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67-547: A muffin or bun is an individually portioned baked product; however, the term can refer to one of two distinct items: a part-raised flatbread (like a crumpet ) that is baked and then cooked on a griddle (typically unsweetened), or a (often sweetened) quickbread that is chemically leavened and then baked in a mold. While quickbread "American" muffins are often sweetened, there are savory varieties made with ingredients such as corn and cheese, and less sweet varieties like traditional bran muffins . The flatbread "English" variety

134-429: A raising agent . To this is added butter or shortening, eggs and any flavourings (fruit, such as blueberries, chocolate or banana; or savouries, such as cheese). Commercial muffins may have "modified starches", corn syrup (or high-fructose corn syrup ), xanthan gum, or guar gum to increase moisture content and lengthen shelf life (as well, these gums can make added solids, such as chocolate chips, disperse more evenly in

201-646: A "more elegant alternative to toast' to be served in fine hotels. The English muffin has been described as a variant form of a crumpet , or a "cousin", with the difference being the location of the holes; in a crumpet, the holes go all the way to the top, whereas with an English muffin, the holes are inside. In 1910, Fred Wolferman of Kansas City, Missouri began making denser English muffins at his family grocery, using empty tin cans as molds. Muffin rings are metal cookware used for oven-baking or griddle-cooking flatbread muffins. They are circle-shaped objects made of thin metal. The rings are about one inch high. A Muffineer

268-456: A big impact on its fat and sugar content; one major fast food chain's low-fat berry muffin has 300 calories, whereas the same restaurant's chocolate chunk muffin has 620 calories. Harvard's Nutrition Source recommends smaller-sized, whole-grain muffins with reduced sugar content, liquid plant oil instead of shortening or butter, and added wholesome foods such as nuts (or nut flour), beans (or bean flour), or fresh fruit or vegetables. The muffin top

335-625: A breakfast food (e.g. as an essential ingredient in Eggs Benedict and most of its variations), accompanied by coffee or tea. Recipes for English muffins appear in published cookery books from the early 18th century, although the product is undoubtedly older than that. In the Oxford Companion to Food , Alan Davidson states that "[t]here has always been some confusion between muffins, crumpets , and pikelets, both in recipes and in name." The increasing popularity of flatbread muffins in

402-838: A combination of extraction and chemical synthesis: (i) Opium, opiates, derivatives of opium and opiates, including their isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, esters, and ethers whenever the existence of such isomers, esters, ethers, and salts is possible within the specific chemical designation. Such a term does not include the isoquinoline alkaloids of opium. (ii) Poppy straw and concentrate of poppy straw. (iii) Coca leaves, except coca leaves and extracts of coca leaves from which cocaine, ecgonine and derivatives of ecgonine or their salts have been removed. (iv) Cocaine, its salts, optical and geometric isomers , and salts of isomers. (v) Ecgonine, its derivatives, their salts, isomers, and salts of isomers. (vi) Any compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of any of

469-465: A crust from forming. A variety of sizes for muffin cases are available. Slightly different sizes are considered "standard" in different countries. Miniature cases are commonly 1 to 1.25 in (25 to 32 mm) in diameter at the base and .75 in (19 mm) tall. Standard-size cases range from 1.75 to 2 inches (44 to 51 mm) in diameter at the base and are 1.25 to 1.5 in (32 to 38 mm) tall. Some jumbo-size cases can hold more than twice

536-481: A hanging griddle." These and other types of flatbread muffins were known to American settlers, but they declined in popularity with the advent of the quickbread muffin. The flat muffin was re-introduced to the American market in 1880 as "English muffin" by English-American baker Samuel Beth Thomas (whose baked-goods company Thomas survives to this day). Thomas called the product "toaster crumpets", and intended them as

