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63-420: Mazkeret Moshe was founded in 1882 from the ardent financial support of British Jewish financier and banker, Moses Montefiore . The name "Mazkeret Moshe" means "memorial to Moses." The neighborhood was intended for Ashkenazi Jews , while the adjacent neighborhood Ohel Moshe , also funded by Montefiore's foundation, was intended for Sephardi Jews . The Wiener Heritage Center, an archive of historic photographs,

126-483: A Sephardic yeshiva ( Judith Lady Montefiore College ) after the death of his wife in 1862. In the grounds he built the elegant, Regency architecture Montefiore Synagogue and mausoleum modeled on Rachel's Tomb outside Bethlehem . (He also paid for the refurbishment and upkeep of this historic tomb.) Judith was laid to rest there in 1862. Montefiore died in 1885, at age 100 years and 9 months. He had no known children. His principal heir in name, arms and property

189-538: A decade, had become a valued writer and lecturer on Masonry. The success in the 1770s of Preston's lectures, and his book, entitled "Illustrations of Masonry", led to his appointment as assistant Grand Secretary, and his election as Master of the Lodge of Antiquity, formerly the Goose and Gridiron, and reputedly the oldest lodge in the constitution. Preston's position as Assistant Grand Secretary enabled him to correspond with

252-548: A few others walked to lodge from church in their regalia one Sunday, his enemies made the incident into an unauthorised procession. Preston unrepentantly cited Antiquity's precedence as a founding "time immemorial" lodge, and was expelled, taking half of Antiquity with him. They allied themselves with the Grand Lodge of All England at York, and for ten years, from 1779 to 1789, became the Grand Lodge of All England South of

315-413: A new Book of Constitutions for his Grand Lodge, entitled Ahiman Rezon . Published in 1756, the first edition expressed a wish for reconciliation with the other Grand Lodge. The second edition, in 1764, turned on their "unconstitutional fopperies". The Premier Grand Lodge were already referred to as the "Moderns", and Dermott made sure that the epithet stuck, his own Grand Lodge becoming known to history as

378-405: A new Masonic Lodge. It started with Desagulier's dedication to the previous Grand Master, John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu . There followed a long "Historical" introduction, tracing Freemasonry back to biblical times, a set of six "Charges" (masonic obligations), an expanded version of Payne's Regulations, Grand Master Wharton's method of constituting a new lodge, and finally a section of songs. For

441-533: A sample of each" (a similar anecdote is told of Israel Zangwill ). Premier Grand Lodge of England The organisation now known as the Premier Grand Lodge of England was founded on 24 June 1717 as the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster . Originally concerned with the practice of Freemasonry in London and Westminster , it soon became known as the Grand Lodge of England . Because it

504-716: A title perpetuated in Hebrew literature and song. Montefiore commissioned several censuses of the Yishuv, or Jewish community in Palestine: these were conducted in 1839, 1849, 1855, 1866 and 1875, and provided much data about the people. The censuses attempted to list every Jew individually, together with some biographical and social information (such as their family structure, place of origin, and degree of poverty). Montefiore played an important role in Ramsgate affairs, and one of

567-862: Is dedicated to Montefiore. The Montefiore Family Papers were initially deposited in the Montefiore Museum in Judith Lady Montefiore College , Ramsgate , Kent. In 1961 the Montefiore Endowment deposited the papers of Montefiore Family at the Mocatta Library of University College London . The archive spans 24 volumes and 515 items. The papers comprise correspondence, account books, and a private appointment diary. Also included are many testimonials and centenary tributes to Montefiore thanking him for his generosity; these have been digitised. Montefiore

630-684: Is located in Mazkeret Moshe. Hessed Verahamim synagogue is a Sephardi synagogue in Mazkeret Moshe that was once a pub. In the late 1920s, the neighborhood butcher convinced the pub owner to turn the building into a synagogue. The doors are covered with silver plates illustrating the Twelve Tribes . 31°46′59″N 35°12′50″E  /  31.783097°N 35.213781°E  / 31.783097; 35.213781 Moses Montefiore Sir Moses Haim Montefiore, 1st Baronet , FRS (24 October 1784 – 28 July 1885)

