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66-508: Formally called the Mactaquac Generating Station , the dam and power house are located approximately 19 km (12 mi) upstream from the city of Fredericton . The dam is an embankment dam consisting of a rock-fill structure sealed by clay. It combines with two concrete spill-ways to form an arch across a narrow section of the river between the communities of Kingsclear on the west bank, and Keswick Ridge on

132-510: A synagogue , a mosque , a Hindu temple , a Unitarian fellowship, and a Shambhala Buddhist meditation centre. The Government of New Brunswick and the universities are the primary employers. The policies of centralizing provincial government functions during the 1960s led to an expansion of the population. The 1960s also saw an expansion of the University of New Brunswick due to increased post-war university enrolment, as well as

198-582: A marina and beach was also built. Following the success of preserving historic buildings at Upper Canada Village when the upper St. Lawrence River valley was flooded by the Long Sault Dam , the government of New Brunswick created the King's Landing Historical Settlement to save several buildings which would otherwise have been flooded by the Mactaquac Headpond. The concrete portions of

264-466: A military organization. With the gradual cessation of hostilities in the first quarter of the 18th century, and with the beaver supply severely diminished, fur trading declined. There was little possibility for the Wolastoqiyik to return to their traditional ways of life. Their style of seasonal, shifting agriculture on the river was curtailed by the encroachment of European settlers. All the while,

330-424: A new market and demand for Wolastoqey baskets and containers. Other Wolastoqiyik worked in pulp mills, construction, nursing, teaching and business. With evidence that many Wolastoqiyik suffered widespread hunger and were wandering, government officials established the first Indian reserves at The Brothers, Oromocto, Fredericton, Kingsclear, Woodstock, Tobique, Madawaska (pre-1800s), and Cacouna. Silas Tertius Rand

396-569: A replication of the original statue after 128 winters worth of damage. The original Freddy is kept safely inside City Hall where it is protected from further weather damage. Styles range from Victorian to modern. There are 12 National Historic Sites in the city, beyond the dozen National Historic People and two National Historic Events honored there. There are no professional sports teams in Fredericton, although both universities have extensive athletic programs. The UNB Reds play in

462-549: A technical assistance agreement with Hydro-Québec on January 10, 2020. The Quebec utility will provide assistance with repairing AAR damage to the concrete structures, reducing the cost of renovating the dam. The agreement also provides the New Brunswick with utility replacement power for the duration of the project. The building of the dam was the inspiration for Riel Nason’s 2011 novel The Town That Drowned , published by Goose Lane Editions . The fictional book, winner of

528-773: A variety of sports in the New Brunswick Interscholastic Athletic Association . UNB's men's hockey team are 10-time National Champions, and the highest attended sporting events in the city. The Junior A hockey team is the Fredericton Red Wings . The former Fredericton Express and Fredericton Canadiens were American Hockey League teams. Each summer the Fredericton Loyalists host the New Brunswick Timber team which competes in

594-432: Is spoken as a mother tongue by 80.2% of residents. Other mother tongues spoken are French (6.1%), Arabic (2.1%), Chinese languages (1.4%), Spanish (0.7%), Russian (0.6%), and Persian languages (0.5%). 1.4% of the population listed both English and French as mother tongues. According to the 2021 census , religious groups in Fredericton included: Those who declare a religion are predominantly Protestant. Fredericton has

660-925: Is the main venue for Theatre New Brunswick, the province's largest professional theatre company. Festivals include the Harvest Jazz & Blues Festival , the New Brunswick Summer Music Festival , the Silver Wave Film Festival , the Flourish Arts & Music Festival , and Symphony New Brunswick . Fredericton has a long literary tradition, having been home to Jonathan Odell , Charles G. D. Roberts , Bliss Carman , and Francis Sherman . Writers living in Fredericton include Raymond Fraser , Herb Curtis , David Adams Richards , Mark Anthony Jarman , and Gerard Beirne . Fredericton's beloved fountain "Freddy

726-478: The 2018 Polaris Music Prize . The Wolastoqiyik use the balsam fir tree ( Abies balsamea ) in many ways. Its juice is a laxative, its pitch is medical, and an infusion of its bark, sometimes mixed spruce and tamarack bark, can treat gonorrhea . They have used the fir's needles and branches as pillows and bedding, the roots as thread, and its pitch to waterproof seams in canoes. Today, in New Brunswick, there are approximately 7,700 Wolastoqiyik with status in