603-626: A moderate dose of oxycodone . Analgesics are drugs that relieve pain . There are two main types: non-narcotic analgesics for mild pain, and narcotic analgesics for severe pain. Narcotic analgesics tend to be opioids . They bind to opioid receptors which are G protein-coupled receptors distributed in brain, spinal cord, digestive tract, peripheral neurons. There are three types of opioid receptors: mu ( μ-opioid receptors ), delta, and kappa ( κ-opioid receptor ). Endogenous opioids ( enkephalins , dynorphin , endorphin ) do not bind specifically to any particular opioid receptor. Receptor binding of

670-421: A narcotic. Research acknowledges that alcohol can have similar effects to narcotics in head and/or trunk trauma situations. The adoption of this convention is regarded as a milestone in the history of the international drug ban. The Single Convention codified all existing multilateral treaties on drug control and extended the existing control systems to include the cultivation of plants that were grown as

737-611: A narcotic. From a U.S. legal perspective, narcotics refer to opium, opium derivatives, and their semi-synthetic substitutes, though in U.S. law, due to its numbing properties, cocaine is also considered a narcotic. The definition encompassing "any illegal drug" was first recorded in 1926. Its first use as an adjective is first attested to c.  1600 . There are many different types of narcotics. The two most common forms of narcotic drugs are morphine and codeine . Both are synthesized from opium for medicinal use. The most commonly used drug for recreational purposes created from opium

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804-569: A shortage of yeast for making bread, so the Vienna Process was developed in 1846. While the innovation is often popularly credited for using steam in baking ovens, leading to a different crust characteristic, it is notable for including procedures for high milling of grains (see Vienna grits ), cracking them incrementally instead of mashing them with one pass; as well as better processes for growing and harvesting top-fermenting yeasts, known as press-yeast. Refinements in microbiology following

871-571: A suspension of live yeast cells in growth medium, and then compressed yeast, the fresh cake yeast that became the standard leaven for bread bakers in much of the Westernized world during the early 20th century. During World War II , Fleischmann's developed a granulated active dry yeast for the United States armed forces, which did not require refrigeration and had a longer shelf-life and better temperature tolerance than fresh yeast; it

938-426: A test at a high risk of being inaccurately considered a drug user. Lemon is a common paired flavour with poppyseeds in muffin-making. Harvard University's Nutrition Source states that while many fruit muffins may seem "...to be a better breakfast than their donut neighbors" at your local coffeeshop, with their "...often refined flours, high sodium, and plenty of added sugar...and large portion size, they're far from

1005-536: A warm day and the yeasts that occur in natural contaminants of the flour caused it to ferment before baking. The resulting bread would have been lighter and tastier than the previous hard flatbreads . It is generally assumed that the earliest forms of leavening were likely very similar to modern sourdough; the leavening action of yeast would have been discovered from its action on flatbread doughs and would have been either cultivated separately or transferred from batch to batch by means of previously mixed ("old") dough. Also,

1072-466: Is heroin . Synthesized drugs created with an opium base for use in pain management are fentanyl , oxycodone, tramadol, pethidine (Demerol), hydrocodone, methadone, and hydromorphone. New forms of existing pain medications are being created regularly. The newest formulation to come out was in 2014 when zohydro, an increased dosage formula of hydrocodone, was released; this is so far the strongest hydrocodone formulation created for pain management, on par with

1139-476: Is a traditional nursery rhyme , children's song or children's game of English origin from 1820. A well-known reference to English muffins is in Oscar Wilde 's 1895 play The Importance of Being Earnest . American muffins appear as state symbols in three US states: Baker%27s yeast The use of steamed or boiled potatoes, water from potato boiling, or sugar in a bread dough provides food for

1206-404: Is a wild yeast found on plants, grains, and fruits that is occasionally used for baking; however, in general, it is not used in a pure form but comes from being propagated in a sourdough starter . It is not known when yeast was first used to bake bread; the earliest definite records come from Ancient Egypt. Researchers speculate that a mixture of flour meal and water was left longer than usual on

1273-427: Is about 2.5 tsp (~12 mL) or about 7 g ( 1 ⁄ 4  oz), though comparatively lesser amounts are used when the yeast is used in a pre-ferment . In general, a yeast flavor in the baked bread is not noticeable when the bakers' percent of added yeast is less than 2.5%. Notable commercial brands of baker's yeast include Lesaffre 's SAF red and SAF gold, Fleischmann's , and Red Star Yeast . Because it

