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97-547: The Land of Oz is a magical country introduced in the 1900 children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz written by L. Frank Baum and illustrated by W. W. Denslow . Oz consists of four vast quadrants, the Gillikin Country in the north, Quadling Country in the south, Munchkin Country in the east, and Winkie Country in the west. Each province has its own ruler, but the realm itself has always been ruled by

194-609: A "fairy country", new terminology that remained to explain its wonders. Oz is roughly rectangular in shape, and divided along the diagonals into four countries: Munchkin Country (but commonly referred to as 'Munchkinland' in adaptations) in the East, Winkie Country in the West, Gillikin Country in the North, and Quadling Country in the South. In the center of Oz, where the diagonals cross,

291-517: A "place...[where] assumptions and desires [about the genre] are confirmed" and emotional satisfaction that comes from various elements of the world fulfill readers' expectations for quality. Early fantasy worlds appeared as fantasy lands , part of the same planet but separated by geographical barriers. For example, Oz , though a fantasy world in every way, is described as part of this world. Although medieval peasants who seldom if ever traveled far from their villages could not conclusively say that it

388-592: A chambermaid named Jellia Jamb as herself (which fails), but manages to elude them as they search for her in the Emerald City. Just as their time runs out, the Tin Woodman plucks a rose to wear in his lapel, unaware that this is the transformed Mombi. Glinda discovers the deception right away and leads the pursuit of Mombi, who is finally caught as she tries to cross the Deadly Desert in the form of

485-404: A circus balloonist from Omaha , and during one flight the rope for his parachute vent became tangled, preventing him from descending until the next morning, and he awoke to find that he was floating over a strange land. When he landed, the people thought he was a great wizard because of his ability to fly. He did not disabuse them of this notion, and with his new power over them, he had them build

582-541: A city with a palace in the center of Oz. He also ordered them to wear green glasses so it would appear to be made entirely of emeralds. However, in the later Oz books the city is depicted as actually being made of emerald or other green materials. The Wizard was a young man when he first arrived in Oz and grew old while he was there. Afraid of the Wicked Witches of the West and the East, who, unlike him, could do real magic,

679-533: A collected volume was published by Hungry Tiger Press in 2001. In addition to being part of the basis for Baum's The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays , Land of Oz is the final 1910 Selig Polyscope Oz film , and has been brought to the screen several additional times. The Land of Oz, a Sequel to the Wizard of Oz is a two-reel production by the Meglin Kiddies made in 1931 and released in 1932. The film

776-407: A dream of lead character Dorothy Gale . According to the Oz books, it is a hidden fairyland cut off from the rest of the world by the Deadly Desert . Oz is, in the first book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , distinguished from Dorothy's native Kansas by not being civilized; this explains why Kansas does not have witches and wizards, while Oz does. In the third book, Ozma of Oz , Oz is described as

873-544: A fairyland, Oz harbored many Witches, Magicians, and Sorcerers until the time when Ozma made magic illegal without a permit. In yet another inconsistency, it is implied that Ozma was the fairy left behind by Queen Lurline to rule the country, contradicting the story where she was Pastoria's daughter. This is later confirmed in Glinda of Oz : Fantasy world Many fantasy worlds draw heavily on real world history, geography, sociology, mythology, and folklore. The setting of

970-465: A fantasy land with definite connections to the actual world is Austin Tappan Wright's Islandia . Islandia's remoteness and aura of mystery, as well as its preservation of an arcadian society, are explained by means of a law that allows only limited contact with foreigners. Dream frames were also once common for encasing the fantasy world with an explanation of its marvels. Such a dream frame

1067-509: A fantasy work is often of great importance to the plot and characters of the story. The setting itself can be imperiled by the evil of the story, suffer a calamity, and be restored by the transformation the story brings about. Stories that use the setting as merely a backdrop for the story have been criticized for their failure to use it fully. Even when the land itself is not in danger, it is often used symbolically, for thematic purposes, and to underscore moods. For readers, fantasy worlds offer

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1164-402: A fast and long-running griffin . Under pressure from Glinda, Mombi confesses that the Wizard brought her the infant Ozma, whom she transformed into... the boy Tip. At first, Tip is utterly shocked and appalled to learn this, but Glinda and his friends help him to accept his duty and Mombi performs her last spell to undo the curse, turning him back into the fairy princess Ozma. The restored Ozma

1261-631: A lack of land to contain it; but such Ruritanian romances may be pushed toward the category of fantasy worlds by the introduction of figures such as witches and wise women, where it is not clear if their magic is effectual. According to Lin Carter in Imaginary Worlds: the Art of Fantasy , fantasy worlds, by their nature, contain some element of magic (paranormal) . This element may be the creatures in it ( dragons , unicorns , genies and so on) or