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792-413: The 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada , Fredericton had a population of 63,116 living in 28,478 of its 29,892 total private dwellings, a change of 7.5% from its 2016 population of 58,721 . With a land area of 133.93 km (51.71 sq mi), it had a population density of 471.3/km (1,220.6/sq mi) in 2021. At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census,

858-758: The Atlantic University Sport conference of U Sports and St. Thomas Tommies play in the Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association conference of the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association for most sports, although their women's hockey team, cross-country teams, and track & field teams play in the Atlantic University Sports conference of U Sports. Fredericton's high schools compete in

924-670: The Beaverbrook Art Gallery , the Fredericton Region Museum , and The Playhouse , a performing arts venue. The city hosts the annual Harvest Jazz & Blues Festival , attracting regional and international jazz, blues, rock, and world artists. The city also hosts the Garrison Night Market through the summer months which showcases many local vendors and artists and musicians. Fredericton is also an important and vibrant centre point for

990-492: The Canadian Museum of History . Many of these songs were lost to the community, as the pressures to assimilate into mainstream Canadian culture led the Wolastoqiyik to stop passing their songs on to youth; in the 2010s, however, Wolastoqew musician Jeremy Dutcher undertook a project of listening to the wax cylinder recordings and reviving the songs. His album Wolastoqiyik Lintuwakonawa was released in 2018, and won

1056-988: The French language . The French called them Malécite , a transliteration of the Mi'kmaq name for the people. Local histories depict many encounters with the Iroquois , five powerful nations based south and east of the Great Lakes, and the Innu located to the north. Contact with European fisher-traders in the early 17th century and with specialized fur traders developed into a stable relationship which lasted for nearly 100 years. Despite devastating population losses to European infectious diseases , to which they had no immunity , these Atlantic First Nations held on to their traditional coastal or river locations for hunting, fishing and gathering. They lived along river valleys for trapping. As both

1122-802: The Madawaska , Tobique , Woodstock , Kingsclear , Saint Mary's and Oromocto First Nations . There are also 1700 in the Houlton Band in Maine, and 1200 in the Viger First Nation in Quebec. The Brothers is a reserve made up of two islands in the Kennebecasis River; they are uninhabited but available for hunting and fishing. About 650 native speakers of Wolastoqey remain, and about 500 of Passamaquoddy, living on both sides of

1188-687: The Rugby Canada Super League . Fredericton has a network of 25 trails totaling more than 85 km (53 mi) on both sides of the Saint John and Nashwaak Rivers. Many of the city trails are rail trails that follow old railway lines. These include the Fredericton Railway Bridge that spans 0.6 km (0.37 mi) across the Saint John River. The rail trail system in Fredericton is part of

1254-682: The Sentier NB Trail system and some of these trails are also part of the larger Trans-Canada Trail network. Fredericton has a non-partisan and Mayor–council government . The mayor and council serve four-year terms with elections in May. The city is divided into 12 wards , six on each side of the river, with one councillor per ward. The city includes the provincial ridings of Fredericton North , Fredericton-Grand Lake , Fredericton West-Hanwell , Oromocto-Lincoln-Fredericton , New Maryland-Sunbury and Fredericton South , which in 2014 elected

1320-750: The University of New Brunswick , and St. Thomas , the province's only Catholic university. Colleges include the New Brunswick College of Craft and Design , the New Brunswick Community College , and the Maritime College of Forest Technology . For-profit universities include University of Fredericton and Yorkville University . The Hugh John Flemming Forestry Centre researches in forestry management. Fredericton's Provincial Research Organization specializes in aquaculture, mining, manufacturing, energy and

1386-817: The Wabanaki Confederacy . They are the Indigenous people of the Wolastoq ( Saint John River ) valley and its tributaries. Their territory extends across the current borders of New Brunswick and Quebec in Canada, and parts of Maine in the United States. The Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians , based on the Meduxnekeag River in the Maine portion of their historical homeland, are—since 19 July 1776—the first foreign treaty allies with