1340-519: Is available in a number of different forms, the main differences being the moisture contents. Though each version has certain advantages over the others, the choice of which form to use is largely a question of the requirements of the recipe at hand and the training of the cook preparing it. Dry yeast forms are good choices for longer-term storage, often lasting more than a year at room temperatures without significant loss of viability. In general, with occasional allowances for liquid content and temperature,

1407-635: Is based on the Greek word ναρκωσις (narcosis) , the term used by Hippocrates for the process of numbing or the numbed state. Galen listed mandrake root , altercus (eclata), seeds, and poppy juice ( opium ) as the chief examples. It originally referred to any substance that relieved pain, dulled the senses, or induced sleep. Now, the term is used in many ways. Some people might define narcotics as substances that bind at opioid receptors (cellular membrane proteins activated by substances like heroin or morphine), while others refer to any illicit substance as

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1474-529: Is first found in print in 1703, spelled moofin ; it is of uncertain origin but possibly derived from the Low German Muffen , the plural of Muffe , meaning 'small cake', or possibly with some connection to the Old French moufflet meaning 'soft', as said of bread. The expression muffin-man , meaning a street seller of muffins, is attested in a 1754 poem, which includes the line: "Hark!

1541-420: Is not disputed. Stieren was convicted after special agents testified that he had and attempted to sell them a large quantity of cocaine. Defendant urges that the testimony and reports by physicians and scientists demonstrate that cocaine is not a narcotic. He also cites cases that hold that cocaine is not a narcotic under the pharmacological definition of the term. State v. Erickson , 574 P.2d 1 (Alaska 1978). It

1608-506: Is of British or other European derivation, and dates from at least the early 18th century, while the quickbread originated in North America during the 19th century. Both types are common worldwide today. One 19th century source suggests that muffin may be related to the Greek bread maphula , a 'cake baked on a hearth or griddle', or from Old French mou-pain 'soft bread', which may have been altered into mouffin . The word

1675-733: Is of English or European origin. Rather than being entirely oven-baked, they are also cooked in a griddle on the stove top and flipped from side-to-side, which results in a flattened shape rather than the rounded top seen in baked rolls or cake-type muffins. "Cornmeal and bran are sometimes substituted for some of the flour." These muffins are popular in Commonwealth countries and the United States. Flatbread muffins are often served toasted for breakfast. They may be served with butter or margarine, and topped with sweet toppings, such as jam or honey, or savoury toppings (e.g., round sausage, cooked egg, cheese or bacon). Flatbread muffins are often eaten as

1742-401: Is packaged in bulk (blocks or freezer bags for fresh yeast; vacuum-packed brick bags for dry or instant); however, yeast for home use is often packaged in pre-measured doses, either small squares for compressed yeast or sealed packets for dry or instant. For active dry and instant yeast, in general a single dose (reckoned for the average bread recipe of between 500 g and 1000 g of dough)

1809-483: Is readily available and easy to culture, baker's yeast has long been used in chemical, biological, and genetic research as a model organism . Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a facultative anaerobe and undergoes aerobic fermentation in the presences of oxygen and sugars. In 1996, after six years of work, S. cerevisiae became the first eukaryote to have its entire genome sequenced . It has over 12 million base pairs and around 6000 genes . Since then, it has remained in

1876-518: Is still the standard yeast for US military recipes. The company created yeast that would rise twice as fast, cutting down on baking time. In 1973, Lesaffre created instant yeast (also called "quick rise" or "fast acting" yeast), which has gained considerable use and market share at the expense of both fresh and active dry yeast in their various applications. Instant yeast differs from active dry yeast in several ways: Instant yeast rises faster than active dry yeast; instant yeast can be directly added to

