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47-545: Maurepas may refer to: Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas , French statesman Count of Maurepas (Yvelines) Fort Maurepas , also known as Old Biloxi, a settlement in Louisiana (New France) Maurepas, Louisiana , an unincorporated community in the United States Lake Maurepas , a lake in Louisiana, United States Fort Maurepas (Canada) ,

94-644: A Lieutenant one Enseigne de vaisseau de 1 Classe . In 1626, Richelieu, named Grand-Master Chief and Surintendant of Navigation and Commerce ( French : grand-maître chef et surintendant de la navigation et du commerce ) orders the merger of the remaining 100 companies to form the Régiment de La Marine , of which the Cardinal was the Mestre de camp . The regiment participated to the Siege of La Rochelle , however

141-639: A force of 10000 soldiers in total. The treaty Ryswick ( French : Traité de Ryswick ) in 1697 led to the reduction to 50 men due to budgetary reasons; however, while preparing for the following war, effectifs passed to 60 in 1701, to 75 in January 1702 and to 100 in November 1705 during the War of the Spanish Succession . The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 reduced the effectifs to 50 men per company,

188-611: A fort in Manitoba Maurepas, Somme , a French commune in the Somme département Maurepas, Yvelines , a French commune in the Yvelines département, the place of origin of Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux and all namesakes of Maurepas. Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Maurepas . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

235-547: A population of almost 10,300. In a first phase, the officers present in Canada, all hailed from France. However, since 1685, the Canadian « gentilshommes » secured positions in the troupes de marine. The first two, La Durantaye and Bécancourt, embarked for Rochefort where they received a guard formation in la marine. Quite quickly, the officer corps of the troupes de la marine becomes Canadian « canadianise ». At

282-555: A single infantry regiment, dedicated to shipboard and overseas service. These Troupes de la marine were followed by several other regiments, all eventually transferred to the Army between 1640 and 1673. The Army already had soldiers in maritime service since the 17th century. Following the obstacles faced by the first regiments, the recruitment of soldiers for la marine followed for each armament, however without organization. Starting 1671, small detachments of guards were organized to guard

329-741: Is credited with contributions to the collection of facetiae known as the Etrennes de la Saint Jean (2nd ed., 1742). Four volumes of Memoires de Maurepas , purporting to be collected by his secretary and edited by J.L.G. Soulavie in 1792, included information on the North American colonies, the fall of Louisbourg , trade in the Caribbean, the censorship of books and administration. He also recorded extensive information on all naval matters including naval construction , navigation sailing instructions and fighting at sea. The collection of memoirs

376-527: Is now in the possession of Cornell University . Lake Maurepas , Louisiana , USA was named for him, showing his surviving influence on the New World. Troupes de la Marine The Troupes de la Marine ( French : "Troops of the Navy") was a French military formation founded by Cardinal Richelieu in 1622. It was under the denomination of Compagnie ordinaire de la mer , originally intended to form

423-711: The French Army ( Armée de terre ). The development of the European war marines in the 17th century trained the formation of soldiers assigned to the ships. The creation of regular ( French : Armée régulière ) infantry units for service at sea was relatively late ( compared to the service at sea of the French Army ) : prior, soldiers who served at sea were seconded from the French Army . The first regular specific troupe for maritime service appeared in Spain since 1537 ( compañías viejas del mar de Nápoles ) assigned to

470-542: The French East India Company . In March 1669, Colbert assumed the command of La Marine . In December, the troupes de la Marine reappeared, under the form of two regiments, the « Royal-Marine » ( French : Régiment Royal-La Marine ) at Rochefort and Brest and the «  Amiral  » at Toulon, Dunkerque and Coutances. marquis de Louvois , which came in notice of concurrence to his attributions, made of sort to transfer these units to

517-639: The French Navy to regain previously lost prestige and France was once again recognized as a maritime power. One way that he improved the French reputation was by focusing on the defense of France's sprawling empire in the New World , especially in the 1730s and 1740s. His defense plans were aided by information on British naval manoeuvres, lists of what ships were coming to North America and detailed memoirs of ship construction. Jean-Frederic obtained this information through maintaining an intelligence service that

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564-677: The Galley , then in Portugal in 1610 and in France in 1622; the British Royal Marines were founded in 1664 ( under the designation of Foot Maritime Regiment ). In France, the first specific troupe was created in 1622 by Cardinal Richelieu , under the designation of «  Compagnie Ordinaire de la Marine  ». These companies were theoretically in numbers of 100, each with for a Captain with Lieutenant de Vaisseau and for