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1452-449: The 19th century, especially building wigwams and birchbark canoes . They had made changes during the previous two centuries while acquiring European metal cutting tools and containers, muskets and alcohol, foods and clothing. In making wood, bark or basketry items, or in guiding, trapping and hunting, the Wolastoqiyik identified as engaging in "Indian work". The Europeans developed potato farming in Maine and New Brunswick, which created

1518-458: The 2012 Commonwealth Book Prize, is set in the 1960s near Pokiok Falls, where the characters learn their homes will soon be swallowed by the rising water. Fredericton, New Brunswick Fredericton ( / ˈ f r ɛ . d r ɪ k . t ən / ; French pronunciation: [fʁedeʁiktœn] ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of New Brunswick . The city is situated in

1584-730: The Bright River" in their native language. The Wolastoqiyik have long been associated with the Saint John River, from which they draw their name. Their territory still extends as far as the Saint Lawrence River . Their lands and resources are bounded on the east by the Miꞌkmaq people , on the west by the Penobscot , and on the south by the Passamaquoddy , who also still speak related Algonquian languages . Malesse'jik

1650-554: The Congo (180 persons or 2.3%). In 2021, Fredericton was 82.5% white/European, 3.5% Indigenous and 14.0% visible minorities. The largest visible minority groups were Black (2.9%), South Asian (2.9%), Arab (2.5%), Chinese (1.8%) and Filipino (1.0%). Fredericton accepted the highest number of refugees from the Syrian Civil War per capita of any Canadian city. European n.o.s North American Indigenous , n.o.s. English

1716-474: The Fredericton CMA had a population of 108,610 living in 46,357 of its 48,761 total private dwellings, a change of 5.8% from its 2016 population of 102,690. With a land area of 6,014.66 km (2,322.27 sq mi), it had a population density of 18.1/km (46.8/sq mi) in 2021. The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 7,790 persons or 12.6% of

1782-657: The Fredericton region ideal for agriculture. The Saint John River and one of its major tributaries, the Nashwaak River , come together in Fredericton. The uninhabited parts of the city are heavily forested. Fredericton has a warm-summer humid continental climate ( Dfb under the Köppen climate classification system), with short, warm summers and long, cold winters. The city has high humidity and precipitation year-round; on average, Fredericton receives approximately 1,100 mm (43 in) of precipitation per year. In

1848-609: The French and English increased the number of their settlers in North America, their competition grew for control of the fur trade and physical territory. In addition, wars were carried out that reflected war in Europe. The lucrative eastern fur trade faltered with the general unrest, as French and English hostilities concentrated in the region between Québec and Port-Royal . Increasing sporadic fighting and raiding also took place on

1914-471: The Nude Dude", officially known as "Putto with Fish" sits outside City Hall at 397 Queen St. "Freddy the Nude Dude" was donated to the city by Mayor George Edward Fentey, in 1885. The statue depicts a nude Cherub and is a beloved fixture of downtown Fredericton. The famed statue has had some trouble since its historic arrival in 1885. In January 2013, "Freddy the Nude Dude" was taken south to Alabama for

1980-582: The United States of America. They are a federally recognized tribe of Wolastoqey people. Today Wolastoqey people have also migrated to other parts of the world. The Wolastoqiyik have occupied areas of forest, river and coastal areas within their 20,000,000-acre, 200-mile-wide, and 600-mile-long homeland in the Saint John River watershed. The people call themselves Wəlastəkwewiyik and Wolastoqiyik' . Wəlastəkw means "bright river" or "shining river" ("wəl-" = good, "-as-" shining, "-təkw" = river; "-iyik" = people of). Wəlastəkwiyik therefore simply means "People of

2046-580: The Wolastoqiyik are very similar to those of the neighbouring Passamaquoddy ( Peskotomuhkati ). They are also close to those of the Algonquian-speaking Miꞌkmaq and Penobscot peoples. The Wəlastəkwewiyik differed from the Miꞌkmaq by pursuing a partial agrarian economy. They also overlapped territory with neighbouring peoples. The Wəlastəkwewiyik and Passamaquoddy languages are similar enough that linguists consider them slightly different dialects of

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2112-586: The Wəlastəkwewiyik, and transliterated Malesse'jik to Malécite , not understanding that it was not their name. The later English colonists anglicized this term as Maliseet. Beginning in 1758, the terms "Marichites" in French and in English "Maricheets" increased in use. At the time of European encounter, the Wəlastəkwewiyik were living in walled villages and practicing horticulture (corn, beans, squash and tobacco). In addition to cultivating and growing crops,

