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51-437: Maximilian II may refer to: Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (1527–1576) Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria (1662–1726) Maximilian II of Bavaria (1811–1864) Maximilian von Götzen-Iturbide (b. 1944), titular Emperor of Mexico (1949–) See also [ edit ] Maximilian Egon II, Prince of Fürstenberg (1863–1941) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

102-591: A daughter of Joachim Ernest, Prince of Anhalt . The bride was only 13 years; the groom, almost 60. August died one month after his new marriage, and was buried at Freiberg Cathedral . His only surviving son, Christian I , was his successor. Augustus wrote a small work on agriculture entitled Künstlich Obstund Gartenbüchlein . He was famous for his various museum collections, including the finest collection of arms and weapons in Northern Europe, paintings, and an extensive collection of tools. In 1560 he founded

153-696: A large army and marched to fight the Ottomans. The Ottomans besieged and conquered Szigetvár in 1566, but their sultan , Suleiman the Magnificent , died of old age during the siege. With neither side winning a decisive engagement, Maximilian's ambassadors Antun Vrančić and Christoph Teuffenbach met with the Ottoman Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha in Adrianople to negotiate a truce in 1568. The terms of

204-450: A more imposing establishment. The result was that Maurice made more generous provision for his brother, who acted as Regent of Saxony in 1552 during the absence of the elector. Augustus was on a visit to Denmark when by Maurice's death in July 1553 he became elector of Saxony . The first care of the new elector was to come to terms with John Frederick, and to strengthen his own hold upon

255-644: A precarious peace. Maximilian was born in Vienna , Austria , the second child and eldest son of the Habsburg King Ferdinand I , younger brother of Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , and the Jagiellonian Princess Anne of Bohemia and Hungary (1503–1547). He was named after his great-grandfather, Emperor Maximilian I . At the time of his birth, his father Ferdinand succeeded his brother-in-law King Louis II in

306-611: A time it seemed possible that the Saxon elector would support his son-in-law in his attempts to aid the revolting inhabitants of the Spanish Netherlands . Augustus also entered into communication with the Huguenots ; however, his aversion to foreign complications prevailed, and the incipient friendship with the elector Palatine soon gave way to serious dislike. Although a sturdy Lutheran, the elector hoped at one time to unite

357-586: A way to bring unity among Lutherans by commencing a process that would lead to the publication, in 1580, of the Lutheran Book of Concord . Augustus personally sponsored the publication of the Book of Concord, a book containing the various Lutheran Confessions of faith, which was signed by over 8,100 ministers and professors and nearly 30 territories, states and cities in Germany. This strict form of Lutheranism

408-479: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian's rule was shaped by the confessionalization process after the 1555 Peace of Augsburg . Though a Habsburg and a Catholic, he approached the Lutheran Imperial estates with a view to overcome the denominational schism, which ultimately failed. He also

459-675: The Albertine branch of the House of Wettin . Brought up as a Lutheran , he received a good education and studied at Leipzig University . When Duke Henry IV died in 1541, he decreed that his lands should be divided equally between his two sons; but as his bequest was contrary to the Albertine Law, it was not carried out, and the dukedom passed almost intact to his elder son, Maurice . Augustus, however, remained on friendly terms with his brother, and to further his policy spent some time at

510-631: The Calvinists . His policy of religious peace was also promoted by the marriage he negotiated between his niece Anna and the then-Catholic Prince of Orange , at the time one of the chief Habsburg vassals in the Netherlands , in 1561. On one occasion only did he waver in his allegiance to the Habsburgs. In 1568 a marriage was arranged between Johann Casimir , son of Frederick III, Elector Palatine , and Elisabeth , Augustus' own daughter. For

561-675: The Castile residence of Valladolid . By the marriage his uncle intended to strengthen the ties with the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs, but also to consolidate his nephew's Catholic faith. Maximilian temporarily acted as the emperor's representative in Spain , however not as stadtholder of the Habsburg Netherlands as he had hoped for. To his indignation, King Ferdinand appointed his younger brother Ferdinand II administrator in

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612-678: The Kingdom of Bohemia and the Kingdom of Hungary , greatly expanding the Habsburg monarchy . Having spent his childhood years at his father's court in Innsbruck , Tyrol , Maximilian was educated principally in Italy. Among his teachers were humanist scholars like Kaspar Ursinus Velius and Georg Tannstetter . He also came in contact with the Lutheran teaching and early on corresponded with

663-681: The Lord's Supper , and the doctrine of predestination at the University of Wittenberg . Augustus at first was deceived. Spurred on by his wife the matter reached a climax in 1574, when letters were discovered, which, while revealing a hope to bring over Augustus to Calvinism, cast some aspersions upon the elector and his wife. Augustus ordered the leaders of the Crypto-Calvinists to be seized, and they were tortured and imprisoned. He restored genuine Lutheranism to Saxony and began to work on