611-649: The Régence made them fall to 35, then to 25 in December 1725. In 1727, the number of companies passed from 100 to 50, with theoretical effectifs to 60 men. In 1733, the War of the Polish Succession increases the effectifs to 80, which are reduced to 60 starting 1736, to increase again to 80 in December 1739. On September 1740, the preparation of the War of the Austrian Succession required

658-571: The Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, a disarmament phase commenced. In 1663, a « Régiment des Navires » ( a ship regiment ) was formed with the remaining of the Galleys and Îles regiments; in 1665, several detachment embarked on the fleet of François de Vendôme, Duc de Beaufort for the expedition of Djidjelli ( French : expédition de Djidjelli ), before passing at the end of the year to

705-549: The apprehension of Laredo (Cantabrie)), then the fleet was sent to the army to engage in to Battle of Arras (1640) ( French : siège d'Arras ) (then Spanish) and would never embark again, remaining under the disposition of the Ministre de la Guerre ( the Regiment de La Marine would become the 11th Infantry Regiment ( French : 11 Régiment d'Infanterie, 11 RI ). In February 1638, the « Régiment de la Couronne »

752-532: The arsenals; they were organized in three companies in 1674, at Toulon, Rochefort and Brest. In 1685, an ordinance created in addition three companies in demi-solde (one per port) to maintain an available reserve, soldiers to the demi-solde when the ships were disarmed. In 1689, the company of guards and demi-solde are designated as « compagnies de soldats-gardiens » ("companies of guardian soldiers"), deployed at Le Havre, Brest, Lorient, Rochefort and Toulon. In 1666, three companies of apprentice cannon men

799-554: The artillery (naval cannons), were notably destined to serve on the new bomb ketches . The Nine Years' War requiring necessary to have soldiers at disposition, Pontchartain received from the King, the ordinance of 16 December, 1690 creating 80 infantry companies, designated as Compagnies Franches de la Marine , despite the opinion of Louvois. The structure formation was composed of one lieutenant de vaisseau (with an infantry captain commission) and two ensigns (one serving as lieutenant,

846-472: The arts of conventional warfare and very well adapted to the "guerre amérindienne" (commonly known as guerilla warfare). In concert with the Canadian militias and the allied guerrilla units, the troupes de la marine were essentially in charge of mounting the defensive in Nouvelle-France during the 17th and 18th century. With the important arrival of British forces in 1755, the nature of the conflict in

893-417: The beginning of the 18th century, almost a third of the officers were born in Canada, then more than half of the officer corps in 1722. The officers were practically all recruited locally. The troupes de la Marine were the only regular troops in Nouvelle-France from 1682 to 1755, while several other battalions were sent to North America. The majority of the officers and soldiers were recruited in France, while

940-573: The colonies (in Canada, Antilles and India). These units were then part of all naval battles and embarking. For instance, for the Compagnies Franches de la Marine , a couple of them charged at the Battle of Camaret in June 1694; others disembarked during the Siege of Barcelona (1697) for form a « Bataillon des Vaisseaux » (Vessel battalion); during the Battle of Málaga (1704) ,

987-493: The companies endured the loss of 150 officers and 1500 soldiers; 4000 soldiers of marines participated to the Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar . The companies in garrison at Dunkerque participated to the Battle of Malplaquet in 1709 and the Battle of Denain in 1712. 2500 men of the companies participated to the Battle of Rio de Janeiro under the orders of René Duguay-Trouin in 1711. From 1756 to 1760, three companies mount

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1034-470: The creation of 10 supplementary companies. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) allowed a couple of reforms, with the merger of the Galleys Corps (French: Corps des Galères ) with Ships Corps (French: Corps des Vaisseaux ) (the 15 companies of the Galleys Corps formed the 18 companies of Compagnies Franches de la Marine ) within a formation consisting 100 companies with 50 men (40 companies for

1081-554: The disembarking at Brest, 16 for that of Rochefort, and 44 for that of Toulon). In 1755, the theoretical effectifs increase to 100 men per company, with the authorization of a dozen od sub numerations, however the outcomes of the Seven Years' War ( Battle of Lagos in August 1759 and Battle of Quiberon Bay in November 1759) decreased the effectifs to 50 since December 1759. Starting 15 October 1761, The Duke of Choiseul assumed

1128-547: The garrison at port Mahon on Minorque. The troupes de la Marine were sent by Louis XIV in 1682 to replace the regular troops in New France , and were accordingly used to mount the garrisons in the various French colonies. Between 1683 and 1688, the King sent thirty-five companies to Canada. However, as the mortality and licensing of soldiers who were getting married and made themselves residents increased, numbers diminished considerably. Accordingly, Seignelay decided to reduce