2178-626: The border between New Brunswick and Maine . Most are older, although some young people have begun studying and preserving the language. An active program of scholarship on the Wolastoqey-Passamaquoddy language takes place at the Mi'kmaq - Maliseet Institute at the University of New Brunswick , in collaboration with the native speakers. David Francis Sr., a Passamaquoddy elder living in Sipayik , Maine, has been an important resource for

2244-550: The capital was later moved to Port Royal ( Annapolis Royal ). In 1713, Acadians escaping the British takeover of Nova Scotia settled the site, naming it Pointe Ste-Anne. It was destroyed in 1758 when the population of about 83 were exiled during the expulsion of the Acadians . It was in 1783, when United Empire Loyalists arrived from New England, that the history of modern Fredericton began. The following year, New Brunswick

2310-546: The city's utelco, e-Novations, led Intel to do a case study on their successes. Fred-eZone spans much of the city's downtown and parts of surrounding residential areas, as well as peripheral commercial areas such as Fredericton's Regent Mall. In 2008 and 2009 the Intelligent Community Forum selected Fredericton as a Top 7 Intelligent Community, based partly on the city's work in the IT sector. The Playhouse

2376-433: The construction of Saint Thomas University . The Law School, now the University of New Brunswick Faculty of Law moved from Saint John to the Fredericton area. The city has been investing actively in IT infrastructure. The City of Fredericton won the "Judges Innovation Award" at the 2004 Canadian Information Productivity Awards due to their "Fred-eZone" free municipality wide Wi-Fi initiative. This and other innovations by

2442-407: The dam (namely the spill-ways) are currently experiencing a problem of expanding concrete . When built, locally quarried greywacke was used as the aggregate and is responsible for an alkali-aggregate reaction expansion. The dam is being monitored and extra maintenance work is being performed. The maintenance involves an annual cutting of the dam whereby a cutting cable with teeth is run through

2508-399: The east bank. Rising 40 metres in height above the river level, the reservoir (referred to locally as the "head pond" or Lake Mactaquac) covers 87 square kilometres and extends 96 kilometres upstream, near Woodstock . The dam and powerhouse are a "run of the river" design, meaning that the reservoir has no additional holding capacity in the event of unusually high water flows, such as during

2574-514: The entire structure essentially cutting the dam in half. This allows the dam to continue expanding whilst limiting internal stresses on the structure. The reduced lifespan of the spillway and dam was first brought to the attention of the provincial government in 2000 when projections by NB Power at that time had placed the dam's end-of-life at 2028, instead of the original 100-year lifespan of 2068. NB Power officials would not say at that time how much it would cost, nor when those costs would show up on

2640-546: The environment. Air service is provided out of the Fredericton International Airport . Fredericton Transit provides bus service 7 days a week. Fredericton started installing bicycle lanes in July 2008. Maliseet The Wolastoqiyik , also Wəlastəkwewiyik , Malecite or Maliseet ( English: / ˈ m æ l ə s iː t / ) are an Algonquian -speaking First Nation of

2706-583: The first-ever MLA for the Green Party of New Brunswick , party leader David Coon . Federally, the city forms most of the riding of Fredericton . The Anglophone West School District and the District Scolaire Francophone Sud (District 1) run schools including Fredericton High School , École des Bâtisseurs , and the École Sainte-Anne . Leo Hayes High School is a public–private partnership There are two universities,

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2772-470: The flat low-lying ground on either side of the river, with most of the city's post-war suburban development occurring on the gently sloping hills of the river valley. At an altitude of about 17 m (56 ft) above sea level, Fredericton is nestled in the Pennsylvanian Basin. It differs markedly from the geologically older parts of the province. There are prominently two distinct areas in

2838-415: The land was becoming well known to wealthy elites, who took advantage of the quality hunting and sport-fishing spots scattered throughout the province. They took all the farmland along the Saint John River, which was previously occupied by the Wolastoqiyik, displacing many Aboriginal people from more than a million and a half acres of prime land. The Wolastoqiyik practised some traditional crafts as late as

