Heinrich Christian Macklot (20 October 1799, Frankfurt am Main – 12 May 1832) was a German naturalist .
95-663: He studied medicine at the University of Heidelberg , earning his doctorate in 1822. Later that year, he found employment at the Rijksmuseum in Leyden . With Heinrich Boie and Salomon Müller , he was sent to Asia in order to collect specimens for the museum as part of the Natuurkundige Kommissie (Natural Science Commission). Macklot visited New Guinea and the island of Timor from 1828 to 1830 on board
190-712: A Center for Latin America in Santiago , Chile in 2001. It has the task of organizing, managing, and marketing the courses of study maintained either independently by Heidelberg University or in cooperation with the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile and the University of Chile . The center has responsibility for programs of postgraduate education . It also coordinates the activities of Heidelberg University in Latin America, and provides
285-584: A German zoologist is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . University of Heidelberg Heidelberg University , officially the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg (German: Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg ; Latin : Universitas Ruperto Carola Heidelbergensis ), is a public research university in Heidelberg , Baden-Württemberg , Germany . Founded in 1386 on instruction of Pope Urban VI , Heidelberg
380-726: A consequence of the Bologna process , most faculties now offer Bachelor's , Master's , and Ph.D. degrees to comply with the new European degree standard. Notable exceptions are the undergraduate programs in law, medicine, dentistry and pharmacy , from which students still graduate with the State Examination , a central examination at Master's level held by the State of Baden-Württemberg. The university has partnerships nationally and internationally. In particular, it maintains longstanding collaborations in research and education with
475-478: A great extent in buildings spread over the ancient part of town, though most are less than ten minutes walk from University Square. The faculties maintain their own extensive libraries and work spaces for students. Seminars and tutorials are usually held in the faculty buildings. In the 1960s the university started building a new campus near the city district Neuenheim, called the Neuenheimer Feld. It
570-587: A large campus for medicine and natural sciences was constructed. Today, about 29,000 students are enrolled for studies at Heidelberg University. There are 4,196 full-time faculty, including 476 university professors. In 2007, and again in 2012, the university was appointed University of Excellence under an initiative started by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the German Research Foundation . This enhanced
665-622: A platform for scientific cooperation. Heidelberg University's South Asia Institute maintains branch offices in New Delhi (India)), Islamabad (Pakistan), Kathmandu (Nepal), and Colombo (Sri Lanka). The university is also represented by a liaison office in New York. Its main tasks include promoting existing collaborations, building up new networks, creating joint study programs, and maintaining and expanding academic contacts with American universities. The university has its own museum, in
760-402: A result of this earthquake. Avignon has a hot-summer mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification : Csa ), though the dry-summer effect is not as strong as coastal locations like Marseille due to its more sheltered inland location. The city experiences mild-cool winters and hot summers, with moderate rainfall year-round. The city is often subject to windy weather; the strongest wind
855-413: A total of 28,949 students, including 5,276 international students. In addition there are 1,467 international exchange students at Heidelberg. 23,636 students pursue taught degrees, 4,114 of whom are international students, and 919 are international exchange students. 4,114 students pursue a doctoral degree , including 1,444 international doctoral students and 15 international exchange students . In 2007,
950-585: Is Germany's oldest university and one of the world's oldest surviving universities ; it was the third university established in the Holy Roman Empire after Prague (1347) and Vienna (1365). Since 1899, it has been a coeducational institution. Heidelberg is one of the most prestigious universities in Germany. It is a German Excellence University , part of the U15 , as well as a founding member of
1045-576: Is a limestone elevation of Urgonian type, 35 metres high (and therefore safe from flooding of the Rhone which it overlooks) and is the original core of the city. Several limestone massifs are present around the commune (the Massif des Angles , Villeneuve-lès-Avignon , Alpilles ...) and they are partly the result of the oceanisation of the Ligurian-Provençal basin following the migration of
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#17327972792091140-404: Is an open access platform for members of the university. The university bibliography heiBIB lists all academic publications by university members. In 2015, Heidelberg University founded the publishing house Heidelberg University Publishing – heiUP, which is part of the university library. The publisher releases quality-controlled scientific publications in open access. Heidelberg University founded