1358-638: A large amount of paper money, with which the Scarecrow can be re-stuffed. Using Wishing Pills they discover in the container holding the Powder of Life, Tip and his friends escape and journey to the palace of Glinda the Good Witch in Oz's southern quadrant, the Quadling Country . They learn from Glinda that after the fall of Oz's mortal king Pastoria decades ago, a long lost princess named Ozma

1455-429: A magical desert called the Deadly Desert with life-destroying sands and noxious fumes, a feature that remained constant through the rest of the series, although no actual destruction is depicted in the Oz books, unlike in the film Return to Oz . The desert has nonetheless been breached numerous times, both by children from our world (mostly harmless), by the Wizard of Oz himself, and by more sinister characters, such as

1552-447: A major influence on the Oz stories. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz had been transformed into a stage play in 1902, and several elements of the sequel book were clearly incorporated with an eye to it also being adapted for the stage. The Marvelous Land of Oz was dedicated to David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone , the comedians "whose clever personations of the Tin Woodman and the Scarecrow have delighted thousands of children throughout

1649-468: A one-hour program, The Land of Oz , broadcast on September 18, 1960, with a notable cast including Shirley Temple as Tip and Ozma, Agnes Moorehead as Mombi the witch, Sterling Holloway as Jack Pumpkinhead, Ben Blue as the Scarecrow, Gil Lamb as the Tin Woodman, and Mel Blanc as the voice of the Saw-Horse. Although the adaptation was faithful overall, much of the plot had to be sacrificed to fit

1746-438: A popular character with the children who had read the first book and so he brought the Wizard back. During it, the Wizard relates yet another account of his history in Oz, telling Ozma that his birth name was Oscar Zoroaster Phadrig Isaac Norman Henkle Emmanuel Ambroise Diggs, which, being a very long and cumbersome name, and as his other initials spelled out "PINHEAD," he preferred to leave just as O.Z. The balloon part of his story

1843-549: A race of short people that live in Munchkin Country. They mostly wear blue and have blue in their landscapes. The Winkies are a race of people that live in Winkie Country. They mostly wear yellow and have yellow in their landscapes. At the time of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the lands in the North, South, East, and West of Oz are each ruled by a Witch . The Witches of the North and South are good, while

1940-572: A result. Another speculation stems from the original conception of Oz, which at first appeared to be situated in an American desert. If Baum thought of the country of the Munchkins as the nearest region to him, it would have been in the east while he lived in Chicago, but when he moved to California, it would have been in the west. Modern maps of Oz are almost universally drawn with the Winkies in

2037-560: A single monarch. According to Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz the ruler has mostly either been named Oz or Ozma. According to The Marvelous Land of Oz , the current monarch is Princess Ozma . Baum did not intend for The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to have any sequels, but it achieved greater popularity than any of the other fairylands he created, including the land of Merryland in Baum's children's novel Dot and Tot in Merryland , written

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2134-416: A species. Many such people from the outer worlds find refuge in Oz, which is highly tolerant of eccentricity. The history of Oz before The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (often called the prehistory of Oz as it takes place before Baum's "histories") is often the subject of dispute, as Baum himself gave conflicting accounts. In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the title character recounts that he was a ventriloquist and

2231-497: A year later. Due to Oz's success, including a 1902 musical adaptation , Baum decided to return to it in 1904, with The Marvelous Land of Oz . For the next 15 years, he described and expanded upon the land in the Oz Books , a series which introduced many fictional characters and creatures. Baum intended to end the series with the sixth Oz book The Emerald City of Oz (1910), in which Oz is forever sealed off and made invisible to

2328-562: Is a frequent feature of villains in later works in the series, appearing in The Scarecrow of Oz , Rinkitink in Oz , The Lost Princess of Oz , The Tin Woodman of Oz , and The Magic of Oz . There are different kinds of animals living in Oz. According to Baum, all animals in Oz have the ability to speak because it is a "fairy" kingdom. When asked by his readers why Dorothy's dog Toto did not speak, Baum insisted that he had

2425-420: Is assembled from two sofas, palm tree leaves, a broom, and tied together with clotheslines and ropes. Then they fly off, with no control over their direction, out of Oz. They land in a nest of jackdaws, which is full of all of the birds' stolen goods. The flying Gump's wings are damaged in the landing. The jackdaws return to their nest and attack the travelers, carrying off the Scarecrow's straw. The nest contains