1943-484: Is the crisp upper part of the muffin, which has developed a "browned crust that's slightly singed around the edges". They were the focus of a 1997 Seinfeld sitcom episode, " The Muffin Tops " (episode 21 of season 8), where the character Elaine , who only eats the tops when she buys a muffin, realizes that a bakery selling just the tops could be successful. Once the business is running, she has to figure out what to do with

2010-462: Is within the legislative prerogative to classify cocaine, which is a non-narcotic central nervous system stimulant, as a narcotic for penalty and regulatory purposes. 21 U.S.C. § 802(16)(A). The use of cocaine poses serious problems for the community and has a high potential for abuse. Congress's choice of penalty reflects a societal policy that must be adhered to by the courts.2 Congress has the power to reclassify cocaine. This power has been delegated to

2077-563: The 19th century, is attested by the existence of "...muffin men [who] traversed the town streets at teatime, ringing their bells" to sell them. The bell-ringing of muffin men became so common that by the 1840s, the British Parliament passed a law to prohibit bell ringing by muffin men, but it was not adhered to by sellers. "Mush muffins (called slipperdowns in New England) were a Colonial [American] muffin made with hominy on

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2144-425: The American muffin, the occasional use of poppy seeds to flavor them spread as well. Although poppy seeds cannot be used as a narcotic due to very low levels of opium alkaloids, they do have enough that drug tests are often fooled and give out false positives after an otherwise drug-free person consumes just a few poppyseed muffins. Because of this, all poppyseed pastries place the person who consumes them prior to

2211-559: The Attorney General. 21 U.S.C. § 811(a)(1). If cocaine is to be reclassified, the defendant's arguments should be made to the legislative branch, not the courts. We hold that Congress had a rational legislative purpose when it classified cocaine as a Schedule II narcotic drug to impose penalties. JUDGMENT AFFIRMED. The term "narcotic" is believed to have been coined by the Greek physician Galen to refer to agents that numb or deaden, causing paralysis or loss of feeling . It

2278-733: The Permanent Central Board and the Drug Supervisory Board. The 1961 Convention seeks to control over 116 drugs that it classifies as narcotic. These include: The Convention divides drugs into four groups, or schedules, to enforce a greater or lesser degree of control for the various substances and compounds. Opium smoking and eating, coca leaf chewing, cannabis resin smoking, and the non-medical use of cannabis are prohibited. The 1972 Protocol to this Convention calls for increased efforts to prevent illicit production of, traffic in, and use of narcotics as defined by

2345-672: The Schedules of the convention. If it is on some of the Schedules, it is narcotic. The term usually refers to opiates or opioids, which are called narcotic analgesics. In common parlance and legal usage, it is often used imprecisely to mean illicit drugs, irrespective of their pharmacology. For example, narcotics control legislation in Canada, the US, and certain other countries includes cocaine and cannabis as well as opioids (see also conventions, international drug). Because of this variation in usage,

2412-443: The United States, it has since become associated with opiates and opioids , commonly morphine and heroin , as well as derivatives of many of the compounds found within raw opium latex. The primary three are morphine , codeine , and thebaine (while thebaine itself is only very mildly psychoactive, it is a crucial precursor in the vast majority of semi-synthetic opioids, such as oxycodone or hydrocodone ). Legally speaking,

2479-556: The batter). Bran muffins use less flour and use bran instead, as well as using molasses and brown sugar . The mix is turned into a pocketed muffin tray, or into individual paper moulds, and baked in an oven. Milk is often added, as it contributes to the appealing browning appearance. The result are raised, individual quickbreads. The muffin may have toppings added, such as cinnamon sugar, streusel, nuts, or chocolate chips. Poppyseed muffins (or poppy seed muffins ) contain poppy seeds. Poppy seeds were already popular in most parts of

2546-537: The context of international drug control, "narcotic drug" means any drug defined as such under the 1961 Convention. 4. Assessment of the definitions of counterfeit medicines (or equivalent) in the Member States 4.2 The nature of legal definitions: the unambiguity requirement In order to avoid room for difference in interpretation, lawmakers ( codificators ) sometimes deviate from etymological (definiendum plus definientia) definitions. In doing so, they approach