1235-508: Is contiguous and both have a little less than a hundred establishments. Finally, the areas of Castelette, Croix de Noves, Realpanier, and the airport each have fewer than 25 establishments spread between service activities and shops. The area of the Castelette alone represents more than 600 jobs—i.e. 100 more than Cristole. Four million visitors come annually to visit the city and the region and also for its Festival d'Avignon . In 2011
1330-626: Is for exceptional seismicity resulting in the destruction of buildings." The presence of faults in the limestone substrate shows that significant tectonic shift has caused earthquakes in different geological ages. The last major earthquake of significant magnitude was on 11 June 1909. It left a visible trace in the centre of the city since the bell tower of the Augustinians, which is surmounted by an ancient campanile of wrought iron, located in Rue Carreterie, remained slightly leaning as
1425-553: Is located in the former Ludolf Krehl clinic (named after Ludolf von Krehl ) in the inner-city suburb of Heidelberg-Bergheim . Since March 2009 it has housed the institutes economics, political science, and sociology (together the Heidelberg University Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences) that formerly resided at the Old Town campus. The Bergheim campus offers one lecture theatre, several seminar rooms,
1520-507: Is one of the largest in Europe. The tertiary sector is the most dynamic in the department by far on the basis of the significant production of early fruit and vegetables in Vaucluse, The MIN (Market of National Importance) has become the pivotal hub of commercial activity in the department, taking precedence over other local markets (including that of Carpentras ). A Sensitive urban zone
1615-810: Is ranked 1st in Germany and 5th in Continental Europe. In the CWTS Leiden Ranking 2019 Heidelberg University is ranked 1st in Germany and 13th in Continental Europe over all sciences according to the scientific impact (number of publications in core journals). According to the indicator "Collaboration", Heidelberg University is 1st in Germany and 10th in Europe. Avignon Avignon ( / ˈ æ v ɪ n j ɒ̃ / , US also / ˌ æ v ɪ n ˈ j oʊ n / , French: [aviɲɔ̃] ; Provençal : Avinhon (Classical norm) or Avignoun ( Mistralian norm ) , IPA: [aviˈɲun] ; Latin : Avenio )
1710-427: Is the mistral for which the windspeed can be beyond 110 km/h. It blows between 120 and 160 days per year with an average speed of 90 km/h in gusts. The following table shows the different speeds of the mistral recorded by Orange and Carpentras Serres stations in the southern Rhone valley and its frequency in 2006. Normal corresponds to the average of the last 53 years from Orange weather reports and that of
1805-402: Is the mistral . A medieval Latin proverb said of the city: Avenie ventosa, sine vento venenosa, cum vento fastidiosa (Windy Avignon, pest-ridden when there is no wind, wind-pestered when there is). The record temperature record since the existence of the weather station at Orange is 42.8 °C on 28 June 2019 and the record lowest was −14.5 °C on 2 February 1956. The prevailing wind
1900-684: Is the prefecture of the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of southeastern France. Located on the left bank of the river Rhône , the commune had a population of 93,671 as of the census results of 2017, with about 16,000 (estimate from Avignon's municipal services) living in the ancient town centre enclosed by its medieval walls . It is France's 35th-largest metropolitan area according to INSEE with 337,039 inhabitants (2020), and France's 13th-largest urban unit with 459,533 inhabitants (2020). Its urban area
1995-511: Is the ' legislative branch ' of the university. The rector and the members of the rectorate are senators ex officio , as are also the deans of the faculties, as well as the medical and managing directors of the University Hospital , and the university's equal opportunities officer . Another 20 senators are elected for four-year terms, within the following quotas: eight university professors; four academic staff; four delegates of
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#17327972792092090-707: Is the seat of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Vaucluse which manages the Avignon–Caumont Airport and the Avignon-Le Pontet Docks. Avignon has 7,000 businesses, 1,550 associations, 1,764 shops, and 1,305 service providers. The urban area has one of the largest catchment areas in Europe with more than 300,000 square metres of retail space and 469 m per thousand population against 270 on average in France. The commercial area of Avignon Nord
2185-575: Is today the largest part of the university, and the largest campus for natural sciences and life science in Germany. Almost all science faculties and institutes, the medical school, University Hospital Heidelberg , and the science branch of the University Library are situated on the New Campus. Most of the dormitories and the athletic facilities of the university can be found there as well. Several independent research institutes, such as