2522-507: Is believed that this is a result of Baum copying the map from the wrong side of the glass slide, effectively getting a mirror image of his intended map. When he realized he was copying the slide backward, he reversed the compass rose to make the directions correct. However, an editor at Reilly and Lee reversed the compass rose, thinking he was fixing an error, and resulting in further confusion. Most notably, this confused Ruth Plumly Thompson, who frequently reversed directions in her own Oz books as

2619-476: Is essentially an uncredited retelling of The Marvelous Land of Oz , replacing the army of revolt with green elephants and Tip with Dorothy, voiced by Judy Garland 's daughter, Liza Minnelli . Elements from this novel and the following one, Ozma of Oz , were incorporated into the 1985 film Return to Oz featuring Fairuza Balk as Dorothy. The story was dramatized on the TV series The Shirley Temple Show in

2716-616: Is established on the throne after defeating Jinjur and her army. The Tin Woodman invites the Scarecrow to return with him to the Winkie Country along with Jack Pumpkinhead. The Gump is disassembled at his request (though his head was a hunting trophy that can still speak), Glinda returns to her palace in Quadling Country, the Wogglebug remains as Ozma's advisor, and the Sawhorse becomes Ozma's personal steed. The forgotten prophecy

2813-399: Is finally fulfilled and Oz is politically whole once more, with Ozma in her rightful position as the child Queen of Oz. Women's rights is a primary theme of the book. The kingdom that Princess Ozma and Glinda establish is a fictional manifestation of the " matriarchate " that is described in the written works of activist Matilda Joslyn Gage (Baum's mother-in-law), who has also been cited as

2910-404: Is leaving when the grass turns from purple to green, but it also describes pumpkins as orange and corn as green in that land. Baum, indeed, never used the color scheme consistently; in many books, he alluded to the colors to orient the characters and readers to their location, and then did not refer to it again. His most common technique was to depict the man-made articles and flowers as the color of

3007-470: Is merely the favorite color of each quadrant, used for clothing and other man-made objects, and having some influence on their choice of crops, but the basic colors of the world are natural colors. The effect is less consistent in later works. In The Marvelous Land of Oz , the book states that everything in the land of the Gillikins is purple, including the plants and mud, and a character can see that he

Land of Oz - Misplaced Pages Continue

3104-412: Is not fooled by this trick, and she takes this opportunity to demonstrate the new magical "Powder of Life" that she had just obtained from another sorcerer. Mombi tells Tip that she intends to transform him into a marble statue to punish him for his mischievous ways. To avoid being turned into a marble statue, Tip runs away with Jack that very same night and steals the Powder of Life. He uses it to animate

3201-538: Is perhaps the most extensively developed of these worlds. The Marvelous Land of Oz The Marvelous Land of Oz: Being an Account of the Further Adventures of the Scarecrow and the Tin Woodman , commonly shortened to The Land of Oz , published in July 1904, is the second book in L. Frank Baum 's Oz series , and the sequel to The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900). This and the following 34 books in

3298-507: Is the eastern part of the Land of Oz. It is the home of the Munchkins . Winkie Country is the western part of the Land of Oz. It is the home of the Winkies. The first known map of Oz was a glass slide used in Baum's Fairylogue and Radio-Play traveling show, showing the blue land of the Munchkins in the east and the yellow land of the Winkies in the west. These directions are confirmed by

3395-486: Is the fabled Emerald City , capital of the land of Oz and seat to the monarch of Oz, Princess Ozma . The regions have a color scheme: blue for Munchkins, yellow for Winkies, red for Quadlings, green for the Emerald City, and (in works after the first) purple for the Gillikins, which region was also not named in the first book. This emphasis on color is in contrast with Kansas; Baum, describing it, used "gray" nine times in four paragraphs. In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , this

3492-564: The Nome King , who attempted to conquer Oz. After such an attempt in The Emerald City of Oz , the book ends with Glinda creating a barrier of invisibility around the Land of Oz, for further protection. This was, indeed, an earnest effort on Baum's part to end the series, but the insistence of readers meant the continuation of the series, and therefore the discovery of many ways for people to pass through this barrier as well as over

3589-548: The "Wicked Witch of the East", and introduces herself as "the Witch of the North", with the word "Witch" capitalized in both cases. However, when she goes on to tell Dorothy that "I [the Witch of the North] am a good witch, and the people love me", the word "witch" is not capitalized. White is the traditional color of witches in Oz. The Good Witch of the North wears a pointed white hat and a white gown decorated with stars, while Glinda,