714-684: The Masses of the Catholic Church. In November 1562 Maximilian was chosen King of the Romans , or German king, by the electoral college at Frankfurt , where he was crowned a few days later, after assuring the Catholic electors of his fidelity to their faith, and promising the Protestant electors that he would publicly accept the confession of Augsburg when he became emperor. He also took

765-486: The Netherlands , and nothing was done in this direction, although some assistance was voted for the defense of Austria. The religious demands of the Protestants were still unsatisfied, while the policy of toleration had failed to give peace to Austria. Maximilian's power was very limited; it was inability rather than unwillingness that prevented him from yielding to the entreaties of Pope Pius V to join in an attack on

816-739: The Renaissance Stallburg wing, the site of the later Spanish Riding School , and also ordered the construction of Neugebäude Palace in Simmering . In the 1550s, Vienna had more than 50,000 inhabitants, making it the largest city in Central Europe with Prague and before Nuremberg (40,000 inhabitants). The religious views of the future King of Bohemia had always been somewhat uncertain, and he had probably learned something of Lutheranism in his youth; but his amicable relations with several Protestant princes, which began about

867-486: The Treaty of Adrianople required the emperor to recognise Ottoman suzerainty over Transylvania , Wallachia , and Moldavia . Meanwhile, the relations between Maximilian and Philip of Spain had improved, and the emperor's increasingly cautious and moderate attitude in religious matters was doubtless because the death of Philip's son, Don Carlos , had opened the way for the succession of Maximilian, or of one of his sons, to

918-469: The bishopric of Meissen , in 1561 he had secured the election of his son Alexander as bishop of Merseburg , and three years later as bishop of Naumburg ; and when this prince died in 1565 these bishoprics came under the direct rule of Augustus. On 1 October 1585 the Electress Anna died. Three months later, on 3 January 1586, in the city of Dessau , Augustus married secondly with Agnes Hedwig ,

969-420: The Catholic Church, and when his father Ferdinand became emperor in 1558 he was prepared to assure Pope Paul IV that his son should not succeed him if he took this step. Eventually Maximilian remained nominally an adherent of the older faith, although his views were tinged with Lutheranism until the end of his life. After several refusals he consented in 1560 to the banishment of Pfauser, and began again to attend

1020-713: The German Protestant princes by his refusal to invest Lutheran administrators of prince-bishoprics with their imperial fiefs. Yet on a personal basis he granted freedom of worship to the Protestant nobility and worked for reform in the Roman Catholic Church, including the right of priests to marry. This failed because of Spanish opposition. Maximilian II was a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece . Under Ferdinand I and Maximilian II,

1071-740: The Habsburg territories or of the Netherlands. His eldest daughter, Anna, married Philip II of Spain. Another daughter, Elizabeth , married Charles IX of France . Maximilian's policies of religious neutrality and peace in the empire afforded its Roman Catholics and Protestants a breathing space after the first struggles of the Reformation . His reign also saw the high point of Protestantism in Austria and Bohemia and unlike his successors, Maximilian did not try to suppress it. He disappointed

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1122-635: The Habsburgs. Much of the elector's time was devoted to extending his territories. In 1573 he became guardian to the two sons of John William, duke of Saxe-Weimar , and in this capacity was able to add part of the County of Henneberg to the Electorate of Saxony . His command of money enabled him to take advantage of the poverty of his neighbours, and in this way he secured Vogtland and the County of Mansfeld . In 1555 he had appointed one of his nominees to

1173-672: The Kingdom of Bohemia, nevertheless Maximilian's right of succession as the future king was recognised in 1549. He returned to Germany in December 1550 in order to take part in the discussion over the Imperial succession. Maximilian's relations with his uncle worsened, as Charles V, again embattled by rebellious Protestant princes led by Elector Maurice of Saxony , wished his son Philip II of Spain to succeed him as emperor. However, Charles' brother Ferdinand, who had already been elected as

1224-803: The Protestant prince Augustus of Saxony . From the age of 17, he gained some experience of warfare during the Italian War campaign of his uncle Charles V against King Francis I of France in 1544, and also during the Schmalkaldic War . Upon Charles' victory in the 1547 Battle of Mühlberg , Maximilian put in a good word for the Schmalkaldic leaders, Elector John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony and Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse , and soon began to take part in Imperial business. On 13 September 1548 Emperor Charles V married Maximilian to Charles's daughter (Maximilian's cousin) Maria of Spain in

1275-478: The Protestants. He continually urged them to consider the necessity of giving no cause of offence to their opponents, and he favoured the movement to get rid of the clause in the Peace of Augsburg concerning ecclesiastical reservation, which was offensive to many Protestants. His moderation, however, prevented him from joining those who were prepared to take strong measures to attain this end, and he refused to jeopardize