2280-600: The Codex Manesse , which had ended up in the Royal Library in Paris, followed in 1888. Karl Zangemeister (1837–1902) became the first full-time head of the university library in 1912. Based on the designs of architect Joseph Durum, a dedicated library building, a richly ornamented, four-winged red sandstone construction, was erected from 1901 to 1905. In 1978, a branch library opened in the Neuenheimer Feld, serving
2375-510: The Curia , which ultimately led to a papal bull for foundation of a university. After having received, on 23 October 1385, permission from pope Urban VI to create a school of general studies ( Latin : studium generale ), the final decision to found the university was taken on 26 June 1386 at the behest of Rupert I, Count Palatine of the Rhine . As specified in the papal charter, the university
2470-736: The Durançole . The Durançole fed the western moats of the city and was also used to irrigate crops at Montfavet. In the city, these streams are often hidden beneath the streets and houses and are currently used to collect sewerage. The Hospital Canal (joining the Durançole) and the Crillon Canal (1775) were dug to irrigate the territories of Montfavet, Pontet, and Vedène. They were divided into numerous "fioles" or "filioles" (in Provençal filhòlas or fiolo ). Similarly, to irrigate
2565-591: The Frankfurt Parliament of 1848 . During the late 19th century, the university housed a very liberal and open-minded spirit, which was deliberately fostered by Max Weber , Ernst Troeltsch and a circle of colleagues around them. In February 1900, the Grand Duchy of Baden issued a decree that gave women the right to access universities in Baden. Thus, the universities of Freiburg and Heidelberg were
2660-636: The French Revolution it became part of France. The city is now the capital of the Vaucluse department and one of the few French cities to have preserved its city walls. This is why Avignon is also known as ' La Cité des Papes ' (The City-State of Popes). The historic centre, which includes the Palais des Papes , the cathedral and the Pont d'Avignon , became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 because of its architecture and importance during
2755-563: The German Cancer Research Center and two of the Max-Planck-Institutes have settled there. The New Campus is also the seat of several biomedical spin-off companies. The old part of town can be reached by tram and bus in about 10 minutes. The Neuenheimer Feld campus has extensive parking lots for faculty and student vehicles for long term and short term parking, as well as visitors and patients of
2850-557: The Grand Rhône , or "live arm", for the western channel which passes Villeneuve-lès-Avignon in the Gard department. The two branches are separated by an island, the Île de la Barthelasse. The southernmost tip of the Île de la Barthelasse once formed of a separated island, the L'Île de Piot. The banks of the Rhone and the Île de la Barthelasse are often subject to flooding during autumn and March. The publication Floods in France since
2945-661: The League of European Research Universities and the Coimbra Group . The university consists of twelve faculties and offers degree programmes at undergraduate, graduate and postdoctoral levels in some 100 disciplines. The language of instruction is usually German, while a considerable number of graduate degrees are offered in English as well as some in French. As of 2021, 57 Nobel Prize winners have been affiliated with
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3040-567: The Sorgue or Sorguette . It is visible in the city in the Rue des teinturiers (street of dyers). It fed the moat around the first defensive walls then fed the moat on the newer eastern city walls (14th century). In the 13th century (under an Act signed in 1229) part of the waters of the Durance were diverted to increase the water available for the moats starting from Bonpas. This river was later called
3135-600: The Treaty of Lunéville , the university lost all its property on the left bank of the Rhine , so that its complete dissolution was expected. This decline did not stop until 1803, when the university was reestablished as a state-owned institution by Karl Friedrich, Grand Duke of Baden , to whom the part of the Palatinate situated on the right bank of the Rhine was allotted. Since then, the university bears his name together with
3230-435: The student body ; and four employees of the university administration. The University Council is the advisory board to the aforementioned entities and encompasses, among others, the former Israeli Ambassador to Germany Avi Primor , as well as CEOs of German industries. After a 2003 structural reformation, the university consists of 13 faculties , which in turn comprise several disciplines, departments, and institutes. As
3325-586: The 14th and 15th centuries. The medieval monuments and the annual Festival d'Avignon – one of the world's largest festivals for performing arts – have helped to make the town a major centre for tourism. The earliest forms of the name were reported by the Greeks: Аὐενιὼν Aueniṑn (Stephen of Byzantium, Strabo, IV, 1, 11) and Άουεννίων Aouenníōn (Ptolemy II, x). The Roman name Avennĭo Cavărum (Mela, II, 575, Pliny III, 36), i.e. "Avignon of Cavares", accurately shows that Avignon