3686-460: The Beast , he posits that Oz is on a retrograde planet, meaning that it spins in the opposite direction of Earth so that the sun seems to rise on one's left as one faces north. March Laumer 's The Magic Mirror of Oz attributes the changes to a character named Till Orangespiegel attempting to turn the Land of Oz orange. Oz, like all of Baum's fantasy countries, was presented as existing as part of

3783-603: The Emerald City may have been inspired by the White City of the World Columbian Exposition , which he visited frequently. Its quick building, in less than a year, may have been an element in the quick construction of the Emerald City in the first book. Schematically, Oz is much like the United States, with the Emerald City taking the place of Chicago : to the East, mixed forest and farmland; to

3880-508: The Emerald City with his help. On their way back, they are diverted by the magic of Mombi (whom Jinjur recruited to help her apprehend them). They are joined by the "Highly Magnified and Thoroughly Educated" Woggle-Bug , and aided by the loyal field mice and their Mouse Queen. The Queen of the Field Mice allows the Scarecrow to take twelve mice concealed in his straw. When the party reaches the Emerald City, Jinjur and her soldiers imprison

3977-470: The Emerald City, and horses are not native to Oz, both points of consistency with a South-Pacific location; illustrations and descriptions of round-shaped and domed Ozite houses suggest a non-Western architecture. Conversely, Oz has technological, architectural, and urban elements typical of Europe and North America around the turn of the twentieth century; but this may involve cultural input from unusual external sources (see History below). An argument against

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4074-556: The Emerald City. Other such roads featured in other works: one from Gillikin Country in The Marvelous Land of Oz , and a second one from Munchkin Land in The Patchwork Girl of Oz . Oz is completely surrounded on all four sides by a desert which insulates the citizens of the Land of Oz from discovery and invasion. In the first two books, this is merely a natural desert, with only its extent making it dangerous to

4171-607: The Glass Cat, the Scarecrow , Jack Pumpkinhead , the Sawhorse , and others are common. Entire regions are the homes of such animated beings. The Dainty China Country is entirely filled with creatures made of china, who would freeze into figurines if removed. The China Princess lives in fear of breaking because she would never be as pretty again, even if repaired. Many other characters are highly individual, even unique members of

4268-647: The Good Witch of the South (called a "sorceress" in later books), wears a pure white dress. Dorothy is taken for a witch not only because she had killed the Wicked Witch of the East, but because her dress is blue and white checked. Ozma, once on the throne, prohibits the use of magic by anyone other than Glinda the Good, the Wizard of Oz , and herself – as, earlier, the Good Witch of the North had prohibited magic by any other witch in her domains. The illicit use of magic

4365-539: The King, but the Wicked Witches of the North and South were defeated by Good Witches before the Wizard arrived in Oz. According to this version, the King at the time was Ozma's grandfather. This version of prehistory restores the Wizard's reputation, but adds the awkwardness of both Ozma and her father having been born in captivity. In The Tin Woodman of Oz Baum writes how Oz came to be a fairyland: Thenceforward, no one in Oz would ever age, get sick, or die. After becoming

4462-537: The Looking-Glass . Due to the fuzzy boundary between fantasy and science fiction , it is sometimes difficult to make a hard-and-fast distinction between "fantasy worlds" and planets in science fiction . For example, the worlds of Barsoom , Darkover , Gor , and the Witch World combine elements of both genres and fantasy worlds may have nonexistent, powerful technology. Fairytale fantasy may ignore

4559-590: The North) is not as powerful as the Wicked Witch of the East had been, or she would have freed the Munchkins herself. During the first scene in Oz in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the Good Witch of the North (Locasta or Tattypoo) explains to Dorothy that Oz still has witches and wizards, not being civilized, and goes on to explain that witches and wizards can be both good and evil, unlike the evil witches that Dorothy had been told of. That book contained only

4656-539: The Scarecrow and Tin Woodman for the second show, but the two refused, fearing typecasting, and the characters were omitted completely from the play. Instead, Baum adapted the book for the stage as The Woggle-Bug , produced in Chicago the summer of 1905. The musical score was composed by Frederic Chapin , and Fred Mace played the Woggle-Bug. The play was not successful and has not been published, though it has been preserved on microfilm . Its songs were published, and

4753-589: The Scarecrow. Jinjur and her crew invade the Emerald City, terrorize the citizens, and loot the city, causing great havoc and chaos. Tip joins Jack and the Scarecrow in the palace and they escape on the Sawhorse's back. The companions arrive at the tin castle of the Tin Woodman (who now rules the Winkie Kingdom following the Wicked Witch of the West 's demise in the first book) and plan to retake