1326-431: The Romans , was to govern Germany. This arrangement was not carried out, and is only important because the insistence of the emperor seriously disturbed the harmonious relations that had hitherto existed between the two branches of the Habsburg family; an illness that befell Maximilian in 1552 was attributed to poison given to him in the interests of his cousin and brother-in-law, Philip II of Spain. The relationship between

1377-571: The Saxon electorate from John Frederick I , the head of the Ernestine branch of the Wettin family, to Maurice, head of the Albertine branch. In Torgau on 7 October 1548 Augustus was married to Anna , daughter of King Christian III of Denmark and Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg . They took up residence at Weissenfels . The couple had fifteen children: Soon after his marriage, Augustus desired

1428-476: The Spanish throne. Evidence of this friendly feeling was given in 1570, when the emperor's daughter, Anna , became the fourth wife of Philip; but Maximilian was unable to moderate the harsh proceedings of the Spanish king against the revolting inhabitants of the Netherlands . In 1570 the emperor met the Diet of Speyer and asked for aid to place his eastern borders in a state of defence, and also for power to repress

1479-680: The Turks both before and after the victory of Lepanto in 1571; and he remained inert while the authority of the empire in north-eastern Europe was threatened. In 1576, Maximilian was elected by the part of Polish and Lithuanian magnates to be the King of Poland in opposition to Stephan IV Bathory , but he did not manage to become widely accepted there and was forced to leave Poland. Maximilian died on 12 October 1576 in Regensburg while preparing to invade Poland. On his deathbed he refused to receive

1530-850: The botanist Carolus Clusius and the diplomat Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq . Maximilian's library curated by Hugo Blotius later became the nucleus of the Austrian National Library . He implemented the Roman School of composition with his court orchestra, however, his plans to win Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina as Kapellmeister foundered on financial reasons. On 13 September 1548, Maximilian married his first cousin Maria of Spain , daughter of Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal . Despite Maria's commitment to Habsburg Spain and her strong Catholic manners,

1581-507: The city with a large entourage including the elephant Suleiman . While his father Ferdinand concluded the 1552 Treaty of Passau with the Protestant estates and finally reached the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, Maximilian was engaged mainly in the government of the Austrian hereditary lands and in defending them against Ottoman incursions. In Vienna, he had his Hofburg residence extended with

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1632-633: The concessions already won. The hostility between the Albertines and the Ernestines gave Augustus serious trouble. A preacher named Matthias Flacius held an influential position in ducal Saxony, and taught a form of Lutheranism different from that taught in the Electorate of Saxony . This breach was widened when Flacius began to make personal attacks on Augustus, to prophesy his speedy downfall, and to incite Duke John Frederick to make an effort to recover his rightful position. Associated with Flacius

1683-469: The court of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor , in Vienna . In 1544, Maurice secured the appointment of his brother as administrator of the bishopric of Merseburg ; but Augustus was very extravagant and was soon compelled to return to the Saxon court at Dresden . Augustus supported his brother during the war of the Schmalkaldic League , and in the policy which culminated in the transfer of

1734-457: The disorder caused by troops in the service of foreign powers passing through Germany. He proposed that his consent should be necessary before any soldiers for foreign service were recruited in the empire; but the estates were unwilling to strengthen the imperial authority, the Protestant princes regarded the suggestion as an attempt to prevent them from assisting their co-religionists in France and

1785-518: The electoral position. This object was secured by a treaty made at Naumburg in February 1554, when, in return for the grant of Altenburg and other lands, John Frederick recognized Augustus as elector of Saxony. The elector, however, was continually haunted by the fear that the Ernestines would attempt to deprive him of the coveted dignity, and his policy both in Saxony and the wider Holy Roman Empire

1836-435: The imperial court itself became the centre of humanist scholarship. The court held close ties to the University of Vienna but the university, that reached its summit under Maximilian I , had been severely diminished due to wars and civil disturbances. In his court, Catholic and Prostestant scholars equally thrived. Many artists and scholars came from Spain, Italy and Spanish Netherlands. Maximilian employed scholars like

1887-612: The last sacraments of the Church. He is buried in St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague . By his wife Maria he had a family of ten sons and six daughters. He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Rudolf , who had been chosen king of the Romans in October 1575. Another of his sons, Matthias , also became emperor; three others, Ernest , Albert and Maximilian , took some part in the government of

1938-506: The marriage was a happy one. The couple had sixteen children in just nineteen years, but only nine of them lived to adulthood: Augustus, Elector of Saxony Augustus (31 July 1526 – 11 February 1586) was Elector of Saxony from 1553 to 1586. Augustus was born in Freiberg , the youngest child and third (but second surviving) son of Henry IV, Duke of Saxony , and Catherine of Mecklenburg . He consequently belonged to