693-520: Is named after Montefiore Medical Center. A branch of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US, also bears his name. Chicago 's West Side is home to a reform school of higher education, Moses Montefiore Academy , named in honour of him. A number of synagogues were named in honour of Montefiore, including the 1913 Montefiore Institute, now preserved as

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756-766: The City of London . In 1803 he entered the London Stock Exchange , but lost all of his clients' money in 1806 in a fraud perpetrated by Joseph Elkin Daniels. As a result, he probably had to sell or give up his broker's licence. In 1812, Montefiore became a freemason , joining the Moira Lodge, No. 92 of the Premier Grand Lodge of England in London. Between 1810 and 1814 Montefiore was part of

819-872: The Little Synagogue on the Prairie . The Montefiore Club was a private social and business association, catering to the Jewish community located in Montreal , Quebec , Canada. In Cleveland, Ohio , a Jewish nursing home is called Montefiore. He was commemorated on two Israeli banknotes. These were the IL 10, which was in circulation from 1970 to 1979, and the IS  1, which was legal tender from 1980 to 1986. The Dolphin's Barn Jewish cemetery in Dublin , Ireland ,

882-589: The Ohel Moshe neighborhood for Sephardic Jews and the Mazkeret Moshe neighborhood for Ashkenazi Jews , who had distinctly different traditions and languages. Montefiore donated large sums of money to promote industry, education, and health amongst the Jewish community in Palestine. The project, bearing the hallmarks of nineteenth-century artisanal revival, aimed to promote productive enterprise in

945-719: The Old City of Jerusalem . As President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews , he corresponded with Charles Henry Churchill , the British consul in Damascus , in 1841–42; his contributions are seen as pivotal to the development of Proto-Zionism . Queen Victoria's chaplain, Norman Macleod said of Montefiore: "No man living has done so much for his brethren in Palestine as Sir Moses Montefiore". He stated in an interview in

1008-681: The Torah is read. The visit had been a "spiritual transforming event" for him. In 1831, Montefiore purchased a country estate with twenty-four acres on the East Cliff of the fashionable seaside town of Ramsgate . The property had previously been a country house of Queen Caroline , when she was still Princess of Wales. It was next owned by the Marquess Wellesley , a brother of the Duke of Wellington . Soon afterward, Montefiore purchased

1071-847: The Yishuv . The builders were brought over from England. These activities were part of a broader program to enable the Old Yishuv to become self-supporting in anticipation of the establishment of a Jewish homeland. Montefiore built the Montefiore Windmill in an area that later developed as the Yemin Moshe neighbourhood, to provide cheap flour to poor Jews. He also established a printing press and textile factory, and helped to finance several Bilu agricultural colonies. The Jews of Old Yishuv referred to their patron as " ha-Sar Montefiore" ('The Prince' or simply 'Prince' Montefiore),

1134-743: The 1740s, being followed down the road by the "Scald Miserable Masons" became too much, and Masonic Processions were banned by Grand Lodge in 1747. In 1751, a group of unaffiliated lodges of mainly Irish membership formed the Grand Committee of what would become the Most Ancient and Honourable Society of Free and Accepted Masons according to the Old Constitutions , now known as the Ancients . This society, which adhered to what it believed to be an older and more authentic ritual than

1197-630: The 1790s. It is hard not to correlate this with the death of Dermott in 1791, and the progressive editing out of his vitriol from Ahiman Rezon, but other factors contributed. John Murray, 4th Duke of Atholl became Grand Master of the Ancients, and Francis Rawdon-Hastings, Earl of Moira became Acting Grand Master of the Moderns (the Grand Master being the Prince of Wales). Neither of these noblemen

1260-687: The 1860s that "Palestine must belong to the Jews". Moses Montefiore was born in Leghorn ( Livorno in Italian), Tuscany , in 1784, to a Sephardic Jewish family based in Great Britain . His grandfather, Moses Vital (Haim) Montefiore, had emigrated from Livorno to London in the 1740s, but retained close contact with the town. It was known for making straw bonnets. Montefiore was born while his parents, Joseph Elias Montefiore and his young wife Rachel,