4850-724: The South Pacific is that the seasons in Oz are shown as the same seasons in the United States at the same time. In addition, in The Wishing Horse of Oz , Pigasus follows the North Star when he flies to Thunder Mountain, which could only be done in the Northern Hemisphere. Ruth Plumly Thompson asserts in her first Oz book, The Royal Book of Oz , that the language of Oz is English, which also suggests European or American influence. Baum's creation of

4947-614: The West, treeless plains and fields of wheat ; to the South, warmth and lush growth, and red earth. Ruth Plumly Thompson took a different direction with her Oz books, introducing European elements such as the title character of The Yellow Knight of Oz , a knight straight out of Arthurian Legend . Per the Littlefield Thesis the Wonderful Wizard of Oz is an allegory on the Election of 1896 . Under this thesis,

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5044-587: The Witches of the East and West are wicked. Glinda (the Good Witch of the South) is later revealed to be the most powerful of the four, although later Oz books reveal that the Wicked Witch of the West was so powerful, even Glinda feared her. After Dorothy's house crushes the Wicked Witch of the East , thereby liberating the Munchkins from bondage, the Good Witch of the North tells Dorothy that she (the Witch of

5141-482: The Wizard hid away in a room of his palace and refused to see visitors. He lived in this way until the arrival of Dorothy in the first book. In The Marvelous Land of Oz the prehistory was changed slightly. Glinda, the Good Witch of the South, reveals that the Wizard usurped the previous king of Oz Pastoria and hid away his daughter Ozma. This was Baum's reaction to the popular 1903 Broadway extravaganza Baum adapted from his book, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , in which

5238-430: The Wizard took the role of the main antagonist and the Wicked Witch of the West was left out. The Wizard, however, had been more popular with his readers than he thought. In Ozma of Oz , he omitted any mention of the Wizard's having usurped the throne of Ozma's father, but the largest changes occurred in the next book. In the preface to Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz , Baum remarks that the Wizard had turned out to be

5335-504: The World's End . and particularly since the 1954 publication of J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings . Such a world is often called "pseudo-medieval"—particularly when the writer has snatched up random elements from the era, which covered a thousand years and a continent, and thrown them together without consideration for their compatibility, or even introduced ideas not so much based on

5432-590: The ability to, but did not choose to speak. Toto finally does so in Tik-Tok of Oz . Among the many animals in Oz are: There is a multitude of other races living in the land of Oz, many of which only appear once. Among the known races are: Outside of them are many other strange races who are often found living in the wilderness of Oz. Despite the overlordship of Ozma, many of the communities live autonomously. Oz has great tolerance for eccentricity and oddness. Many characters in Oz are animated objects. Such figures as

5529-568: The absence of miraculous elements, authors may introduce "a retreat of magic" (sometimes called "thinning") that explains why the magic and other fantastic elements no longer appear: For example, in The Lord of the Rings , the destruction of the One Ring defeated Sauron , but also destroyed the power of the Three Rings of the elves , resulting in them sailing to the West at the end of

5626-624: The actual Middle Ages. Fantasy worlds also tend to be economically medieval, and disproportionately pastoral . Careful world-building plus meticulous attention to detail is often cited as the reason why certain fantasy works are deeply convincing and contain a magical sense of place. Heavy and faithful use of real-world setting for inspiration, as in Barry Hughart 's Bridge of Birds , clearly derived from China, or Lloyd Alexander 's use of real-world cultures such as Welsh for The Chronicles of Prydain or Indian for The Iron Ring , make

5723-452: The country, leaving leaves, grass, and fruit their natural colors. Most of these regions are settled with prosperous and contented people. However, this naturally is lacking in scope for plot. Numerous pockets throughout the Land of Oz are cut off from the main culture, for geographic or cultural reasons. Many have never heard of Ozma, making it impossible for them to acknowledge her as their rightful queen. These regions are concentrated around

5820-481: The diagonal design of the land of Oz in the engravings for the Oz books is meant to symbolize Willaim Jennings Bryan's Cross of Gold . The Gillikins are a race of people that live in Gillikin Country. They mostly wear purple and have purple in their landscapes. The Quadlings are a race of people that live in Quadling Country. They mostly wear red and have red in their landscapes. The Munchkins are

5917-409: The edges of the country, and constitute the main settings for books that are set entirely within Oz. The Lost Princess of Oz , for instance, is set entirely in rough country in Winkie Country, between two settled areas. In Glinda of Oz , Ozma speaks of her duty to discover all these stray corners of Oz. In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , a yellow brick road leads from the lands of the Munchkins to