1989-487: The necessity for a thorough reform of the Church. He was unable, however, to obtain the consent of Pope Pius IV to the marriage of the clergy, and in 1568 the concession of communion in both kinds to the laity was withdrawn. On his part Maximilian granted religious liberty to the Lutheran nobles and knights in Austria, and refused to allow the publication of the decrees of the Council of Trent . Amidst general expectations on

2040-456: The next occupant of the imperial throne, and his son Maximilian objected to this proposal. Maximilian sought the support of the German princes such as Albert V, Duke of Bavaria and even contacted Protestant leaders like Maurice of Saxony and Christoph, Duke of Württemberg . At length a compromise was reached: Philip was to succeed Ferdinand, but during the former's reign Maximilian, as King of

2091-457: The part of the Protestants he met his first summoned Diet of Augsburg in March 1566. He refused to accede to the demands of the Lutheran princes; on the other hand, although the increase of sectarianism was discussed, no decisive steps were taken to suppress it, and the only result of the meeting was a grant of assistance for the war with the Turks , which had just been renewed. Maximilian gathered

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2142-407: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maximilian_II&oldid=1195142634 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

2193-479: The time of the discussion over the succession, were probably due more to political than to religious considerations. However, in Vienna he became very intimate with Sebastian Pfauser  [ de ] , a court preacher influenced by Heinrich Bullinger with strong leanings towards Lutheranism, and his religious attitude caused some uneasiness to his father. Fears were freely expressed that he would definitely leave

2244-451: The two cousins was uneasy. While Philip had been raised a Spaniard and barely travelled out of the kingdom during his life, Maximilian identified himself as the quintessential German prince and often displayed a strong dislike of Spaniards, whom he considered as intolerant and arrogant. While his cousin was reserved and shy, Maximilian was outgoing and charismatic. His adherence to humanism and religious tolerance put him at odds with Philip who

2295-550: The usual oath to protect the Church, and his election was afterwards confirmed by the papacy. He was the first King of the Romans not to be crowned in Aachen . In September 1563 he was crowned King of Hungary by the Archbishop of Esztergom , Nicolaus Olahus , and on his father's death, in July 1564, he succeeded to the empire and to the kingdoms of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia. The new emperor had already shown that he believed in

2346-474: Was a knight, Wilhelm von Grumbach , who, not satisfied with words only, made inroads into the Electorate of Saxony and sought the aid of foreign powers in his plan to depose Augustus. After some delay Grumbach and his protector, John Frederick, were placed under the imperial ban , and Augustus was entrusted with its execution . His campaign in 1567 was short and successful. John Frederick surrendered, and passed his time in prison until his death in 1595; Grumbach

2397-472: Was coloured by this fear. In imperial politics Augustus acted upon two main principles: to cultivate the friendship of the Habsburgs , and to maintain peace between the contending religious parties. To this policy may be traced his share in bringing about the religious Peace of Augsburg treaty in 1555, his tortuous conduct at the diet of Augsburg eleven years later, and his reluctance to break entirely with

2448-546: Was declared binding upon all the inhabitants of Saxony, and many persons were banished from the country. The change in Saxony, however, made no difference to the attitude of Augustus on imperial questions. In 1576 he opposed the proposal of the Protestant princes to make a grant for the War against the Ottoman Empire conditional upon the abolition of the clause concerning ecclesiastical reservation, and he continued to support

2499-496: Was faced with the ongoing Ottoman–Habsburg wars and rising conflicts with his Spanish Habsburg cousins. According to Fichtner, Maximilian failed to achieve his three major aims: rationalizing the government structure, unifying Christianity, and evicting the Turks from Hungary. Peter Marshall opines that it is wrong to dismiss Maximilian as a failure. According to Marshall, through his religious tolerance as well as his encouragement of arts and sciences, he succeeded in maintaining

2550-466: Was more committed to the defence of the Catholic faith. Also, he was considered a promising commander, while Philip disliked war and only once personally commanded an army. Nonetheless, the two remained committed to the unity of their dynasty. In 1551 Maximilian attended the Council of Trent and the next year took up his residence at the Hofburg palace in Vienna, celebrated by a triumphal return into

2601-627: Was taken and executed; and the position of the elector was made quite secure. The form of Lutheranism taught in the Electorate of Saxony was that of Melanchthon , and many of its teachers and adherents, such as Caspar Peucer and Johann Stössel , afterwards called Crypto-Calvinists , were favoured by the elector. The Crypto-Calvinists were confident that they would be able to bring Augustus over to their Calvinizing positions by convincing Augustus that they were in fact merely loyal Lutherans, when in fact they were working to introduce Calvinist views of

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