1175-518: The garrisons of the ships of the King. It was in 1674 that Jean-Baptiste Colbert decided to make permanent colonial troops and give them the name of Compagnies Franches de la Marine . They were dissolved in the 19th century to be re-formed under a new designation being the Troupes de Marine , dependent this time however on the Minister of War ( Ministère de la Guerre ), which means belonging to

1222-450: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurepas&oldid=1153937437 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric Ph%C3%A9lypeaux, Count of Maurepas He

1269-643: The ministère de la Guerre since 1671, with their mise en place destined in route to join the army engaged in the Franco-Dutch War ( they became later the 60th Infantry Regiment ( French : 60 Régiment d'Infanterie ) and the 61st Infantry Regiment ( French : 61 Régiment d'Infanterie )). The first Marine units were the Compagnies Ordinaires de la Mer (Ordinary Sea Companies), created by Cardinal Richelieu in his capacity of Grand Master of Navigation. These companies were merged into

1316-482: The navy) 1782 Corps royal de la marine (royal corps of the navy) 1786 Corps des canonniers-matelots (Corps of artillery-sailors) 1792 Corps d'infanterie et d'artillerie de la marine (infantry and artillery corps of the navy) 1795 Corps d'artillerie de marine ( Marine artillery corps) 1813 régiments de marine ( Marine regiment ) The troupes of La Marine had to ensure the guarding of the arsenals and military ports, provide detachments on board warships as well as in

1363-464: The navy, colonies and seaborne trade. In 1738 he was promoted to the Conseil du Roi , and in time aided the king, alongside several other ministers in making significant political decisions. Jean continued his administrative career after the death of his guardian, and was ministre de la marine until 23 April 1749, when he was removed in a coup. Skilled in military and naval strategy, Maurepas enabled

1410-466: The number of companies to twenty eight on 24 May, 1689. This number would remain unchangeable until the beginning of the seven-year war. Versailles accordingly sent reinforcements by the fixing the number of companies at forty. At the end of the French regime, 2,600 soldiers of the troupes de la Marine were present in Canada. These effectifs were relatively important compared to the resident population since in 1688 for example, Canada housed 1,418 soldiers for

1457-408: The officers became more often Canadian. Service in the troupes de la Marine was an important source of economic opportunity, and a prestige for the elite of Nouvelle-France. There was often a waiting list to be nominated as an officer in the companies of the troupes de la marine. While the force of the troupes varied from one period to another, during the Seven Years' War , there were forty companies in

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1504-650: The old Parlement ousted by Maupeou , thus reconstituting the most dangerous enemy of the royal power. This step, and his intervention on behalf of the American states , helped to pave the way for the French Revolution . Jealous of his personal ascendancy over Louis XVI, he intrigued against Turgot, whose disgrace in 1776 was followed after six months of disorder by the appointment of Jacques Necker . In 1781 Maurepas deserted Necker as he had done Turgot, and he died at Versailles on 21 November 1781. Maurepas

1551-516: The other as an infantry ensign), the soldiers being the former guardian-soldiers. The effectifs and the number of companies evolved in function of the need and the budgetary needs, as well the location of the garrison: the ordinance stipulated companies of 80 men, spread between Toulon, Rochefort, Port-Louis, Brest, le Havre and Dunkerque. Since 26 December, effectifs passed to 86 companies, then to 88 companies and then 100 starting October 1691. Effectifs passed theoretically to 100 men per company, as in

1598-511: The portfolios of "la Marine" (the Navy) and "la Guerre" (the Army). Consequently, all the companies of "La Marine" were cancelled by the ordinance dated 5 November 1761, with the embarked service to be handled by the French Army . The ordinance date 10 December 1762 mandated for the garrison of vessels (French: Vaisseaux ), the guard of ports and colonies, 23 line regiments, to receive the soldiers of

1645-640: The position of secretary of state, under the Regent , Philippe II, Duke of Orléans , as his father Jerome had purchased the office with the right of inheritance. In 1718 at the age of 17, Jean became the minister of the royal household and Comte de Maurepas under the guardianship of his cousin La Vrillière. Shortly after he married the daughter of his cousin, Marie-Jeanne Phélypeaux de La Vrillière (1704-1793). Five years later on 16 August he began his duties as ministre de la marine to Louis XV administering