1323-740: The Ancient Grand Lodge of England to create the United Grand Lodge of England . The basic principles of the Grand Lodge of England were inspired by the ideal of tolerance and universal understanding of the Enlightenment and by the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century. The Grand Lodge was founded shortly after George I , the first Hanoverian king of the Kingdom of Great Britain , ascended to

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1386-489: The Ancients. Succeeding editions heaped ever more scorn on the Premier Grand Lodge. Dermott's prose was bitingly sarcastic, and witty. Ahiman Rezon sold well. Also in 1764, a lodge of Edinburgh masons, who had only joined the previous year, seceded to the Moderns. These were instrumental in the formation of the first Grand Chapter of Royal Arch masonry. Among their members was William Preston , who within

1449-574: The Chair the oldest Master Mason (now the Master of a Lodge), they constituted themselves a Grand Lodge pro Tempore in due form." It was at that meeting in 1716 that they resolved to hold the Annual Assembly and Feast and then choose a Grand Master from among themselves, which they did the following year. All four lodges were simply named after the public houses where they were accustomed to meet, at

1512-627: The Empire. In 1836 Montefiore became a governor of Christ's Hospital , the Bluecoat school, after assisting in the case of a distressed man who had appealed to him to help his soon-to-be-widowed wife and son. Montefiore was elected Sheriff of the City of London in 1837. He was knighted in November 1837. After retiring from business, Montefiore devoted the rest of his life to philanthropy . He

1575-589: The Free-Masons containing the History, Charges, Regulations, & of that most Ancient and Right Worshipful Fraternity: For use of the Lodges . According to Anderson, he was commissioned to digest the old Gothic Constitutions of Freemasonry. The book was submitted for approval to Grand Lodge, and published by order of the Grand Master in 1723, with the addition of the outgoing Grand Masters method of constituting

1638-833: The Goose and Gridiron Ale-house in St. Paul's Church-yard (Lodge now called Lodge of Antiquity No. 2 ); the Crown Ale-house in Parker's Lane off Drury Lane; the Apple-Tree Tavern in Charles Street, Covent Garden (Lodge now called Lodge of Fortitude and Old Cumberland No. 12 ); and the Rummer and Grapes Tavern in Channel Row, Westminster (Lodge now called Royal Somerset House and Inverness Lodge No. IV ). While

1701-492: The Grand Lodge of Scotland, casting doubt on the regularity of the Ancients, and attempting to sever the ties between the Ancients and the Scots. This was a predictable failure, and further poisoned the relationship between the two London Grand Lodges. The huge influx of new masons at Preston's Antiquity led to discontent among the longer serving lodge members, and he also managed to fall out with Grand Secretary Heseltine. When he and

1764-406: The Grand Lodge secured John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu, as their first noble Grand Master, a foot parade was staged at his installation. This became an annual event, with later processions being conducted in carriages. As every notable admission into the fraternity was heralded in print, an aura of elitism attracted scorn, and the annual processions attracted ridicule and finally, physical parody. In

1827-519: The Holy Land in 1827, Montefiore became a strictly observant Jew. He traveled with a personal shohet (ritual slaughterer), to ensure that he would have a ready supply of kosher meat. Although Montefiore spent only a few days in Jerusalem, the 1827 visit changed his life. He resolved to increase his religious observance and to attend synagogue on Shabbat , as well as Mondays and Thursdays when

1890-463: The Mop and Pail." The second quarter of the 18th century saw the London organisation flourish as the Grand Lodge of England . However, the rapidity of growth saw some lodges fail in their first year. A crop of disaffected ex-masons brought a few published exposures, the most successful being Pritchard's "Masonry Dissected", in 1730. As this contained a recognisable representation of all three degrees, with

1953-638: The Prince Regent. On 1 December 1813, the Duke of Atholl resigned the leadership of the Ancients. The Duke of Kent , the older brother of Sussex and the father of Queen Victoria took over. He had already united the Ancients and Moderns in Canada. He simply merged the lodges of the Moderns with the nearest lodge of the Ancients. In other words, he abolished the Canadian Moderns. So it was that on