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6014-429: The endpapers which definitively situated Oz on a continent with its neighboring countries. Oz is the largest country on the continent unofficially known by names proposed by Robert R. Pattrick: Nonestica, for the whole of the countries surrounding Oz; and "Ozeria," for the whole continent. The land also includes the countries of Ev, Ix, and Mo, which has also been known as Phunniland, among others. Nonestica is, according to

6111-521: The fantastic elements should ideally operate according to self-consistent rules of their own; for example, if wizards' spells sap their strength, a wizard who does not appear to suffer this must either be putting up a facade or have an alternative explanation. This distinguishes fantasy worlds from Surrealism and even from such dream worlds as are found in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through

6208-425: The four witches (besides the humbug wizard), but despite Ozma's prohibition on magic, many more magicians feature in later works. Baum tended to capitalize the word "Witch" when referring to the Witches of the North, South, East, or West but did not do so when referring to witches in general. For example, in the aforementioned first scene of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , Locasta (or Tattypoo) thanks Dorothy for killing

6305-404: The group and lock them away. However, the female soldiers are scared by the field mice and leave the city's palace. However, they still occupy the grounds of the city and the palace is surrounded. The travelers are imprisoned in the palace. The Scarecrow proposes manufacturing a clever flying machine with a Gump 's stuffed head to direct it. Tip uses the Powder of Life to animate this machine, which

6402-486: The guardianship of a cruel Wicked Witch named Mombi and lives in the northern quadrant of Oz called Gillikin Country . Mombi has always been extremely mean and abusive to Tip. As Mombi is returning home one day, Tip plans to get revenge and frighten her with a simulacrum that he has made with a large Jack-o'-lantern he carves for a head, tree branches for a body, pegs for joints, and old clothes from Mombi's chest. Tip then named him Jack Pumpkinhead . To Tip's dismay, Mombi

6499-479: The land..." in the popular stage adaptation. Following the Tin Woodman's and the Scarecrow's importance to the play, a similar importance is given to them in the second novel, where neither Dorothy nor the Cowardly Lion appear. The Marvelous Land of Oz was also influenced by the story and vaudevillian tone of the stage play. The character of the Wizard was in the book a good man though a bad wizard but in

6596-434: The line between fantasy worlds and alternate histories fuzzy. The use of cultural elements, and still more history and geography, from actual settings, pushes a work toward alternative history. Conversely, the creation by an author of an imaginary country—such as Ruritania or Graustark —does not automatically transform that imaginary country into a fantasy world, even if the location would be impossible in reality owing to

6693-433: The magical abilities of the people inhabiting the world. These are often drawn from mythology and folklore , frequently that of the historical country also used for inspiration. Fantasy worlds created through a process called world building are known as a constructed world . Constructed worlds elaborate and make self-consistent the setting of fantasy work. World building often relies on materials and concepts taken from

6790-510: The map, adjacent to the Nonestic Ocean . Later maps, such as that drawn by John Drury Clark and John Burton Hatcher, or the map by James E. Haff and Dick Martin , show Oz on a small continent surrounded by an ocean full of islands, and they attempt to reconcile contradictions in the books, such as the east-west orientation of locations. A fair amount of evidence in the books points to this continent as being envisioned as somewhere in

6887-428: The medieval era as on romanticized views of it. When these worlds are copied not so much from history as from other fantasy works, there is a heavy tendency to uniformity and lack of realism. The full width and breadth of the medieval era is seldom drawn upon. Governments, for instance, tend to be uncompromisingly feudal-based, or evil empires or oligarchies , usually corrupt, while there was far more variety of rule in

6984-505: The nature of the plots; earlier works often feature a solitary individual whose adventures in the fantasy world are of personal significance, and where the world clearly exists to give scope to these adventures, and later works more often feature characters in a social web, where their actions are to save the world and those in it from peril. The most common fantasy world is one based on medieval Europe, and has been since William Morris used it in his early fantasy works, such as The Well at

7081-470: The normal world-building in order to present a world operating by the same logic as the fairytales from which they are derived, though other works in this subgenre develop their worlds fully. Comic fantasy may ignore all possible logic in search of humor, particularly if it is parodying other fantasies' faulty world-building, as in Diana Wynne Jones 's Dark Lord of Derkholm , or the illogic of

7178-429: The outside world, but this did not sit well with fans, and he quickly abandoned the idea, writing eight more successful Oz books, and even naming himself the "Royal Historian of Oz." In all, Baum wrote fourteen best-selling novels about Oz and its enchanted inhabitants, as well as a spin-off series of six early readers . After his death in 1919, publisher Reilly & Lee continued to produce annual Oz books, passing on

