted into vassals. During the regency of countess Ermesinde of Carcassonne (1017–1057), which received the government of Barcelona after the death of her husband the count Ramon Borrell , the disintegration of central power was evident. The response of the Catholic Church to the feudal violence was the establishment of the sagreres around churches and
7722-648: The fallen. Many others, amongst them General Basset, who had directed the artillery of the resistance, were arrested and imprisoned. Others, who managed to escape from the Bourbonic troops via Majorca, or who were later on freed, ended up exiled in Vienna , at the court of “their” Charles III, now emperor of Austria. The War of Spanish Succession in Dénia (Valencia) (Spanish) Original Spanish version on Foro Libre Principality of Catalonia The Principality of Catalonia ( Catalan : Principat de Catalunya ; Occitan : Principat de Catalonha ; Spanish : Principado de Cataluña ; Latin : Principatus Cathaloniæ )
7839-463: The feudal aristocracy. It commonly heard pleas of the Crown, civil, and criminal cases. The veguer did, however, retain some military functions as well: he was the commander of the militia and the superintendent of royal castles. His job was law and order and the maintenance of the king's peace: in many respects an office analogous to that of the sheriff in England. Some of the larger vegueries included one or more sotsvegueries (subvigueries), which had
7956-441: The fighting. They awaited an opportunity to imprison him, but were fearful of his great popularity amongst the people and feared a rebellion of the Maulets if that ever happened. The occasion came when Charles III had defeated the Bourbons in Castile and had managed to enter Madrid on June 27, 1706. In between the popular celebrations, Peterborough secretly sent troops to Xàtiva, with the order to arrest Basset and imprison him in
8073-417: The first military successes, Catalans were finally defeated and reincorporated into the Crown of Spain in 1652. In 1659, after the Treaty of the Pyrenees signed by Philip IV of Spain , the comarques (counties) of Roussillon , Conflent , Vallespir and part of la Cerdanya , now known as French Cerdagne , were ceded to France. The town of Llívia remained part of Spain, however, an isolated enclave
8190-441: The first thing was to abolish all taxes to the Nobles. Basset even went further and with the doubtful legality of his high office, stopped paying any kind of tax to the tax collectors of the King. He also abolished the right of doors , a hated tax on products coming from the colonies into Valencia. He also tolerated, and even stimulated, a real persecution, expulsion and arrest of French citizens, mainly merchants, who were seen by
8307-401: The foundations of the monarchy of Spain . In 1492 the Spanish colonization of the Americas began, and political power began to shift away towards Castile . Tensions between Catalan institutions and the monarchy, alongside the peasants' revolts, provoked the Reapers' War (1640–1659), who saw the brief establishment of a Catalan Republic . By the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659) the Roussillon
8424-533: The harbour. A few remaining Valencian Maulets withdrew towards Catalonia still in the hands of Charles III. Thousands of Valencian refugees concentrated in Barcelona and other cities of the Principality of Catalonia. But the international events made clear the futility of carrying on the struggle. Charles III himself had signed a peace treaty with Philip V of Spain and went back to Austria . The Maritime powers had accepted Philip V as king of Spain and had evacuated their troops from Barcelona over sea. The Catalans and
8541-770: The hegemony along the sea, while the army invested much of its resources in the conquest of Sardinia and in the War of the Sicilian Vespers . After the last one, most of the Almogavers (light infantry) became mercenaries of the Great Catalan Company created by Roger de Flor in 1303. Due to the outbreak of the Catalan Civil War (1462–1472), the Council of the Principality of Catalonia organised different military forces to fight against
8658-473: The high payments asked by the nobility , which considerably reduced their profits, and tried by all means, from legal suits to armed revolt, to end this system. But the judiciary path, being fully under the control of the Nobles, proved useless; and the armed revolt, called nowadays Segona Germania (Second Brotherhood), was crushed by the Vice-Chancellor and armies of the Nobles in the year 1693, at
8775-574: The historical region of Roussillon in Southern France . The first reference to Catalonia and the Catalans appears in the Liber maiolichinus de gestis Pisanorum illustribus , a Pisan chronicle (written between 1117 and 1125) of the conquest of Majorca by a joint force of Northern Italians, Catalans , and Occitans . At the time, Catalonia did not yet exist as a political entity, though
8892-562: The injustice and would free Basset. Meanwhile, the Maulets continued refusing to pay the door rights , or any other taxes. Charles III demanded from the authorities from Valencia to call for its payment, without too much success. But time was running out. Charles had already been forced to abandon Madrid and suffered a crushing defeat in the hands of the Duke of Berwick in the Battle of Almansa . Charles withdrew towards Barcelona, and with him
9009-492: The institutions of Catalonia to the policies of John II resulted in their support to the son of John, Charles, Prince of Viana over his denied dynastic rights. In response of the detention of Charles by his father, the Generalitat established a political body, the Council of the Principality , with whom, under menace of a conflict, John was forced to negotiate. The Capitulation of Vilafranca (1461) forced to release Charles from prison and appoint him lieutenant of Catalonia, while