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2016-604: The River Trent . Whilst the new Grand Chapter had been set up with the Grand Master, Lord Blayney, at its head, Grand Secretary Heseltine continued to write to Provincial Lodges assuring them that Royal Arch masonry had no part in regular masonry, although he was himself one of the founders of Grand Chapter. Thomas Dunckerley , the Grand Superintendent of the new Grand Chapter, had considerable success in spreading Royal Arch, Mark , and Templar masonry in

2079-585: The Southern provinces of the Moderns, and assisted Heseltine and Preston in starting to move Freemasonry out of inns and into dedicated masonic buildings. The official attitude towards the Royal Arch remained antagonistic, which proved difficult as the two Grand Lodges moved towards union in the next century. Relations between the two major bodies in English Freemasonry experienced a thaw in

2142-525: The Surrey Militia. In 1815, he again bought a broker's licence, and briefly operated a joint venture with his brother Abraham until 1816. He largely closed down his trading activities in 1820. In 1812, Moses Montefiore married Judith Cohen (1784–1862), daughter of Levy Barent Cohen . Her sister, Henriette (or Hannah) (1783–1850), married Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836), for whom Montefiore's firm acted as stockbrokers. Nathan Rothschild headed

2205-706: The adjoining land and commissioned his cousin, architect David Mocatta , to design a private synagogue, known as the Montefiore Synagogue . It opened with a grand public ceremony in 1833. Montefiore is mentioned in Charles Dickens ' diaries, in the personal papers of George Eliot , and in James Joyce ’s novel Ulysses . It is known that he had contacts with Protestant non-conformists and social reformers in Victorian England . He

2268-425: The daughter of Abraham Mocatta , a powerful bullion broker in London, were in the town on a business journey. Moses was close to his aunt, Selina Hannah Laurence ( née Montefiore 1768–1838); a visit to her in 1829 prompted his recollection of the death of his beloved grandmother Esther Hannah Montefiore (1733 – c.  1812 ). Selina lived at Bury Court, St Mary Axe , London, and had anglicised

2331-401: The distress of Jews abroad. He went to the sultan of the Ottoman Empire in 1840 to liberate from prison ten Syrian Jews of Damascus arrested for blood libel in a case known as the Damascus affair ; to Rome in 1858 to try to free Jewish youth Edgardo Mortara , who had been seized by the Catholic Church after allegedly being baptised by a Catholic servant; to Russia in 1846 (where he

2394-401: The early 21st century. The Greenhouse and the rest of the estate are now protected as King George VI Memorial Park. A plaque on the Gate House honors Sir Moses. The Montefiore Home for Chronic Invalids in Manhattan and the Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx are both named after him. Montefiore Square, a small, triangular park in upper Manhattan 's Hamilton Heights neighbourhood,

2457-495: The family's banking business in Britain , and the two brothers-in-law became business partners. In business, Montefiore was an innovator, investing in the supply of piped gas for street lighting to European cities via the Imperial Continental Gas Association . In 1824 he was among the founding consortium of the Alliance Assurance Company (which later merged with Sun Insurance to form Sun Alliance ). Though somewhat lax in religious observance in his early life, after his visit to

2520-439: The first precursor of the New Yishuv . Living outside the city walls was dangerous at the time, due to lawlessness and bandits. Montefiore offered financial inducement to encourage poor families to move there. Montefiore intended Mishkenot Sha’ananim to be a new type of self-sufficient, sanitary settlement where Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews lived together. Later on, Montefiore established adjacent neighborhoods south of Jaffa Road ,

2583-446: The first time, all of Freemasonry, except for the ritual, was available in a printed book. Anderson received no remuneration from the pocket editions which started to appear in the 1730s, which may have inspired the revised edition of 1738. The new Grand Lodge was evidently not immediately attractive to the older "St. John's" or independent lodges, who already found much to dislike about the organisation. It had been their custom to mark