7275-536: The play, the villain of the piece; this is reflected by the evil part he is described as having played in the backstory of The Marvelous Land of Oz . The two armies of women, both Jinjur's and Glinda's, were so clearly intended as future chorus girls that even reviews of the book noted the similarity. One early reviewer of The Marvelous Land of Oz noted that some details in the book clearly appeared to be designed for stage production—in particular, " General Jinjur and her soldiers are only shapely chorus girls." Since

7372-524: The real world, albeit protected from civilization by natural barriers. Indeed, in the first books, nothing indicated that it was not hidden in the deserts of the United States. It gradually acquired neighboring magical countries, often from works of Baum's that had been independent, as Ix from Queen Zixi of Ix , and Mo from The Magical Monarch of Mo . The first of these is Ev , introduced in Ozma of Oz . In Tik-Tok of Oz (1914), Baum included maps in

7469-449: The real world. Despite the use of magic or other fantastic elements such as dragons, the world is normally presented as one that would function normally, one in which people could actually live, making economic, historical, and ecological sense. It is considered a flaw to have, for example, pirates living in lands far from trade routes, or to assign prices for a night's stay in an inn that would equate to several years’ income. Furthermore,

7566-529: The role of Royal Historian to author Ruth Plumly Thompson , illustrator John R. Neill (who had previously collaborated with Baum on his Oz books), and several other writers. The forty books in Reilly & Lee's Oz series are called "the Famous Forty" by fans, and are considered the canonical Oz texts. Baum characterized Oz as a real place, unlike MGM's 1939 musical movie adaptation , which presents it as

7663-468: The sands. Despite this continual evasion, the barrier itself remained; nowhere in any Oz book did Baum hint that the inhabitants were even considering removing the magical barrier. Gillikin Country is the northern part of the Land of Oz. It is the home of the Gillikins. Quadling Country is the southern part of the Land of Oz. It is the home of the Quadlings and ruled by Glinda . Munchkin Country

7760-528: The series were illustrated by John R. Neill . It was followed by Ozma of Oz (1907). The story features the Scarecrow and the Tin Woodsman , and introduces Princess Ozma and Jack Pumpkinhead to the Oz mythos. The events are set shortly after the events in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and after Dorothy Gale's departure back to Kansas . The protagonist of the novel is an orphan boy called Tip . For as long as he can remember, Tip has been under

7857-536: The setting is integral to the comedy, as in L. Sprague de Camp 's Solomon's Stone , where the fantasy world is populated by the heroic and glamorous figures that people daydream about being, resulting in a severe shortage of workers in the more mundane, day-to-day industries. Most other subgenres of fantasy suffer if the world-building is neglected. Rather than creating their own fantasy world, many authors choose to set their novels in Earth's past. In order to explain

7954-460: The southern Pacific Ocean . At the opening of Ozma of Oz , Dorothy Gale is sailing to Australia with her Uncle Henry when she is washed overboard (in a chicken coop, with Billina the yellow hen), and lands on the shore of Ev—a rare instance in which an outsider reaches the Oz landmass through non-magical (or apparently non-magical) means. Palm trees grow outside the Royal Palace in

8051-513: The stage adaptation of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz had been a huge hit, with two companies still touring the country as the second book was published, the reviewer's suspicion was both natural and accurate. It has also been suggested that the twist of Tip being the Princess Ozma also reflects stage traditions, as Tip would have likely been played by a woman in drag. Baum had wanted Fred Stone and David Montgomery to reprise their roles as

8148-432: The story into a one-hour time slot, and Dr. Nikidik was added to the storyline and refashioned into a lord (played by Jonathan Winters ). The 1983 stop-motion cartoon W krainie czarnoksiężnika Oza ( In the Land of the Wizard of Oz ) combined the adaptation of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and The Marvelous Land of Oz in 13 episodes. The novel was adapted in the 1986 TV series Ozu no Mahōtsukai . The Land of Oz

8245-611: The story. A contemporary fantasy necessarily takes place in what purports to be the real world, and not a fantasy world. It may, however, include references to such a retreat. J. K. Rowling 's Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them explains that wizards eventually decided to conceal all magical creatures and artifacts from non-magic users. Dungeons & Dragons , the first major role-playing game , has created several detailed and commercially successful fantasy worlds (called " campaign settings "), with established characters, locations, histories, and sociologies. The Forgotten Realms