9126-517: The instrument with which the Captain General of Catalonia , the supreme authority of the province (replacing the viceroy), appointed by the king, would govern. The division in vegueries was replaced with Castilian corregimientos . So late as in the 18th and 19th centuries, despite the military occupation, the imposition of high new taxes and the political economy of the House of Bourbon,
9243-539: The king would need permission of the Generalitat to enter the Principality. The content of the Capitulation represented a culmination and consolidation of pactism and the constitutional system of Catalonia. However, the disagreement of King John, the death of Charles shortly after, and the Remença Uprising in 1462 led to the ten-year Catalan Civil War (1462–1472) that left the country exhausted. In 1472,
9360-506: The last separate ruler of Catalonia, King René of Anjou ("the Good"), lost the war against King John. John's son, Ferdinand II ("the Catholic"), recovered the northern Catalan counties (1493), occupied during the conflict, and profoundly reformed Catalan institutions. The Constitució de l'Observança (1481) was approved, establishing the submission of royal power to the laws approved in
9477-421: The main Catalan, Aragonese, Valencian and Majorcan political institutions and rights and merged them into the Crown of Castile as provinces, ending their status as separate political entities. However, the territories, including the Principality of Catalonia, remained as administrative units until the establishment of the Spanish provincial division of 1833, which divided Catalonia into four provinces. Like much of
9594-493: The militia corps was known as Sometent . The feudal system allowed to lordships, institutions and corporations to raise its own armies, as well as to be convened by the king due to feudal agreements, alongside to the vassals and subjects of the other realms, however, there was no standing army . Catalan soldiers played an important role in the expansion of the Crown to Valencia, Majorca and the Mediterranean. The Catalan navy and its Catalan Galleys contributed to expand and secure
9711-508: The modern sense. However, a variety of royal and other symbols were used in order to identify the Principality and its institutions. Catalonia constitutes the original nucleus where Catalan is spoken. The Catalan language shares common traits with the Romance languages of Iberia and Gallo-Romance languages of southern France, it is regarded by a minority of linguists as being an Ibero-Romance language (the group that includes Spanish), and by
9828-561: The movement of Peace and Truce of God . The first assembly of Peace and Truce was presided by Abbot Oliba in Toulouges , Roussillon in 1027. The grandson of Ermesinde, count Ramon Berenguer I , began the codification of Catalan law in the written Usages of Barcelona which was to become the first full compilation of feudal law in Western Europe. Legal codification was part of the count's efforts to forward and somehow control
9945-483: The new economic growth model that was taking place in Catalonia since the end of the 17th century, becoming a center of Spain's industrialization; to this day, it remains one of the more industrialized parts of Spain, along with Madrid and the Basque Country . In 1833, by decree of minister Javier de Burgos , all of Spain was organized into provinces, included Catalonia, which was divided in four provinces without
10062-496: The new political system, and imposed the administrative use of Spanish language, progressively displacing Catalan. Apart from the abolition of the Catalan institutions, the Nueva Planta decrees ensured the imposition of the new absolutist system by reforming the Royal Audience of Catalonia, making it the highest governmental body of the Principality, absorbing many of the functions of the abolished institutions and becoming
10179-516: The next centuries. Under Alfons I the Troubador (reigned 1164–1196), Catalonia was regarded as a legal entity for the first time. Still, the term Principality of Catalonia was not used legally until the 14th century, when it was applied to the territories ruled by the Courts of Catalonia . Its institutional system evolved over the centuries, establishing political bodies analogous to the ones of
10296-558: The north and by the Mediterranean Sea to the east. The term Principality of Catalonia was official until the 1830s, when the Spanish government implemented the centralized provincial division, but remained in popular and informal contexts. Today, the term Principat (Principality) is used primarily to refer to the autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain, as distinct from the other Catalan Countries , and usually including
10413-601: The other kingdoms of the Crown (such as the Courts, the Generalitat or the Consell de Cent ) and legislation ( constitutions , derived from the Usages of Barcelona ) which largely limited the royal power and secured the political model of pactism . Catalonia contributed to further develop the Crown trade and military, most significantly their navy. The Catalan language flourished and expanded as more territories were added to
10530-563: The other polities of the Empire. Some cities like Barcelona gained recognition of self-defense and established urban militias, known as the Coronela . While the military conflicts with France arose, many Catalan militias took part in the fight alongside the regular army, as at the siege of Salses , in 1639. As a state under royal sovereignty, Catalonia, like the other political entities of the period, did not have its own flag or coat of arms in