2904-483: The lower Saint John River. In this period, Wolastoqey women took over a larger share of the economic burden and began to farm, raising crops which previously had been grown only south of Wolastoqey territory. Men continued to hunt, though with limited success. They became useful allies to the French as support against the English. For a short period during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, Wolastoqey warriors were engaged frequently in armed conflict, becoming virtually

2970-425: The middle reaches of the Saint John River. The French explorers were the first to establish a fur trade with the Wəlastəkwewiyik, which became important in their territory. Some European goods were desired because they were useful to Wəlastəkwewiyik subsistence and culture. The French Jesuits also established missions, where some Wəlastəkwewiyik converted to Catholicism . After years of colonialism, many learned

3036-477: The program. The Institute has the goal of helping Native American students master their native languages. The linguist Philip LeSourd has done extensive research on the language . The Houlton Band of Maliseet was invited to take a nonvoting seat in the Maine Legislature , starting with the 126th Legislature in 2013. Henry John Bear , a treaty rights educator, tribal lawyer, fisherman and forester,

3102-474: The province after Moncton and Saint John . On 1 January 2023, Fredericton annexed parts of five local service districts ; revised census figures have not been released. An important cultural, artistic, and educational centre for the province, Fredericton is home to two universities, The University of New Brunswick and St. Thomas University , the New Brunswick College of Craft and Design , New Brunswick Community College and cultural institutions such as

3168-520: The province and the highest per capita income of any city in New Brunswick. There is archaeological evidence of a camp in the area 12,000 years ago, and the Wolastoqiyik farmed several kilometres upriver. Colonists from the Kingdom of France in the late 1600s built Fort Nashwaak on the north side of the Saint John River, as the capital of Acadia . It withstood a British attack in 1696, but

3234-414: The region that are divided around the area of Wilsey Road, in the east end of the city. In the west side, the bedrock underneath the earth is topographically dominant, whereas the other is controlled by Pleistocene and recent deposits leading to the rivers (resulting in the area being shallow and wide). Fredericton and its surroundings are rich in water resources, which, coupled with highly arable soil, make

3300-463: The region's top visual artists; many of New Brunswick's notable artists live and work there today. Fredericton has also been home to some great historical Canadian painters as well, including Goodridge Roberts , and Molly and Bruno Bobak . As a provincial capital, its economy is tied to the public sector; however, the city also contains a growing IT and commercial sector. The city has the highest percentage of residents with post-secondary education in

3366-486: The reservoir filled. Some new infrastructure was also built as part of the planned flooding of the Saint John River valley. The provincial government built Highway 2 (the Trans Canada Highway ) along the southwestern shoreline of the flooded valley. Since 2002, this road has been bypassed and is now designated Highway 102 . The Hawkshaw Bridge , a cable-stayed suspension bridge, was constructed across

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3432-467: The reservoir, Mactaquac Lake , had completely filled. The flooding of the valley resulted in the displacement of several thousand residents and land owners in areas such as Bear Island and other small communities, as well as the abandonment of a Canadian National Railway line and numerous local roads and small rural communities. A historic waterfall called the Pokiok Falls was also submerged as

3498-447: The same language. Typically they are not differentiated for study. In 1907, Natalie Curtis collected and published two traditional Wolastoqey songs: a dance song and a love song. As transcribed by Curtis, the love song demonstrates a meter cycle of seven bars and switches between major and minor tonality. Many other songs were recorded by anthropologist William H. Mechling, whose wax cylinder recordings of Wolastoqey songs are held by

3564-575: The shire town of York County . In 1790 the New Brunswick Legislative Building was constructed. As a centre of government, it attracted educational institutions, with King's College (now the University of New Brunswick ) being the first English-language university in Canada, and religious institutions, with Christ Church Cathedral being built as the seat of the Anglican Diocese of Fredericton in 1853. It

3630-512: The spring freshet . Kingsclear, NB is the site of an Atlantic Salmon fish hatchery , located immediately downstream from the dam. The Mactaquac Dam also has a fishway to catch salmon and transport them upriver. The dam also serves as a locally important public road bridge across the Saint John River , linking provincial highways 102 and 105 on the south and north sides of the river. Electrical generation began in 1968 after

3696-505: The third option has not had a complete cost estimate provided. In December 2016, the utility announced that it would refurbish the plant to extend its useful life back to 2068 at a cost of between $ 2.8 to $ 3.6 billion. While some local residents were pleased by the announcement, the Kingsclear Maliseet First Nation, located on the riverbank opposite the dam, were "deeply disappointed". NB Power entered into