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2646-508: The local ridings still bears his name. In 1845 he served as High Sheriff of Kent . In 1873, the year of his 89th birthday, a local newspaper mistakenly ran his obituary. "Thank God to have been able to hear of the rumour", he wrote to the editor, "and to read an account of the same with my own eyes, without using spectacles." The town celebrated his 99th and his 100th birthdays in great style, and every local charity (and church) benefited from his philanthropy. At East Cliff Lodge, he established

2709-412: The lodge out in chalk, which would be erased with a mop and bucket. This began to be replaced with tape and thin metal letters, hence an advertisement in a London newspaper in 1726 for a lecture on "Ante-Diluvian Masonry. Showing what innovations have lately been introduced by the Doctor and some other of the Moderns, with their Tape, Jacks, and Movable Letters, Blazing Stars, etc., to the great indignity of

2772-422: The lodges of Freemasons. Progress towards union remained slow, until the Moderns formed the "Lodge of Promulgation" in 1809, for the purpose of reverting their ritual to a point where it was in step with the Ancients, the Scots and the Irish. One of their resolutions was that the ceremony of installation (of a new master of a lodge) was part of "Antient" masonry. They then obliged their own uninstalled masters and

2835-417: The masters of the London lodges to undergo the ritual in three meetings during December 1810 and January 1811. That year, the Moderns formally told the Ancients that they had resolved to return to the older ritual, and the process of union began. At the end of 1812, the Earl of Moira resigned to take up the post of Governor of India, and the Duke of Sussex became Grand Master on the resignation of his brother,

2898-416: The original Grand Lodge, grew rapidly under the influence of Laurence Dermott , who was Grand Secretary from 1752 to 1771, and deputy Grand Master intermittently thereafter. (As the Grand Masters of the period were mainly noble figureheads, it was the Deputy Grand Master who actually directed the Grand Lodge.) It also benefited from early recognition by the Grand Lodges of Ireland and Scotland. Dermott wrote

2961-408: The region was wracked by an earthquake in 1836. The towns of Safed and Tiberias were particularly damaged, with the few survivors suffering disorder, terror and disease. Moses and Judith launched an ambitious programme of relief in 1837. In 1854 his American friend Judah Touro , also a Sephardic Jew, died after having bequeathed money to fund Jewish residential settlement in Palestine. Montefiore

3024-415: The secrets that would supposedly ensure admission to a Masonic Lodge, Grand Lodge made a few changes to their ritual and password which took them out of step with the new Grand Lodges in Ireland and Scotland. This also widened the gulf between a relatively new Grand Lodge, and many unaffiliated lodges in the country, who viewed with extreme suspicion any departure from the "Ancient Landmarks". When, in 1721,

3087-414: The surname of her husband Zaccaria Levy (1751–1828) to Laurence following his death. The family returned to Kennington in London, where Montefiore attended school. His family's precarious financial situation prevented Montefiore from completing his schooling and he went out to work to help support the family. After working for a wholesale tea merchant and grocer, he was hired by a counting house in

3150-427: The three London lodges were mainly operative lodges, the Rummer and Grapes, by the Palace of Westminster , appears to have been primarily a lodge of accepted and speculative gentlemen masons. Little is known of Anthony Sayer , the first Grand Master, but the next, George Payne , rose to a high position within the Commissioners of Taxes. Payne served as Grand Master twice, in 1718–19, and 1720–21. The year in between

3213-438: The throne on 1 August 1714 and the end of the first Jacobite rising of 1715 . Officially, the Grand Lodge of England was founded in London on St. John the Baptist 's day, 24 June 1717, when four existing Lodges gathered at the Goose and Gridiron Ale-house in St. Paul's Church-yard in London and constituted themselves a Grand Lodge. The four lodges had previously met together in 1716 at the Apple-Tree Tavern, "and having put into

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3276-406: Was a British financier and banker, activist, philanthropist and Sheriff of London . Born to an Italian Sephardic Jewish family based in London , after he achieved success, he donated large sums of money to promote industry, business, economic development, education and health among the Jewish community in the Levant . He founded Mishkenot Sha'ananim in 1860, the first Jewish settlement outside

3339-404: Was active in public initiatives aimed at alleviating the persecution of minorities in the Middle East and elsewhere, and he worked closely with organisations that campaigned for the abolition of slavery . A Government loan raised by the Rothschilds and Montefiore in 1835 enabled the British Government to compensate plantation owners under the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 and abolish slavery in