10647-620: The other side, it was a major European war for international hegemony. England and the Netherlands (the so-called "Maritime powers", traditional destinations of the Valencian merchants' exports ) sided against the Bourbon pretender, Philip V of Spain. As a part of a blockade, Valencian exports to these countries stopped , which meant a total downfall for merchants and the peasants that sold them their Valencian products. The exports to France,
10764-541: The people of Catalonia and the Languedoc. As a coastal territory within the Crown of Aragon and with the increasing importance of the port of Barcelona, Catalonia became the main centre of the Crown's maritime power, promoting and helping to expand its influence and power by conquest and trade into Valencia, the Balearic Islands, Sardinia and Sicily. At the same time, the Principality of Catalonia developed
10881-593: The plague. Between 1347 and 1497 Catalonia lost 37 percent of its population. In 1410, King Martin I , the last reigning monarch of the House of Barcelona, died without surviving descendants. Under the Compromise of Caspe (1412), Ferdinand from the Castilian House of Trastámara received the Crown of Aragon as Ferdinand I of Aragon . Ferdinand's successor, Alfonso V ("the Magnanimous"), promoted
10998-474: The population as enemies and by the native merchants as dangerous competitors. Obviously the relationships with the Maritime powers, allied to Charles III were re-established, and the harbours were again opened to Dutch and English ships, resuming trade as before. At the same time, Basset and the Maulets arrested and ousted the most notorious “botiflers”, and seized their possessions. Basset, now in control of
11115-508: The process of feudalization. Under count Ramon Berenguer III , the County of Barcelona experienced a new phase of territorial expansion. This included a joint Catalan and Pisan Crusade against the Taifa of Majorca (1114) and the conquest of Tarragona (1116), restoring in the last one the archiepiscopal see of the city (1119), disbanded after the Muslim conquest. That meant the independence of
11232-517: The resistance of the capital, and with reason. The city of Valencia opened its doors to the Maulet army without resistance. On the contrary, it was received with popular enthusiasm . At the same time, news from the uprising in the Principality of Catalonia arrived, where a rebelling had expelled the “felipist” military and where Charles III himself had triumphantly disembarked in Barcelona . This news
11349-586: The same person, becoming the political core of the future Principality of Catalonia. Upon his death in 897 Wilfred made their titles hereditaries and thus founded the dynasty of the House of Barcelona , which ruled Catalonia until the death of Martin I, its last ruling member, in 1410. Many abbeys were founded between the ninth century and the twelfth century while in the cities the episcopal seats were restored, forming important artistic and intellectual centers. These religious centers contribute to an important diffusion of
11466-486: The start of the 11th century the Catalan Counties suffer an important process of feudalisation, as the miles formed links of vassalage over this previously independent peasantry. The middle years of the century were characterized by virulent class warfare. Seigniorial violence was unleashed against the peasants, utilizing new military tactics, based on contracting well armed mercenary soldiers mounted on horses. By
11583-552: The subsequent Spanish transition to democracy , Catalonia recovered political and cultural autonomy . It became one of the autonomous communities of Spain . In comparison, Northern Catalonia in France has no autonomy. The counts of Barcelona were commonly considered the princeps or primus inter pares ("the first among equals") by the other counts of the Spanish March , both because of their military and economic power, and
11700-564: The supremacy of Barcelona over other cities. Thus, the Count of Barcelona, Ramon Berenguer I , is called "Prince of Barcelona, Count of Girona and Marchis of Ausona" ( princeps Barchinonensis, comes Gerundensis, marchio Ausonensis ) in the Act of Consecration of the Cathedral of Barcelona (1058). There are also several references to the Prince in different sections of the Usages of Barcelona ,
11817-633: The territory in Northeastern Spain and western Mediterranean France, as well as its inhabitants, and not just the County of Barcelona, at least since the beginnings of the 12th century, as shown in the earliest recordings of these names in the Liber Maiolichinus (around 1117–1125). The name "Principality of Catalonia" is abundant in historical documentation that refers to Catalonia between the mid-14th century and early 19th century. According to research carried out in recent decades,
11934-459: The time in Castile, led to the consolidation of the figure of the viceroy as the representative of the king in the Principality. However, over the next century, Catalonia was on the losing side of a series of wars that led steadily to more centralization of power in Spain. Tensions between the constitutional Catalan institutions and the gradually more centralized monarchy began to arise. In 1626
12051-458: The title Maulets . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maulets&oldid=544760927 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Maulets (history) Maulets
12168-518: The use of this term seems to acknowledge Catalonia as a cultural or geographical entity. The counties that eventually made up the Principality of Catalonia were gradually unified under the rule of the count of Barcelona . In 1137, the County of Barcelona and the Kingdom of Aragon were unified under a single dynasty, creating what modern historians call the Crown of Aragon ; however, Aragon and Catalonia retained their own political structure and legal traditions, developing separate political communities along