8342-497: The text of all of Baum's Oz books, especially the first, in which the Wicked Witch of the East rules over the Munchkins, and the Wicked Witch of the West rules over the Winkies. Like traditional western maps, the Fairylogue and Radio-Play map showed the west on the left, and the east on the right. However, the first map of Oz to appear in an Oz book had those directions reversed, and the compass rose adjusted accordingly. It

8439-553: The traveler, but in The Road to Oz, it is said to turn anyone who touches it to sand. Indeed, in The Marvelous Land of Oz , Mombi tries to escape through it and Glinda chases her over the sands. Still, it is the dividing land between the magic of Oz and the outside world, and the Winged Monkeys can not obey Dorothy's command to carry her home because it would take them outside the lands of Oz. In Ozma of Oz , it has become

8536-467: The west and the Munchkins in the east, although west and east often appear reversed. Many Oz fans believe this is the correct orientation, perhaps as a result of Glinda's spell, which has the effect of confusing most standard compasses; perhaps resembling its similarity to the world Alice found through the looking glass in which everything was a mirror image, or perhaps just reflecting the alien nature of Oz. In Robert A. Heinlein 's 1980 book The Number of

8633-420: The wooden Sawhorse for Jack to ride. The Sawhorse runs so quickly that Tip is left behind. Walking alone, he meets General Jinjur 's all-girl Army of Revolt which is planning to overthrow the Scarecrow (who has ruled the Emerald City since the end of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz after the Wizard of Oz left). Meanwhile, Jack and the Sawhorse arrive at the Emerald City and make the acquaintance of His Majesty

8730-482: Was added to the story of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz for the movie version; in the book, Oz is clearly defined as an actual place. H.P. Lovecraft made active use of the dream frame, creating elaborate geographies accessible to humans only when they were asleep and dreaming. These dream settings have been criticized, and are far less frequent today. This change is part of a general trend toward more self-consistent and substantive fantasy worlds. This has also altered

8827-542: Was also adapted as two episodes of the 2000 Russian animated series Adventures of the Emerald City : The intrigues of old Mombi and Princess Ozma . Elements of the 2007 Sci Fi miniseries Tin Man also borrow from this book as much as it did The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . The protagonist, like Tip/Ozma, is a lost princess sent away from The O.Z. and magically altered to forget much of her previous existence. Ray Bolger recorded an audio adaptation of The Land of Oz . This

8924-485: Was hidden away in secrecy when the Wizard of Oz took the throne. She also informs them that Ozma is the rightful ruler of the Emerald City and all of Oz in general, not the Scarecrow (who did not really want the job anyway). Glinda therefore accompanies Tip, Jack, the Sawhorse, the Scarecrow, the Tin Woodman, the Wogglebug, and the Gump back to the Emerald City to see Mombi. The crooked woman tries to deceive them by disguising

9021-475: Was impossible that, for example, an ogre could live a day's travel away, distant continents were necessary from the Renaissance onwards for such fantastic speculation to be plausible, until finally, further exploration rendered all such terrestrial fantasy lands implausible. Even within the span of mere decades, Oz, which had been situated in a desert in the United States when first written about in 1900,

9118-594: Was recovered, but the soundtrack of the second reel is missing. The Wonderful Land of Oz (1969) is a studio-bound production from independent filmmaker Barry Mahon and stars his son, Channy, as Tip. Mahon had previously produced nudie films; however, those films were made in New York, while Oz was made in Florida, and neither Caroline Berner (as General Jinjur ) nor the rest of her army were drawn from his former casts. Filmation 's Journey Back to Oz (1972)

9215-597: Was relocated to a spot in the Pacific Ocean. An early example of the fantasy land/world concept can be seen in the One Thousand and One Nights ( Arabian Nights ), where places of which little was known, but where the occurrence of marvels was thus more credible, had to be set "long ago" or "far away". This is a process that continues and finally culminates in the fantasy world having little connection, if any, to actual times and places. A more recent example of

9312-626: Was the third in a series of four audiotapes, The Oz Audio Collection , recorded by Bolger and issued by Caedmon Audio from 1976-1983. The story was also adapted in comic book form by Marvel Comics ; once in 1975 in the Marvel Treasury of Oz series, and again in an eight issue series with the first issue being released in November 2009. In 1985, the Windham Classics text adventure game The Wizard of Oz adapted much of

9409-519: Was unchanged, except for the detail added by Ozma, that the people probably saw his initials on his balloon and took them as a message that he was to be their king. She relates that the country was already named Oz (a word which in their language means "great and good") and that it was typical for the rulers to have names that are variations of Oz (King Pastoria being a notable exception to this rule). Ozma elaborates further, saying that there were once four Wicked Witches in Oz, who leagued together to depose

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