2613-600: The convention, while highlighting the need to provide treatment and rehabilitation services to drug abusers. This document contains the current list of narcotic drugs under international control and additional information to assist governments in filling in the International Narcotics Control Board questionnaires related to narcotic drugs, namely, form A, form B and form C. In medicine, a chemical agent that induces stupor, coma, or insensibility to pain (also called narcotic analgesic). In

2680-494: The development of leavened bread seems to have developed in close proximity to the development of beer brewing, and barm from the beer fermentation process can also be used in bread making. Without an understanding of microbiology , early bakers would have had little ability to directly control yeast cultures but still kept locally interesting cultures by reusing doughs and starters to leaven later batches. However, it became possible to isolate and propagate favored yeast strains in

2747-434: The different forms of commercial yeast are considered interchangeable. Instant and active dry yeast are essentially the same ingredient, just in slightly different forms and applications. Consumers should keep sealed packets of both yeast types at room temperature and store partially used packets in an airtight container in the refrigerator. The main differences between the two are: For most commercial uses, yeast of any form

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2814-587: The dough and those that used a quick bread method, using muffin rings to shape the English muffins. Farmer indicated that stove top "baking", as is done with yeast dough, was a useful method when baking in an oven was not practical. Over the years, the size and calorie content of muffins has changed: the 3-inch muffins grandmother made had only 120 to 160 calories. But today's giant bakery muffins contain from 340 to 630 calories each. Quickbread muffins are made with flour, sieved together with bicarbonate of soda as

2881-677: The dry ingredients, whereas active dry yeast should be mixed with liquid (water, milk or beer) and proofed before mixing; instant yeast has a lower moisture content; and instant yeast is formed of smaller granules. Modern baker's yeast is the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae . One of its properties is that it is not inhibited by propionates , which are commonly added to baked goods like bread dough to inhibit mold development and bacterial growth. Conversely, sorbates do inhibit yeast fermentation activity, so are not added directly to yeast-leavened dough but may be sprayed onto finished products or even incorporated into packing materials. Baker's yeast

2948-410: The end of the nineteenth century, baker's yeast has been produced by companies that specialize in its production. The main ingredients for industrial production are yeast cultures, sugar from cane and sugar beet ; but a number of minerals, nitrogen and vitamins are also needed. Fermentation happens in several phases, which vary depending on the manufacturer: The yeast grows from hundreds kg in

3015-626: The forefront of genetic research. For example, most of our knowledge of the cell division cycle was worked out from experiments with yeast. Baker's yeast contains enzymes that can reduce a carbonyl group into a hydroxyl group in fairly high yield, thus making it useful for biotransformations in organic syntheses . It is known to reduce organometallic carbonyl compounds in very high yield. The baking industry relies on industrial production of its ingredients, including baking yeasts. Much effort has been put into developing and marketing yeasts that will perform reliably in mass production. Since

3082-419: The growth of yeasts; however, too much sugar will dehydrate them. Yeast growth is inhibited by both salt and sugar, but more so by salt than sugar. Some sources say fats, such as butter and eggs, slow down yeast growth; others say the effect of fat on dough remains unclear, presenting evidence that small amounts of fat are beneficial for baked bread volume. Saccharomyces exiguus (also known as S. minor )

3149-423: The intermediate and stock fermentor to tens of thousands kg in the trade fermentor, where most yeast is produced. The earlier stages produce more ethanol and other alcohols, while in the final stages ethanol production is suppressed up to 95% by controlling the amount of oxygen and sugar, in order to increase the yeast production instead. The industry is highly concentrated, with five companies holding up to 80% of

3216-401: The judgment of conviction for possession of cocaine with intent to distribute and dispense under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Stieren contends that the statute is unconstitutional because "cocaine is classified as a narcotic under Schedule II of 21 U.S.C. § 812(c) when as a matter of scientific and medical fact cocaine is not a narcotic but is a non-narcotic stimulant." The sufficiency of the evidence