12285-538: The vegueria go back to the era of the Carolingian Empire, when vicars (Latin: vicarii , singular vicarius ) were installed beneath the counts in the Marca Hispanica. The office of a vicar was a vicariate (Latin: vicariatus ) and his territory was a vicaria . All these Latin terms of Carolingian administration evolved in the Catalan language. The veguer was appointed by the king and
12402-417: Was a medieval and early modern state in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula . During most of its history it was in dynastic union with the Kingdom of Aragon , constituting together the Crown of Aragon . Between the 13th and the 18th centuries, it was bordered by the Kingdom of Aragon to the west, the Kingdom of Valencia to the south, the Kingdom of France and the feudal lordship of Andorra to
12519-513: Was a Valencian, probably born in Alboraia in an artisan family, who spoke the people’s language and knew very well their claims and needs. He had served during the wars in Italy and Hungary under Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt , a German Noble who had been before Viceroy in Catalonia. The War of the Spanish Succession had a double nature. On the one side, it was a Spanish internal issue, on
12636-469: Was a relative harmonious period, during which Catalonia generally accepted the new structure of Spain, despite its own marginalization. For an extended period, Catalonia, as part of the late Crown of Aragon , successfully retained its own institutional system and legislation against the trend observed in southern and central Europe throughout the early modern age, which eroded the importance of representative institutions, until they were finally suppressed as
12753-677: Was accompanied by a great development of the Catalan trade, centered in Barcelona, creating an extensive trade network across the Mediterranean which competed with those of the maritime republics of Genoa and Venice . In this line, institutions were created that would give legal protection to merchants, such as the Consulate of the Sea and the Book of the Consulate of the Sea , one of the first compilations of maritime law . The second quarter of
12870-473: Was accountable to him. He was the military commander of his vegueria (and thus keeper of the publicly owned castles), the chief justice of the same district, and the man in charge of the public finances (the fisc ) of the region entrusted to him. As time wore on, the functions of the veguer became more and more judicial in nature. He held a cort (court) del veguer or de la vegueria with its own seal. The cort had authority in all matter save those relating to
12987-606: Was boosted by the export of wine to England and the Dutch Republic , as due to the trade war of French minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert against the Dutch and later to the participation of these countries in the Nine Years' War against France were not able to trade with the French. This new situation caused many Catalans to look to England and, especially, the Netherlands as political and economic models for Catalonia. At
13104-405: Was ceded to France. During the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), the Crown of Aragon supported the Archduke Charles of Habsburg . After the surrender of Barcelona in 1714 , King Philip V of Bourbon , inspired by the French model, imposed absolutism and a unifying administration across Spain, and enacted the Nueva Planta decrees for every realm of the Crown of Aragon, which suppressed
13221-455: Was enough to spread the uprising through in the rest of the Kingdom of Valencia, especially in its North part, from Vinaròs and Benicarló to Vila-real and Castelló , where the Maulets where specially strong. Once Basset was established in Valencia, practically exercising the function of Viceroy, and with most of the country under control of the Maulets (meaning, of the armed villagers),
13338-414: Was needed to do it wisely and with indulgence. Cardona and Peterborough then started an offensive centred at some of Basset's collaborators, pointing to the illegal confiscation and loot for personal use of the goods from the French and the Botiflers, and imprisoned them awaiting trial. Meanwhile, Basset was lured away from Valencia, first to Alzira and later on to Xàtiva , encouraging him to take part in
13455-490: Was the center of the empire, expanding and organizing it, establishing institutional systems similar to its own. Barcelona, then the most frequent royal residence, was consolidated as the administrative center of the domains with the establishment of the Royal Archives in 1318. The Catalan Company , mercenaries led by Roger de Flor and formed by Almogavar veterans of the War of the Sicilian Vespers, were hired by
13572-465: Was the count of Barcelona, titles all the kings of the Crown of Aragon inherited from then on. During the reign of Alfons, in 1173, Catalonia was legally delimited for the first time, while the first compilation of the Usages of Barcelona was made in the process to turn them into the law of Catalonia ( Consuetudinem Cathalonie ). Apart from the Usages, between 1170 and 1195 the Liber feudorum maior and
13689-528: Was used again in the convocation of the Catalan Courts in Perpignan in 1350, presided by Peter IV. It was intended to indicate that the territory under the laws produced by those Courts was not a kingdom, but the enlargement of the territory under the authority of the Count of Barcelona, who was also the King of Aragon, as seen in the Actas de las cortes generales de la Corona de Aragón 1362–1363 . However, there
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