3420-666: The 1st century and is written Avinhon in classic Occitan spelling or Avignoun in Mistralian spelling . The inhabitants of the commune are called avinhonencs or avignounen in both standard Occitan and Provençal dialect . Avignon is on the left bank of the Rhône river, a few kilometres above its confluence with the Durance , about 580 km (360 mi) south-east of Paris, 229 km (142 mi) south of Lyon and 85 km (53 mi) north-north-west of Marseille . On
3515-404: The 38 branch libraries add another 3.0 million printed books. In 2022, 43,600 active users accessed 746,000 books. Additionally, the University Library provides a wide array of online resources, among them 152,000 scientific e-journals . The origins of today's University Library date back to 1386, the year the university was founded. Surrounding the new university, the libraries of the faculty of
3610-510: The 55th position worldwide and was ranked first nationally. According to the funding report of the German Research Foundation (DFG) of 2018, which breaks down the grants from 2014 to 2016, the Heidelberg University ranked 2nd among German universities in the overall ranking, 7th in humanities and social sciences and 4th among German universities in the life sciences and natural sciences . The approvals were normalised to
3705-443: The 6th century until today – research and documentation by Maurice Champion tells about a number of them (until 1862, the flood of 1856 was one of the largest, which destroyed part of the walls). They have never really stopped as shown by the floods in 1943–1944 and again on 23 January 1955 and remain important today—such as the floods of 2 December 2003. As a result, a new risk mapping has been developed. The Durance flows along
3800-481: The German university system by establishing a small network of exceptionally well-funded universities, which are expected to generate strong international appeal. In 2022, a mass shooting occurred in the university , killing a woman and injuring three other people. The gunman then committed suicide. "I saw Heidelberg on a perfectly clear morning, with a pleasant air both cool and invigorating. The city, just so, with
3895-547: The HM corvette Triton . He was killed on 12 May 1832 during an insurrection that took place on the island of Java . In 1837, Coenraad Jacob Temminck named the Sunda fruit bat , Acerodon mackloti in his honor. Other zoological species and subspecies that bear his name are: The botanical genus Macklottia was named after Macklot by Pieter Willem Korthals , it is synonymous with the genus Leptospermum . This article about
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3990-549: The Old Town Campus. The sciences faculties and the medical school, including three large university hospitals, are located on the New Campus in the Neuenheimer Feld on the outskirts of Heidelberg. The so-called New University is regarded as the center of the Old Town Campus. It is situated at the Universitätsplatz (University Square) in the pedestrian zone, in direct vicinity to the University Library and to
4085-617: The Reformed faith, Otto Henry, Elector Palatine , converted the university into a calvinistic institution. In 1563, the Heidelberg Catechism was created under collaboration of members of the university's divinity school. As the 16th century was passing, the late humanism stepped beside Calvinism as a predominant school of thought; and figures like Paul Schede , Jan Gruter , Martin Opitz , and Matthäus Merian taught at
4180-533: The Sardo-Corsican block. The other significant elevation in the commune is the Montfavet Hill—a wooded hill in the east of the commune. The Rhone Valley is an old alluvial zone: loose deposits cover much of the ground. It consists of sandy alluvium more or less coloured with pebbles consisting mainly of siliceous rocks. The islands in the Rhone, such as the Île de la Barthelasse , were created by
4275-650: The Seminarium ad Carolum Borromæum, whose pupils were also registered in the university. After the suppression of the Jesuit Order, most of the schools they had conducted passed into the hands of the French Congregation of Lazarists in 1773. They deteriorated from that time forward. Meanwhile, the university itself continued to lose in prestige until the reign of the last elector Charles Theodore, Elector Palatine , who established new chairs for all
4370-466: The accumulation of alluvial deposits and also by the work of man. The relief is quite low despite the creation of mounds allowing local protection from flooding. In the land around the city there are clay, silt, sand, and limestone present. The Rhone passes the western edge of the city, but is divided into two branches: the Petit Rhône , or "dead arm", for the part that passes next to Avignon and
4465-467: The arts, the three higher faculties (theology, law, medicine) and the collegiate library grew. The acquisition of a box of records, which was housed in the Heiliggeistkirche , through the rector, Marsilius of Inghen , in 1388 contributed fundamentally to the development of the library. In the 16th century, Otto Henry, Elector Palatine , combined the miscellaneous book collections accrued since