3402-423: Was appointed executor of his will, and used the funds for a variety of projects to encourage the Jews to engage in productive labor. In 1855, he purchased an orchard on the outskirts of Jaffa that offered agricultural training to the Jews. In 1860, he built the first Jewish residential settlement and almshouse outside the old walled city of Jerusalem , which today is known as Mishkenot Sha'ananim . This became

3465-481: Was buried in the mausoleum which he had had built near the Montefiore Synagogue at Ramsgate. The estate was sold to the Borough of Ramsgate around 1952, and the Lodge was demolished in 1954. All that remains today is a new building housing a firm of architects. It incorporates parts of the original structure, called the Coach House. There are also some outbuildings that survive (including the Gate House). The Italianate Greenhouse has been restored to its former glory in

3528-414: Was content to be a mere figurehead, and in 1799 they were forced to act together, in company with representatives of the Grand Lodge of Scotland, to keep Freemasonry from being outlawed. Fear of Napoleon 's spies prompted the Unlawful Societies Act, prohibiting any association bound by secret oaths, and the united representations of the three Grand Lodges induced the Government to make a specific exception of

3591-428: Was his nephew Sir Joseph Sebag-Montefiore (1822–1903, born Joseph Sebag), a British banker, stockbroker and politician. Sir Joseph's descendant, British historian Simon Sebag Montefiore (born 1965), revealed that his family believes Sir Moses to have fathered a child late in life with a 16-year-old domestic servant. Philanthropist Leonard Montefiore was a great-nephew of Sir Moses Montefiore. Sir Moses Montefiore

3654-449: Was outgrowing London. George Payne took it upon himself to write the General Regulations of a Free Mason [ sic ], which were recited at his second installation as Grand Master in 1720. Very little is known of the period from 1717 to 1721, due to lack of minutes and written material, but sometime during this period the Revd. Dr. James Anderson was either commissioned or took it upon himself to write The Constitutions of

3717-445: Was president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews from 1835 to 1874, a period of 39 years, the longest tenure ever, and member of Bevis Marks Synagogue . As president, he corresponded with the British consul in Damascus, Charles Henry Churchill , in 1841–42; a practice seen as pivotal to the development of Proto-Zionism . From retirement until the day he died, Montefiore devoted himself to philanthropy, particularly alleviating

3780-409: Was received by the Tsar) and 1872; to Morocco in 1864, and to Romania in 1867. These missions made him a folk hero of near mythological proportions among the oppressed Jews of Eastern Europe, North Africa , and the Levant . Montefiore received a baronetcy in 1846 in recognition of his services to humanitarian causes on behalf of the Jewish people. He and his wife travelled to Palestine after

3843-434: Was renowned for his quick and sharp wit. A popularly circulated anecdote, possibly apocryphal, relates that at a dinner party he was once seated next to a nobleman who was known to be an anti-Semite . The nobleman told Montefiore that he had just returned from a trip to Japan , where "they have neither pigs nor Jews." Montefiore is reported to have responded immediately, "in that case, you and I should go there, so it will have

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3906-590: Was taken by John Theophilus Desaguliers , a scientist, clergyman, and a pupil of Newton. Thereafter, every Grand Master was a member of the nobility, although in these early years, it is unlikely that they were anything more than figureheads. The intention was to raise the public profile of the society, which evidently succeeded. In 1725, aside from London Lodges, the minutes of Grand Lodge show lodges at Bath, Bristol, Norwich, Chichester, Chester, Reading, Gosport, Carmarthen, Salford, and Warwick, and embryonic Provincial Grand Lodges in Cheshire and South Wales. The Grand Lodge

3969-412: Was the first Masonic Grand Lodge to be created, modern convention now calls it the Premier Grand Lodge of England in order to distinguish it from the Most Ancient and Honourable Society of Free and Accepted Masons according to the Old Constitutions , usually referred to as the Ancient Grand Lodge of England , and the Grand Lodge of All England Meeting at York . It existed until 1813, when it united with

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