3283-882: The main difference being that cupcakes tend to be sweet desserts using cake batter and which are often topped with sugar icing (American frosting). Muffins may have solid items mixed into the batter, such as berries, chocolate chips or nuts. Fresh baked muffins are sold by bakeries , donut shops and some fast food restaurants and coffeehouses . Factory baked muffins are sold at grocery stores and convenience stores and are also served in some coffeeshops and cafeterias . Recipes for quickbread muffins are common in 19th-century American cookbooks. Recipes for yeast-based muffins, which were sometimes called "common muffins" or "wheat muffins" in 19th-century American cookbooks, can be found in much older cookbooks . In Fannie Farmer 's Boston Cooking-School Cook Book , she gave recipes for both types of muffins, both those that used yeast to raise

3350-409: The muffin bottoms, which proves difficult. In 2018, McDonald's restaurant announced they were planning to sell muffin tops as part of their McCafe breakfast menu. Muffin tins and muffin pans are typically metal bakeware which has round bowl-shaped depressions into which muffin batter is poured. Muffin tins or pans can be greased with butter or cooking spray, to lessen the issue of batter sticking to

3417-464: The opioid causes a cascade leading to the channel opening and hyperpolarization of the neuron. The opioid receptors have the following channel types: mu, K channel; l delta, K channel; kappa, Ca channel. Hyperpolarization can lead to post-synaptic neural inhibition and presynaptic inhibition of neurotransmitter release. Post-synaptic neural inhibition can reduce analgesia and central hyperactivity may reduce its efficacy. The mechanism of kappa receptors

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3484-520: The optimal food choice to start your day." Consumers think that commercial muffins are a healthier choice than donuts; however, according to Registered Dietician Karen Collins, yeast or raised donuts have from 170 to 270 calories each (cake doughnuts have from 290 to 360 calories), while large bakery muffins have from 340 to 630 calories each and 11 to 27 grams of total fat. "Most muffins are deceptively high in fats", with up to 40% fat content, which many consumers are not aware of. The type of muffin can have

3551-460: The pan. Alternatively, muffin cups or cases are used. Cups or cases are usually round sheets of paper , foil , or silicone with scallop-pressed edges, giving the muffin a round cup shape. They are used in the baking of muffins to line the bottoms of muffin tins, to facilitate the easy removal of the finished muffin from the tin. The advantage to cooks is easier removal and cleanup, more precise form, and moister muffins; however, using them will prevent

3618-521: The raw material of narcotic drugs. The principal objectives of the convention are to limit the possession, use, trade, distribution, import, export, manufacture, and production of drugs exclusively for medical and scientific purposes, and to address drug trafficking through international cooperation to deter and discourage drug traffickers. The convention also established the International Narcotics Control Board, merging

3685-454: The same manner as was done in the beer industry, and it eventually became practical to propagate yeast in a slurry with a composition similar to beer wort , usually including malted barley and wheat flour. Such cultures (sometimes referred to in old American cookery as "emptins", from their origins as the dregs of beer or cider fermentation) became the ancestors of modern baker's yeast, as, in general, they were carefully maintained to avoid what

3752-415: The same negative connotations. Statutory classification of a drug as a narcotic often increases the penalties for violation of drug control statutes. For example, although U.S. federal law classifies both cocaine and amphetamines as "Schedule II" drugs, the penalty for possession of cocaine is greater than the penalty for possession of amphetamines because cocaine, unlike amphetamines, is classified as

3819-607: The shrill Muffin-Man his Carol plies." Quickbread muffins (sometimes described in Britain as "American muffins") are baked, individual-sized, cupcake-shaped foods with a "moist, coarse-grained" texture. Muffins are available in both savoury varieties, such as cornmeal and cheese muffins, or sweet varieties such as blueberry, chocolate chip , lemon or banana flavours. Sweetened muffins range from lightly sweetened muffins to products that are "richer than many cakes in fat and sugar." They are similar to cupcakes in size and cooking methods,