1692-483: The positions of chamberlain of the royal household, minister of the marine, and director of the secret service, fulfilling his duties with efficiency and precision. In 1749, Maurepas was removed by a coup led by the Duke of Richelieu , putting an end to his period of immense success. He was exiled from Versailles for an epigram against Madame de Pompadour , and went to Bourges and then onto Pontchartrain . In 1774, he

1739-543: The previous Compagnies Franches. Three artillery brigades are constituted to serve at sea ( each with eight companies) receiving the sailors and soldiers formed at handling the cannons, being commanded by officers of the vessels completed by the land artillery officers. The following minister, César Gabriel de Choiseul , reformed again the troupes de marine, by founding the ordinance dated 24 September 1769 « Corps royal d'artillerie et d'infanterie de la marine » ( royal marine artillery and infantry corps ). This corps

1786-472: The regiment on board his fleet ; this regiment rejoined also the army deployed in Artois in 1641 ( 43rd Infantry Regiment ( French : 43 Régiment d'Infanterie )). With the arrival of cardinal Mazarin as State Principal Minister ( French : Principal ministre d'état ), the French Navy no longer had specific troupes and remained in situation short of financial means. With peace prevailing again with

1833-485: The squadron of Guyenne and the Galleys armies; in 1640, these three regiments were assigned to the army and were dissolved at the end of the war. In September 1636, the « Régiment de la Marine » was reconstituted: the regiment served first on board the fleet Count Harcourt and Cardinal de Sourdis ( disembarking at Oristano , preapprehension of the îles de Lérins ( French : reprise des îles de Lérins ), Battle of Getaria , Siege of Fuenterrabía (1638) ,

1880-593: The valley of Saint-Laurent and at the Pays d'en Haut ; twenty at the Fortress of Louisbourg , in addition to Louisiana and Acadia . Significant garrisons were held at Quebec , Montreal, and New Orleans , with small forces guarding the forts and posts across the vast territory of the North America during the 18th century. The companies were known as the colonial regular troops, and they were very well trained in

1927-412: Was appointed to minister of state to Louis XVI , as well as chief adviser in 1776, holding both positions until 1781. He gave Turgot the direction of finance , placed Lamoignon-Malesherbes over the royal household and made Vergennes minister for foreign affairs . At the outset of his new career he showed his weakness by recalling to their functions, in deference to popular clamour, the members of

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1974-466: Was born at Versailles , of a family of administrative nobility, the son of Jérôme Phélypeaux , secretary of state for the marine and the royal household. Under the guidance of his father, his grandfather and his cousin Louis Phélypeaux, marquis de La Vrillière , Jean-Frederic was trained from childhood to be secretary of state to the king of France. Jean-Frederic had right en survivance to

2021-567: Was considered one of the most efficient in Europe. This was only made possible due to the drastic funding increases he managed to obtain for the Troupes de la Marine . The typical budget appropriated to the marine from the mid-1720s to mid-1730s was 9 million livres ; in 1739, however, Jean-Frederic managed to obtain a budget of 19.2 million livres. In the following years he acquired budgets of 20 million livres in 1740, 26 million in 1741 and 27 million in 1742. Over his career as administrator he held

2068-491: Was formed bearing the namesake after the Vaisseau la Couronne which was recently constructed; also was transferred to the Army in 1640 ( 45th Infantry Regiment ( French : 45 Régiment d'Infanterie ) ). On March 1638, Sourdis assumed the maistrance of the camp of the Régiment de Foix-Candale , then designating the latter by «  Régiment des Vaisseaux  » ( French : Régiment Royal des Vaisseaux ) and embarked

2115-429: Was organized in three brigades (Brest, Rochefort and Toulon), each composed of a bombardier company, four de canonnier ( of cannons ) and three de Fusiliers ( of fusiliers ). The officers were vessel officers. These effectifs of 2212 men ( in theory ) remained insufficient for the arms, with complementary additions being retrieved from the line infantry. 1774 Corps royal d'infanterie de la marine ( royal infantry corps of

2162-545: Was partly destroyed during a later shipwreck. The entrance into the Franco-Spanish War (1635–59) in 1635 required the mise en place of foot squadrons formed of soldiers. In July 1636 was formed three new regiments, « du Havre », « des Îles » at Brouage and « des Galères » à Marseille , to mount the guard at the three ports and board respectively on board the Squadron of Normandy,

2209-417: Was put in place, at Brest, Rochefort and Toulon; their mission was to form during one year sailors of classes to serve as chief of artillery pieces, assistant cannon men, second-masters, and masters of cannon. In 1689, the ordinance of 15 April signed by count de Ponchchartrain regularized two companies of bombardiers ( a first one was detached from the army of Toulon since 1682 ). These men, specialized in

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