4560-708: The assassination of the liberal German-Jewish Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau , he refused to half mast the national flag on the institute, thereby provoking its storming by communist students. After the establishment of Nazi Germany in 1933, the university supported Adolf Hitler and the Nazis like all other German universities at the time. It dismissed a large number of staff and students for political and racial reasons. Many dissident fellows had to emigrate and most Jewish and Communist professors who did not leave Germany were deported. At least two professors directly fell victim to Nazi terror. On 17 May 1933, members of
4655-401: The city of Heidelberg and 33 with the university itself. Modern scientific psychiatry , psychopharmacology , experimental psychology , psychiatric genetics , mathematical statistics , environmental physics , and modern sociology were introduced as scientific disciplines by Heidelberg students or faculty. Approximately 1,000 doctorates are completed every year, with more than one third of
4750-544: The commune such as the Lake of Saint-Chamand east of the city. There have been many diversions throughout the course of history, such as feeding the moat surrounding Avignon or irrigating crops. In the 10th century part of the waters from the Sorgue d'Entraigues were diverted and today pass under the walls to enter the city. (See Sorgue ). This watercourse is called the Vaucluse Canal but Avignon people still call it
4845-468: The cradle of Romanticism , and its old town and castle are among the most frequented tourist destinations in Germany. Its pedestrian zone is a shopping and night life magnet for the surrounding area and beyond. Heidelberg is about 40 minutes by train away from Frankfurt International Airport . Heidelberg University's facilities are, generally speaking, separated in two parts. The faculties and institutes of humanities and social sciences are embedded in
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#17327972792094940-418: The delimitation of the seismicity of the French territory and which entered into force on 1 May 2011, Avignon is located in an area of moderate seismicity. The previous zoning is shown below for reference. "The cantons of Bonnieux, Apt, Cadenet, Cavaillon, and Pertuis are classified in zone Ib (low risk). All other cantons the Vaucluse department, including Avignon, are classified Ia (very low risk). This zoning
5035-478: The doctoral students coming from abroad. International students from some 130 countries account for more than 20 percent of the entire student body. The Great Schism of 1378 made it possible for Heidelberg, a relatively small city and capital of the Electorate of the Palatinate , to gain its own university. The Great Schism was initiated by the election of two popes after the death of Pope Gregory XI in
5130-469: The east and north are the communes of Caumont-sur-Durance , Morières-lès-Avignon , Le Pontet , and Sorgues . The region around Avignon is very rich in limestone which is used for building material. For example, the current city walls , measuring 4,330 metres long, were built with the soft limestone abundant in the region called mollasse burdigalienne . Enclosed by the city walls, the Rocher des Doms
5225-545: The emperor and chief magistrate of the realm. This resulted in establishing a good reputation for the university and its professors. Due to the influence of Marsilius, the university initially taught the nominalism or via moderna . In 1412, both realism and the teachings of John Wycliffe were forbidden at the university but later, around 1454, the university decided that realism or via antique would also be taught, thus introducing two parallel ways ( ambae viae ). The transition from scholastic to humanistic culture
5320-495: The faculties, founded scientific institutes such as the Electoral Academy of Science, and transferred the school of political economy from Kaiserslautern to Heidelberg, where it was combined with the university as the faculty of political economy. He also founded an observatory in the neighboring city of Mannheim , where Jesuit Christian Mayer labored as director. In connection with the four hundredth anniversary of
5415-527: The first ones to allow women to study . In the Weimar Republic , the university was widely recognized as a center of democratic thinking, coined by professors like Karl Jaspers , Gustav Radbruch , Martin Dibelius and Alfred Weber . Unfortunately, there were also dark forces working within the university: Nazi physicist Philipp Lenard was head of the physics institute at the time. Following
5510-540: The following independent research institutes located in and around Heidelberg: The university employs more than 15,000 academic staff; most of them are physicians engaged in the University Hospital . As of 2008, the faculty encompasses 4,196 full-time staff, excluding visiting professors as well as graduate research and teaching assistants . 673 faculty members have been drawn from abroad. Heidelberg University also attracts more than 500 international scholars as visiting professors each academic year. The university enrols
5605-650: The foundation of the university with the princely library housed in Heidelberg Castle to form the Bibliotheca Palatina and made them publicly accessible in the galleries of the Heiliggeistkirche . Among these collections, inherited records of the Fuggers (Augsburg, Ulrich Fugger the Elder) wereof particular importance. The majority of the library holdings, which enjoyed great contemporary renown,