3762-427: The total population of Fredericton. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were United Kingdom (765 persons or 9.8%), China (645 persons or 8.3%), United States of America (570 persons or 7.3%), Syria (505 persons or 6.5%), Philippines (500 persons or 6.4%), India (460 persons or 5.9%), Egypt (300 persons or 3.9%), Iran (245 persons or 3.1%), Lebanon (205 persons or 2.6%), and Democratic Republic of

3828-482: The utility's accounts. On October 1, 2014, NB Power officials presented 3 options for the facility to the provincial utility regulator, the New Brunswick Energy and Utilities Board . A decision will have to be made by 2030 to either restore or decommission as follows: All 3 options have a minimum cost of $ 2 billion (as of 2014), however, the first option also has an additional cost of $ 1–3 billion and

3894-501: The valley from Hawkshaw to Southampton. At the time of construction in 1967, the bridge was high above the valley floor and the original river level. The planned town of Nackawic-Millville, New Brunswick and the nearby St. Anne Nackawic pulp and paper mill were also built to accommodate the new reservoir and the new electrical power opportunities. Closer to the dam, the Mactaquac Provincial Park , including

3960-412: The west-central portion of the province along the Saint John River , also known by its Indigenous name of Wolastoq , which flows west to east as it bisects the city. The river is the dominant natural feature of the area. One of the main urban centres in New Brunswick, the city had a population of 63,116 and a metropolitan population of 108,610 in the 2021 Canadian census . It is the third-largest city in

4026-430: The women gathered and processed fruits, berries, nuts and natural produce. The men contributed by fishing and hunting, and the women cooked these finds. Written accounts in the early 17th century, such as those of Samuel de Champlain and Marc LesCarbot , refer to a large Wolastoqey village at the mouth of the Saint John River. Later in the century, sources indicate their headquarters had shifted upriver to Meductic , on

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4092-416: Was a Miꞌkmaq word believed to mean "He speaks slowly," or differently, and was term that Miꞌkmaq people used to describe people from other nations. The meaning of the word today is unknown but it is commonly mistranslated to "he speaks badly, lazy, or broken". This term is the exonym by which the Miꞌkmaq people referred to this group when speaking to early Europeans. The French met the Miꞌkmaq people before

4158-496: Was a British garrison town from 1784 to 1869, and the military compound is preserved as a National Historic Site of Canada. With the New Brunswick Equal Opportunity program in the 1960s, county councils were abolished, and government services were centralized provincially in Fredericton, increasing jobs and population. The Saint John River runs through Fredericton. The city's downtown core lies on

4224-932: Was a linguist missionary who translated some Bible Selections into Wolastoqey which were published in 1863 and then the Gospel of John in 1870. The Wolastoqiyik of New Brunswick struggled with problems of unemployment and poverty common to Indigenous people elsewhere in Canada, but they have evolved a sophisticated system of decision making and resource allocation . They support community enterprises in economic development, scouting and sports. Some are successful in middle and higher education and have important trade and professional standings; individuals and families are prominent in Indigenous and women's rights; and others serve in provincial and federal native organizations, in government and in community development. There were 4,659 registered Wolastoqiyik in 1996. The customs and language of

4290-503: Was elected by his people to this seat. There have been centuries of intermarriage between the Wolastoqiyik and European colonists and settlers. Surnames associated with Wolastoqey ancestry include: Denis, Sabattis, Gabriel, Saulis, Atwin, Launière, Athanase, Nicholas, Brière, Bear, Ginnish, Jenniss, Solis, Vaillancourt, Wallace, Paul, Polchies, Tomah, Sappier, Perley, Aubin, Francis, Sacobie, Nash, Meuse . Also included are DeVoe, DesVaux, DeVou, DeVost, DeVot, DeVeau . The Wolastoqiyik own

4356-463: Was partitioned from Nova Scotia and became its own colony. Pointe-Ste-Anne was renamed "Fredericstown", after Frederick , second son of King George III . It became the capital of the new colony, being considered to have a better defensive position than larger Saint John . The streets were laid out in the typical grid pattern of the time, with the names reflecting loyalist tendencies: Charlotte, Brunswick, George, King, and Queen. In 1785, it became

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