3886-453: The size of standard cases. Australian and Swedish bakers are accustomed to taller paper cases with a larger diameter at the top than American and British bakers. Flatbread muffins (known in the United States and elsewhere as " English muffins "; or simply as "muffins" or "bakery muffins") are a flatter disk-shaped, typically unsweetened yeast-leavened bread; generally about 4 in (10 cm) in diameter and 1.5 in (3.8 cm) tall. It

3953-410: The substances referred to in paragraphs (b)(31)(i) through (v) of this section. A 1984 amendment to 21 USC ( Controlled Substances Act ), Section 802 expanded and revised definition of "narcotic drug", including within term poppy straw, cocaine, and ecgonine. 608 F.2d 1135 United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit . Decided Oct. 31, 1979. LAY, Circuit Judge. John Arthur Stieren appeals from

4020-413: The term "narcotic" may be imprecisely defined and typically has negative connotations. When used in a legal context in the U.S., a narcotic drug is totally prohibited, such as heroin , or one that is used in violation of legal regulation (in this word sense , equal to any controlled substance or illicit drug ). In the medical community, the term is more precisely defined and generally does not carry

4087-480: The term from the law enforcement point of view. The best example is the definition of narcotics in the United Nations Conventions. Narcotics are substances and preparations that induce drowsiness, sleep, stupor, insensibility, etc., and that these effects (and their rate) are complicated to prove, e.g. during litigation. Thus, the legal definition of a narcotic is whether or not it is listed on

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4154-464: The term is best replaced by one with a more specific meaning (e.g. opioid). Section 1300.01 Definitions relating to controlled substances: (b) As used in parts 1301 through 1308 and part 1312 of this chapter, the following terms shall have the meanings specified: (30) The term narcotic drug means any of the following whether produced directly or indirectly by extraction from substances of vegetable origin or independently using chemical synthesis or by

4221-470: The work of Louis Pasteur led to more advanced methods of culturing pure strains. In 1879, Great Britain introduced specialized growing vats for the production of S. cerevisiae , and in the United States around the turn of the century centrifuges were used for concentrating the yeast, making modern commercial yeast possible, and turning yeast production into a major industrial endeavor. The slurry yeast made by small bakers and grocery shops became cream yeast,

4288-485: The world for their taste and texture—as well as the narcotic characteristics of the opium poppy plant they are harvested from. In modern times, growing poppy seeds is a difficult business for American farmers, due to the risk of heroin production. Other countries have fewer difficulties with permitting the growth of poppies for the seeds alone, which have very low (but still present) levels of opium alkaloids , such as morphine . As other countries began imitating

4355-730: The worldwide market for dry yeast as of 2006. While dry yeast is exported over long distances and mostly sold in the developing countries, industrial customers often prefer to supply fresh yeast from local facilities, with a single wholesaler having up to 90% of the liquid yeast market in the UK in 2006. In the US companies like Lesaffre Group , AB Vista, GB Plange and AB Mauri produced hundreds of thousands of metric tons of yeast in 2012. Narcotic The term narcotic ( / n ɑːr ˈ k ɒ t ɪ k / , from ancient Greek ναρκῶ narkō , "I make numb") originally referred medically to any psychoactive compound with numbing or paralyzing properties. In

4422-581: Was later discovered to be bacterial contamination, including using preservatives such as hops as well as boiling the growth medium. In the 19th century, bread bakers obtained their yeast from beer brewers, and this led to sweet-fermented breads such as the Imperial " Kaiser-Semmel " roll, which in general lacked the sourness created by the acidification typical of Lactobacillus . However, beer brewers slowly switched from top-fermenting to bottom-fermenting yeast ( Saccharomyces pastorianus ) and this created

4489-450: Was originally a sugar shaker, looking like a large salt cellar with a perforated decorative top, for spreading powdered sugar on muffins and other sweet cakes. Later, in the 19th century, the term was also used to describe a silver, or silver-plated, muffin dish , with a domed lid and a compartment below for hot water, used to keep toasted English muffins warm before serving. " The Muffin Man "

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