5700-409: The gardens of the wealthy south of Avignon, the Puy Canal was dug (1808). All of these canals took their water from the Durance. These canals were initially used to flood the land, which was very stony, to fertilize them by deposition of silt. All of these canals have been used to operate many mills. Under the new seismic zoning of France defined in Decree No. 2010-1255 of 22 October 2010 concerning
5795-472: The institutes of natural sciences and medicine. Since 2021, all manuscripts of the Bibliotheca Palatina are accessible digitally online (848 German-language Palatina manuscripts, 2,030 Latin, 423 Greek, 267 Hebrew and 20 manuscripts in other languages). Their digitization was achieved through the cooperation of Heidelberg University Library and the Vatican Library . The university library expands its publication services: The Heidelberg document server heiDOK
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#17327972792095890-461: The integral university library system comprising approximately 6.2 million printed volumes. The University Library's holdings exceeded one million in 1934. Today, it comprises about 3.2 million books, about 500,000 other media such as microfilms and video tapes, as well as 6,000 printed scientific periodicals. Moreover, it has 6,900 manuscripts, 1,800 incunabula , 110,500 autographs , and a collection of old maps, paintings, and photographs. Furthermore,
5985-407: The last 42 at Carpentras. Legend: "=" same as normal; "+" higher than normal; "-" lower than normal In 2017, the commune had 91,921 inhabitants. Avignon is the prefecture (capital) of Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur region. It forms the core of the Grand Avignon metropolitan area ( communauté d'agglomération ), which comprises 15 communes on both sides of
6080-529: The main administration buildings. The New University was officially opened in 1931. Its erection was largely financed by donations of wealthy American families, in line with a fundraising campaign of Jacob Gould Schurman , an alumnus of Heidelberg University and former United States Ambassador to Germany . It houses the new assembly hall, the largest lecture halls, and a number of smaller seminar rooms, mostly used by faculties of humanities and social sciences. Education in humanities and social sciences takes place to
6175-539: The main building of the old campus. Visitors are able to view the Great Hall (when not in use), and the former "student jail". The Rectorate is the ' executive body ' of the university, headed by rector Bernhard Eitel . The rectorate consists of the chancellor , Holger Schroeter , who is the head of the central administration and responsible for the university's budgeting, and three pro-rectors, who are responsible for international relations, teaching and communication, and research and structure respectively. The Senate
6270-412: The main scenes of the left-wing student protests in Germany. In 1975, a massive police force arrested the entire student parliament AStA . Shortly thereafter, the building of the Collegium Academicum, a progressive college in immediate vicinity to the university's main grounds, was stormed by over 700 police officers and closed once and for all. On the outskirts of the city, in the Neuenheimer Feld area,
6365-409: The most modern of the university libraries, and a cafe (rather than the full cafeteria present in the other campuses). Since 2019, the Bergheim Campus has also become the location of the Centre for Asian and Transcultural Studies of the Heidelberg University. The University Library is the main library of the university. Together with the branch libraries, serving the faculties and institutes, it forms
6460-402: The most visited tourist attraction was the Palais des Papes with 572,972 paying visitors. The annual Festival d'Avignon is the most important cultural event in the city. The official festival attracted 135,800 people in 2012. River tourism began in 1994 with three river boat-hotels. In 2011 there is a fleet of 21 river boat-hotel vessels, including six sight-seeing boats which are anchored on
6555-483: The name of Ruprecht I . Karl Friedrich divided the university into five faculties and placed himself at its head as rector, as did also his successors. During this decade, Romanticism found expression in Heidelberg through Clemens Brentano , Achim von Arnim , Ludwig Tieck , Joseph Görres , and Joseph von Eichendorff , and there went forth a revival of the German Middle Ages in speech, poetry, and art. The German Students Association exerted great influence, which
6650-400: The ordinary of medicine through a papal dispensation. In 1553, Pope Julius III sanctioned the allotment of ecclesiastical benefices to secular professors. Martin Luther 's disputation at Heidelberg in April 1518 made a lasting impact, and his adherents among the masters and scholars soon became leading Reformationists in Southwest Germany. With the Electorate of the Palatinate turn to
6745-426: The quay along the Oulle walkways. In addition, a free shuttle boat connects Avignon to the Île de la Barthelasse and, as of 1987, a harbor master has managed all river traffic. The commune has been awarded one flower by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom . The city is the headquarters of the International Association of the Mediterranean Tomato ,
6840-504: The reconstruction of the university was realized rather quickly. With the foundation of the Collegium Academicum, Heidelberg University became the home of Germany's first and, until today, only self-governed student hall. Newly laid statutes obliged the university to "The Living Spirit of Truth, Justice and Humanity". During the 1960s and 1970s, the university grew dramatically in size. At this time, it developed into one of
6935-642: The rest related to industry) and more than 3,600 jobs. The site covers an area of 300 hectares and is located south-west of the city at the TGV railway station. Then comes the Fontcouverte area with a hundred establishments representing a thousand jobs. It is, however, more oriented towards shops than the Courtine area. The MIN area of Avignon is the Agroparc area (or "Technopole Agroparc"). The Cristole area
7030-413: The river: List of successive mayors Avignon is twinned with: Avignon absorbed Montfavet between 1790 and 1794 then ceded Morières-lès-Avignon in 1870 and Le Pontet in 1925. On 16 May 2007 the commune of Les Angles in Gard ceded 13 hectares to Avignon. The city of Avignon has an area of 64.78 km and a population of 92,078 inhabitants in 2010 and is ranked as follows: Avignon
7125-679: The same year. One successor resided in Avignon (elected by the French) and the other in Rome (elected by the Italian cardinals). The German secular and spiritual leaders voiced their support for the successor in Rome, which had far-reaching consequences for the German students and teachers in Paris: they lost their stipends and had to leave. Rupert I recognized the opportunity and initiated talks with
7220-545: The size of the university. In a competitive selection process, the DFG selects the best research projects from researchers at universities and research institutes and finances them. The ranking is thus regarded as an indicator of the quality of research. In the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities (NTU ranking) 2019, which measures the research outputs of universities, Heidelberg University
7315-401: The southern boundary of the commune into the Rhone and marks the departmental boundary with Bouches-du-Rhône . It is a river that is considered "capricious" and once feared for its floods (it was once called the "3rd scourge of Provence" as well as for its low water: the Durance has both Alpine and Mediterranean morphology which is unusual. There are many natural and artificial water lakes in
7410-480: The totality of its ambiance is, one might say, something ideal." Heidelberg is a city with approximately 140,000 inhabitants. It is situated in the Rhine Neckar Triangle , a European metropolitan area with approximately 2.4 million people living there, comprising the neighboring cities of Heidelberg , Mannheim , Ludwigshafen , and a number of smaller towns in the perimeter. Heidelberg is known as
7505-520: The troops of King Louis XIV , who destroyed Heidelberg in 1693 almost completely. As a consequence of the late Counter-Reformation , the university lost its Protestant character, and was channeled by Jesuits . From 1712 to 1728, the Old University was constructed at University Square, then known as Domus Wilhelmina. Through the efforts of the Jesuits a preparatory seminary was established,
7600-486: The university awarded 994 PhD degrees . In the 2025 edition of the QS World University Rankings , Heidelberg ranked 84th globally and 3rd in Germany. According to the 2024 Times Higher Education World University Rankings , the university was ranked 47th in the world and held the position as the 3rd best university in the country. Moreover, in the 2023 ARWU World Rankings , Heidelberg secured
7695-555: The university faculty and students took part in book burnings at Universitätsplatz ("University Square") and Heidelberg eventually became infamous as a NSDAP university. The inscription above the main entrance of the New University was changed from "The Living Spirit" to "The German Spirit", and many professors paid homage to the new motto. The university was involved in Nazi eugenics : forced sterilizations were carried out at
7790-410: The university, the elector approved a revised statute book that several professors had been commissioned to prepare. The financial affairs of the university, its receipts and expenditures, were put in order. At that time, the number of students varied from 300 to 400; in the jubilee year, 133 matriculated. As a consequence of the disturbances caused by the French Revolution , and particularly because of
7885-584: The university. It attracted scholars from all over the continent and developed into a cultural and academic center. However, with the beginning of the Thirty Years' War in 1618, the intellectual and fiscal wealth of the university declined. In 1622, the then-world-famous Bibliotheca Palatina (the library of the university) was stolen from the University Cathedral and taken to Rome. The reconstruction efforts thereafter were defeated by
7980-599: The various university hospitals. The Faculty of Physics and Astronomy is not located on either campus, but on the Philosophers' Walk , separated from the Old Town by the River Neckar, and some 2 km (1.2 mi) away from the New Campus. It also maintains observatory facilities on the Königstuhl Mountain . The university maintains a botanical garden at Neuenheimer Feld. The Bergheim Campus
8075-446: The west it shares a border with the department of Gard and the communes of Villeneuve-lès-Avignon and Les Angles and to the south it borders the department of Bouches-du-Rhône and the communes of Barbentane , Rognonas , Châteaurenard , and Noves . The city is in the vicinity of Orange (north), Nîmes , Montpellier (south-west), Arles (to the south), Salon-de-Provence , and Marseille (south-east). Directly contiguous to
8170-482: The women's clinic and the psychiatric clinic, then directed by Carl Schneider , was involved in Action T4 Euthanasia program. The heads of the university helped in the deportation of Jewish men, women and children directly to the gas chambers. After the end of World War II, the university underwent an extensive denazification . Since Heidelberg was spared from destruction during World War II,
8265-481: Was at first patriotic and later political. After Romanticism had eventually died out, Heidelberg became a center of Liberalism and the movement in favor of German national unity. The historians Friedrich Christoph Schlosser and Georg Gottfried Gervinus were the guides of the nation in political history . The modern scientific schools of medicine and natural science , particularly astronomy , were models in point of construction and equipment, and Heidelberg University
8360-496: Was created for companies wanting to relocate with exemptions from tax and social issues. It is located south of Avignon between the city walls and the Durance located in the districts of Croix Rouge, Monclar, Saint-Chamand, and La Rocade. There are nine main areas of economic activity in Avignon. The Courtine area is the largest with nearly 300 businesses (of which roughly half are service establishments, one third are shops, and
8455-554: Was effected by the chancellor and bishop Johann von Dalberg in the late 15th century. Humanism was represented at Heidelberg University particularly by the founder of the older German Humanistic School Rudolph Agricola , Conrad Celtes , Jakob Wimpfeling , and Johann Reuchlin . Æneas Silvius Piccolomini was chancellor of the university in his capacity as provost of Worms , and later always favored it with his friendship and good-will as Pope Pius II . In 1482, Pope Sixtus IV permitted laymen and married men to be appointed professors in
8550-544: Was elected first rector of the university. The rector seal motto was semper apertus —i.e., "the book of learning is always open." The university grew quickly and in March 1390, 185 students were enrolled at the university. Between 1414 and 1418, theology and jurisprudence professors of the university took part in the Council of Constance and acted as counselors for Louis III , who attended this council as representative of
8645-473: Was especially noted for its influential law school. The university as a whole became the role model for the transformation of American liberal arts colleges into research universities , in particular for the then-newly established Johns Hopkins University . Heidelberg's professors were important supporters of the Vormärz revolution and many of them were members of the first freely elected German parliament,
8740-466: Was looted during the Thirty Years' War , transported to Rome and was gifted to Pope Gregory XV by the victorious Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria in 1622. After the secularization in 1804, the holdings of the monasteries of Salem and Petershausen formed the foundation of the reconstruction of the library collection in the 19th century. In 1816, 847 German-language manuscripts from the Bibliotheca Palatina returned to Heidelberg. As part of an exchange,
8835-469: Was modelled after the University of Paris and included four faculties: philosophy, theology, jurisprudence , and medicine. On 18 October 1386 a special Pontifical High Mass in the Heiliggeistkirche was the ceremony that established the university. On 19 October 1386 the first lecture was held, making Heidelberg the oldest university in Germany . In November 1386, Marsilius of Inghen
8930-507: Was one of the three cities of the Celtic-Ligurian tribe of Cavares , along with Cavaillon and Orange . The current name dates to a pre-Indo-European or pre-Latin theme ab-ên with the suffix -i-ōn(e) . This theme would be a hydronym —i.e. a name linked to the river (Rhône), but perhaps also an oronym of terrain (the Rocher des Doms ). The Auenion of the 1st century BC was Latinized to Avennĭo (or Avēnĭo ), -ōnis in
9025-533: Was the fastest-growing in France from 1999 until 2010 with an increase of 76% of its population and an area increase of 136%. The Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Avignon , a cooperation structure of 16 communes, had 197,102 inhabitants in 2022. Between 1309 and 1377, during the Avignon Papacy , seven successive popes resided in Avignon and in 1348 Pope Clement VI bought the town from Joanna I of Naples . Papal control persisted until 1791 when during
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